Course Foreign Policy of Pakistan-II (4662) Semester Spring 2019

Level M Sc

ASSIGNMENT No 2

Q1 What were the contributions of Pakistan in helping people of Indonesia in getting rid of Dutch

colonialism

Ans India has been urging its former colonial master Britain for decades to return the Koh-i-

Noor diamond to the country it was taken from It seems my Pakistanis brothers have also at

last realised that they were also subjected to the British rule for 200 years The Lahore High

Court has agreed to hear a petition asking Queen Elizabeth II to return the precious stone more

than 150 years after it was surrendered by a young Sikh prince to the island nation following

their conquest of the Punjab in 1849

I wish Pakistanis all the very best in this regard and I hope they succeed in making the British do

the right thing a task in which we have been rather unsuccessful in doing so far The former

colonialists do not turn a hair

For 200 years Britain plundered and tormented India to the hilt to the extent that the word lsquolootrsquo

has become a part of their dictionaries Why at the beginning of the 18th century when the East

India Company treacherously set its foot in India the ancient countryrsquos share of the world

economy was 23 per cent and by the time they bid farewell to their slaves in 1947 it had dropped

to less than four per cent

Indiarsquos first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru ndash who in my view was in a class of his own ndash

wrote in his book The Discovery of India ndash how Britainrsquos so-called lsquoIndustrial Revolutionrsquo was a

result of the deindustrialisation of India They destroyed the flourishing business of Indian

textiles so that their people could manufacture goods using Indian raw materials and export

finished products back to the Colony and the rest of the world

Q2 Critically analyze Pakistanrsquos efforts for nuclear non-proliferation on the international forums

To what extent Pakistan succeeded in checking nuclear proliferation in the world

Ans irmation that it is involved in at least six nuclear power projects in Pakistan underscores

long-standing concerns over both the manner in which both China and Pakistan have gone about

engaging in nuclear commerce and the lack of transparency around China-Pakistan nuclear

cooperation in general The guidelines of the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) a 48-nation body

that regulates the export of civilian nuclear technology prohibit the export of such technology to

states like Pakistan that have not adopted full-scope International Atomic Energy Agency

(IAEA) safeguards Yet over the last decade China has accelerated nuclear commerce with

Pakistan while contending that its actions are in compliance with NSG guidelines an argument

that is not entirely convincing

Today China is not only a violator of global nuclear non-proliferation norms but also presents

the most convincing evidence of the non-proliferation regimersquos ineffectiveness The pattern of its

behavior on the nuclear front as it relates to Pakistan goes well beyond the scope of what may be

construed as the statersquos legitimate ambition to be a leader in the supply of civilian nuclear

technology

Some writers blame the 2005 US-India nuclear agreement as having been a catalyst to China-

Pakistan nuclear cooperation But this is a false proposition since Chinarsquos nuclear relationship

with Pakistan both military and civilian precedes the US-India nuclear deal by decades

Moreover while the US-India agreement was aimed at bringing India into the mainstream of

nuclear commerce and global nonproliferation efforts the China-Pakistan relationship is

designed to operate effectively outside of the mainstream

Enjoying this article Click here to subscribe for full access Just $5 a month

As Ashley Tellis senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace noted in

2010 ldquohellipthe Bush administration spent considerable energy from October 2005 until the final

extraordinary plenary in September 2008mdashconsulting with its NSG partners during eight

meetings over four yearshellipto finally secure the special waiver for India that exempted it from the

constraining condition of full-scope safeguards The current Sino-Pakistani nuclear transaction

could not be more differentrdquo

Pakistanrsquos own interest in nuclear technology dates back to the 1960s In March 1965 Pakistanrsquos

then-Foreign Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto declared in an interview with the Manchester

Guardian that if India were to produce a nuclear weapon Pakistan ldquoshould have to eat grass and

get one or build one of our ownrdquo A few months prior to Indiarsquos ldquoSmiling Buddhardquo nuclear test

in 1974 Bhutto met with top Pakistani scientists to begin work on a Pakistani nuclear device

codenamed Project 706 Bhutto enlisted the services of the now-infamous AQ Khan who stole

blueprints for centrifuge technology and contact information of vendors that sold centrifuge

components from his employer a research laboratory in the Netherlands

Back in Pakistan AQ Khan began work on the development of Pakistanrsquos indigenous uranium

enrichment capability at a gas centrifuge facility in Kahuta near Rawalpindi The first signs of

Sino-Pakistani nuclear cooperation emerged in 1977 US government officials noted Chinarsquos

commitment to Pakistan to provide ldquofuel servicesrdquo and that Chinese technicians visited at

Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP) to familiarize themselves with the operation of the

reactor By 1978 Khan was able to produce small quantities of enriched reactor-grade uranium

at Kahuta

Chinarsquos assistance ultimately proved to be pivotal in Pakistanrsquos pursuit of the nuclear bomb In

1982 according to AQ Khan China provided Pakistan 50 kilograms of weapons-grade uranium

enough to make two nuclear bombs as part of a ldquobroad-ranging secret nuclear dealrdquo between

Mao Zedong and Bhutto The following year China reportedly provided Pakistan the complete

design for a 25 kt nuclear bomb A State Department memo at the time concluded that ldquoChina

has provided assistance to Pakistanrsquos program to develop a nuclear weapons capability Over the

past several years China and Pakistan have maintained contacts in the nuclear fieldhellip[w]e now

believe cooperation has taken place in the area of fissile material production and possibly also

nuclear weapons designrdquo

The US Atomic Energy Act (1954) requires termination of US nuclear exports if countries are

determined by the president to be assisting non-nuclear weapons states in acquiring nuclear

weapons capabilities Although successive US administrations were aware of Pakistan and

Chinarsquos clandestine nuclear cooperation they did not sufficiently press either China or Pakistan

nor threaten to terminate nuclear commerce with China

China for its part continued to stringently deny any role in providing assistance to the Pakistani

nuclear program At a state dinner in Washington DC Premier Zhao Ziyang declared ldquoWe do

not advocate or encourage nuclear proliferation We do not engage in nuclear proliferation

ourselves nor do we help other countries develop nuclear weaponsrdquo But by 1985 Pakistanrsquos

Kahuta facility as a result of technical assistance from China had successfully been able to

produce the quantities of highly-enriched uranium needed to build a nuclear bomb For the first

time since discovering Pakistanrsquos nuclear ambitions and Chinarsquos illegal assistance the US

government refused to certify that Pakistan had not assembled a nuclear device in 1990 which

resulted in the suspension of US military and economic aid to Pakistan per the Pressler

Amendment

US pressure however did little to constrain Chinese assistance to Pakistanrsquos nuclear program

even as China moved toward becoming a signatory to the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty

(NPT) In January 1992 barely two months before it acceded to the NPT China announced the

construction of a nuclear power plant in Pakistan Concerns that Chinese safeguards were not

tough enough to prevent a diversion of nuclear resources to Pakistanrsquos nuclear weapons program

resulted in the US issuing a demarche to China

Chinarsquos appetite for proliferation remained undiminished even after it acceded to the NPT In

1995 it allegedly sold Pakistan 5000 ring magnets needed for high-speed gas centrifuges while

a US intelligence report in 1997 held that ldquoChina was the single most important supplier of

equipment and technology for weapons of mass destructionrdquo in the world

Chinarsquos civil nuclear trade commitments with Pakistan have gained considerable momentum

since Pakistanrsquos nuclear tests in May 1998 The China-Pakistan Power Plant Corporationrsquos

Chashma-1 and Chashma-2 power reactors which were under item-specific IAEA safeguards

were held not to be in violation of NSG guidelines as they were pre-existing commitments and

thus ldquograndfatheredrdquo in at the time of Chinarsquos induction into the NSG in 2004 However China

then entered into agreements in 2009 for the construction of two new 340 MW power plants

(Chashma-3 and Chashma-4) There have since been reports of undertakings for the construction

of additional plants in Chashma and Karachi

Some in Pakistan have argued that these commitments date back to a 1986 agreement with China

on cooperation in construction and operation of nuclear reactors for an initial period of 30 years

and thus not in violation of NSG guidelines This spurious argument if accepted implies that

China can continue to commit to any number of additional nuclear projects in Pakistan without

any repercussions It is another matter that the actual text of the so-called 1986 agreement

remains unreleased and shrouded in mystery thereby preventing the international community

from validating Chinese and Pakistani representations

China has demonstrated remarkable consistency over four decades in acting in ways that

undermine with impunity the global non-proliferation regime Its nuclear deals with Pakistan ndash

both military and civilian ndash were conceived and executed in secrecy The recent news articles

now confirm that China remains committed to a long-term nuclear relationship with Pakistan

under its own terms This is a pattern of behavior that is unlikely to change without the

application of sustained international pressure to bring China into compli

Q3 Make a critical analysis of efforts of Pakistan in collaboration with Non-Aligned Movement

(NAM) for solving the problems of the countries of the South

Ans The chief architect of the Non-aligned Movement was Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Ahmed

Sukarno the President of Indonesia Gamal Abdel Nasser the President of Egypt and Marshall

Tito the President of Yugoslavia Kwame Nkumah the President of Ghana were also the leading

personalities who championed the cause of Non-aligned Movement (NAM)

Causes of NAM

ADVERTISEMENTS

Various causes were responsible for the Non-aligned Movement

Firstly the countries of Asia and Africa did not like to remain under a capitalist country like

America or a Communist country like Soviet Russia

Secondly all the nation states of Asia and Africa wanted to negotiate themselves for economic

development

Thirdly they realised that the race for armament is bad for every nation

ADVERTISEMENTS

Fourthly they imagined a lsquoThird Worldrsquo which will help them in developing the economic and

cultural cooperation

Finally the underdeveloped nations tried to develop by helping each other and decided not to

interfere in internal affairs of any country So these countries came together to from the Non-

aligned Movement

Primary Steps for NAM

Primary Steps were taken for Non-aligned Movement in 18 April 1955 A Conference was held

at Bandung the capital of Indonesia in which 29 countries from Asia and 6 from Africa

participated This conference not only united Asian and African countries but also strictly

opposed Colonialism

The former Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehrursquos Principles of lsquoPanchaseelrsquo

(Mutual respect for each otherrsquos territorial integrity and Sovereignty Non-aggression Non-

intervention in each otherrsquos domestic affairs Mutual benefit and equally and Peaceful co-

existence) were adopted by this Conference

This Conference took resolution to fight against apartheid to establish friendship with all

member countries to solve the intentional problems in a peaceful way to respect otherrsquos

territorial sovereignty to give respect to the law and ideas of the UNO etc The Afro-Assian

countries were inspired

NAM Summits

In order to activate NAM various Summit were held An account of different NAM summits has

been given below

Belgrade Conference (1961)

In 1960 on the occasion of the meeting of the General Assembly Nehru Tito Nasser and

Nkrumah met together and decided to start Non- aligned Movement

According the First Conference was held at Belgrade in 1961 in which 26 Afro-Asian countries

and One European country participated Three countries of Latin America joined in this

conference as observers This conference opposed the apartheid as well as praised the revolution

for independence in Alzeria Congo Tunisia etc

This Conference attached importance to destruction of Colonialism opposed military alliances

encouraged disarmament adopted the attitude of respect for Human Rights and also encouraged

the establishment of equality among countries and to create a society without exploitation

Cairo Conference (1964)

The Second Conference of the NAM was held at Cairo (Egypt) in 1964 In this conference 47

countries participated and 11 countries joined as observers In the mean time Indo-China War

had taken place in 1962 The Cuban Missile Crisis also occurred and the exponent of

lsquoPanchaseelrsquo Jawaharlal Nehru had died However in this Conference ldquoProgramme for Peace

and International Co-operationrdquo was declared It was also decided to take severe actions against

imperialism and colonialism

Lusaka Summit (1970)

In 1970 the Third Conference was held at Lusaka (Zambia) In this Conference 54 member

countries were present and nine countries sent their observers It was accepted unanimously by

the Non-aligned countries to refrain Super Powers (Russia and America) from the race of

armament

Besides that the member nations decided to help each other for economic progress This

conference was also decided that the member countries had to resign from military pacts In this

Conference a request was made to Israel to return from occupied Arab territories

Algiers Conference (1973)

In 1973 the Fourth Conference of the NAM was held at Algiers This Conference was

represented by 76 countries and nine countries sent their observers This Conference also

inspired many countries for their struggle for freedom and Detente It also sent message to Israel

to return from the Arab territories The former Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi formed her

opinion about this conference as such ldquoWe are responsible not to our individual countries alone

but to peace and prosperity of the whole Worldrdquo

Colombo Conference (1976)

In 1976 the Fifth Conference of the NAM was held at Colombo In this Conference 86 countries

participated This was the first NAM summit in the continent of Asia This conference deeply

discussed about various problems of Africa and Latin America It also proposed to put an end to

the Veto Power in Security Council of the UNO It also attached importance on world economy

Havana Conference (1979)

The Sixth NAM Conference was held at Havana in 1979 in which 94 member countries

participated This Conference was very crucial The then President of Cuba Fidel Castro

emphasised that the countries like Cuba and Vietnam should establish relation with Russia On

the other hand Singapore and Zaire wanted to join hand with America

So this was a great blow for NAM Besides that Arab countries wanted to exclude Egypt from

NAM because it signed Camp David Agreement with Israel At last a warning was given to both

powers to destroy the military stations In this conference the Indian Ocean was declared as the

Peaceful Zone

New Delhi Summit (1983)

The Seventh NAM Summit was held at New Delhi in 1983 in which 99 countries participated

and 20 countries sent their observers and 19 countries attended this summit as guests It created a

new milestone in the foreign relation of Smt Indira Gandhi This summit attached importance on

the restriction on nuclear weapons disarmament and establishment of nuclear free zone

To return Diago Gracia to Mauritius unconditional withdrawal or Israel from Palestine

returning back of foreign army from Afghanistan and Kampuchea etc were discussed in this

Conference It also put emphasis on solving economical problems by signing bi-lateral and

multi-lateral pacts among the member nations The United States of America became angry with

this summit because it was criticised vehemently in this Conference

Harare Summit (1986)

Harare the Capital of Zimbabwe was selected for the Eighth NAM Summit This conference was

attended by 101 nation states In this conference the apartheid in Pretoria was criticised A

Committee was framed by the members to visit America England West Germany and Japan to

pursue them to support NAM This conference also criticised American attack on Libya At last

this summit gave clarian call to fight against Imperialism Colonialism Caste System and New

Colonialism

Belgrade Summit (1989)

The Ninth NAM Summit was held at Belgrade in 1989 in which 102 member countries

participated This Summit gave importance on total disarmament It also raised voice against

apartheid in Africa The Belgrade Summit gave proposal to solve the Arab-Israel Conflict This

Summit also decided to solve the Afghan Crisis

Jakarta Summit (1992)

In the meantime in 1991 a conference was held at Akra in Ghana by the foreign Secretary of the

member states of NAM The Tenth NAM Summit was held in Jakarta in 1992 Through this

Summit a request was made to the UNO to solve the problem between Bosnia and Harzigovina

This conference wanted to see a nuclear free world

Cartagena Summit (1995)

The Eleventh Summit of NAM was held at Cartagena (Colombia) in 1955 This Conference

attached importance to establish a nuclear free zone It also gave advice to bring reform in IMF

(International Monetary Fund) and lsquoWorld Bankrsquo The Cartagena Summit vehemently criticised

global terrorism

Durban Summit (1998)

The Durban Summit was the Twelfth NAM Summit which was held in 1998 and attended by 114

countries This Conference opposed the testing of Nuclear Armaments In this Conference a

decision was taken to make the relationship strong between developed and developing countries

This summit declared that there is no need of nuclear armaments after the end of Cold War

Kualalampur Summit (2003)

It was the Thirteenth NAM Summit which was held in Kualalampur (Malaysia) in 24-25 March

2003 The Prime Minister of that country Mahtir Muhammad inaugurated the Summit In this

conference the Pakistani President Parvez Musharaf raised Kashmir issue The Prime Minister

of India Mr Atal Behari Vajpayee in his speech asserted that Kashmir is the integral part of

India This conference put emphasis on economic development and globalisation

Havana Summit (2006)

The Fourteenth NAM Summit was held at Havana during 15-17 September 2006 Prime

Minister Manmohan Singh participated in this summit He advised to galvanise the UNO The

member countries decided to render help to each other in political economic and intellectual

fields

Merits of NAM

The Non-aligned Movement has various merits

At first through this movement the Cold War could not spread

Secondly this movement imparted courage and morality to the weak and dependant nations

Thirdly the unity among the independent NAM countries brought forth a Third World and the

member countries kept themselves away from the Eastern and Western blocs

Fourthly a good relation was established between Asia and Africa in the UNO It not only paved

the way for economic cooperation but also accelerated the progress of the Third World

Danger to NAM

Inspite of the success of the NAM it faces danger from various quarters At first the member

countries of NAM are resorting to conflicts instead of solving their problems peacefully

Secondly many member countries of NAM increase their armaments by spending huge money

Thirdly lack of trust among the member countries mars the progress of NAM

NAMmdashan Analysis

Many experts on international politics opine that after the cold war disintegration of Soviet

Union and freezing of the importance of the super powers there is no need for Non-aligned

Movement Now the developing countries accept the policy of democracy by which the NAM

seems meaningless In the age of globalisation the NAM is not able to play its role properly and

perfectly

Be that as it may Non-aligned Movement is ever green even today It has exhibited its role every

time It attaches importance to economic progress Besides that it takes some programmes which

produce good result In the 21st Century it raises voice against cross-border terrorism It also

takes step for mutual co-operation

Infact the Non-aligned Movement has created a novel chapter in the history of the contemporary

world As long as war poverty exploitation terrorism exist the NAM will be asserting itself to

put an end to all their problems This is infact a great characteristic of the Non-aligned

Movement

Q4 Discuss in detail the prospects of economic cooperation amongst the member countries of

OIC What sort of role Pakistan could play to help increase economic cooperation amongst

OIC members

Ans Greater interaction between Pakistan and global organizations particularly within region will

contribute to the dialogue of economic trade culture and civilization The Shanghai Cooperation

Organization (SCO) is a Eurasian political economic security organization which was founded

by China Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia and Tajikistan It is a permanent intergovernmental

international organization formally created in 2001 in Shanghai China and has established itself

as an internationally recognized and authoritative multilateral association

In the 21st century the Globalization has increased interdependence of states which enhances the

prosperity and progress Economic integration and cooperation among SCO members on the

basis of principles of equality and mutual benefits is very important for trade creation

employment generation efficient movement of goods and services through greater market

expansion

The organization provides the means to share development progress and prosperity and help in

stabilizing the region Pakistans participation in SCO as member will strengthen its economic

ties with Eurasian The SCO members are jointly counteract emergent challenges and threats to

boost economic trade and other available potentials for members states as well as neighbors

Pakistan has become the full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in the

17th Summit of Heads of States held in Astana Kazakhstan on June 9 2017 The permanent

membership is a milestone which will strengthen deep-rooted historical and cultural links as well

as strong economic and strategic relations with all the members countries of the SCO

China has supported Pakistans entry in SCO and the membership particularly in the backdrop of

China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) which is a flagship of One Belt One Road project

will further enhance Pakistans importance in the entire region aimed at further enhancing the

connectivity regional stability development economic prosperity and trade with the members

nations

SCO is now a group of eight countries ie Russia China Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan

Uzbekistan Pakistan and India Among its member states the Russia and China have significant

role because of their global and regional importance as major powers At present Iran

Afghanistan Belarus and Mongolia are observer members of SCO will get full memberships in

the forthcoming years Azerbaijan Armenia Cambodia Nepal Turkey and Sri Lanka are the

dialogue partner of SCO

With the expansion of organization the region has become vibrant covering 60 percent of total

territory of Europe and Asia will now represent over 40 percent of the world population (35

billion) and nearly 25 percent of the global GDP The membership of SCO gives the opportunity

to Pakistan to create new linkages in the world economy and also expand its trade relations with

member countries and avail the trade concessional opportunities which are currently under

negotiation

Currently share of SCO in Pakistans total trade is 32 percent which indicates that there exist

opportunities for trade and economic relations The SCO region not only has geographical

proximity with Pakistan but also provides easy accessibility and makes a very profitable market

for Pakistans exports

Pakistan has dynamic relations with SCO members China is a time tested friend while Central

Asian countries have historical ties with Pakistan Russia is also on the way of developing

relations with Pakistan While mega project a game changer-China - Pakistan Economic Corridor

(CPEC) is at implementation stage and also provides market access to Central Asian states

The development of Gwadar port makes Pakistan an indispensable link for SCO member states

The Central Asian countries have enormous resources of oil natural gas liquefied gas uranium

and hydropower that could be channelized to market electricity to the members nations of SCO

such as China Pakistan Russia and observer members like Afghanistan and Iran

In the economic domain Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) and CASA-1000 are

important projects for both Pakistan and Central Asian States TAPIs long 1735km pipeline is

planned to transmit 27 billion cubic meters of gas annually to Afghanistan Pakistan and India

from Turkmenistan and Tajikistan respectively with a potential to enhance the capacity to 33

billion cubic meters

On the other hand CASA-1000 project also provides a landmark cooperation opportunity

between Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Afghanistan and Pakistan The plan envisage export of a total of

1300 MW of excess electricity available during summers from Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan 1000

MW for Pakistan and 300 MW for Afghanistan

Pakistan China Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have also agreed to initiate a bus service that would

not only enhance trade but also be an important tool to promote people-to-people contacts

between the four countries Similarly Pakistan can attract the investments in the energy and

infrastructure sector in which some of the SCO countries have a comparative advantage

The strategic location of Pakistan in the region and its economic potential can also help the SCO

members to exploit their economic potential With the prospects of Afghanistan and Iran and

possibly Turkey also joining the Organization in the near future SCO is likely to emerge as a

very strong regional Organization and may merge the Economic Cooperation Organization

A part from trade there is a huge potential in culture sports tourism education science and

technologyThe Shanghai Business Council created in 2006 with its headquarters in Moscow

Russia aims to boost economic cooperation in the framework of the Organization establishing

direct links and dialogue among business and financial circles of the SCO member states

assisting practical promotion of multilateral projects determined by the heads of government in

the Programme of trade and economic cooperation

To explore opportunities of the Shanghai Business Council the FPCCI may introduce itself in

the Council This forum will give opportunities to Pakistani Businessmen to interact with the

businessmen of the members countries for trade and joint ventures investment It is concluded

the regional economic integration may need to transform into cooperative-union in framework of

SCO to stabilize the region and to evolve the socioeconomic prosperity

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

TRADE BETWEEN PAKISTAN amp SCO COUNTRIES

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

(MILLION US$)

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

Countries 2014 2015 2016

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

Exports Imports Total Trade Exports Imports Total Trade

Exports Imports Total Trade

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

China 27539 132445 159984 24748 164419 189167

19126 172327 191453

Kazakhstan 307 29 336 329 15 344 229

27 256

Kyrgyzstan 22 05 27 26 01 27 33 03

36

Russia 3109 1431 4540 2985 966 3951 2720

1330 4050

Tajikistan 91 01 92 40 01 41 44 190

234

Uzbekistan 23 07 30 20 11 31 34 32

66

India 5299 21699 26998 4563 19635 24198 4613

15914 20527

Pakistans Total Trade with SCO Countries 36390 155617 192007 32711 185048

217759 26799 189823 216622

Pakistans Total Trade with World 247222 475449 722671 220890 439897

660787 204350 471550 675900

Pakistans share of trade with SCO Countries 15 33 27 15 42 33

13 40 32

The OIC Charter

The OIC Charter approved in March 1972 included a commitment to act through all means

both political and military for the liberation of the Holy City of Al-Quds from Zionist

occupation It also reiterated the Islamic statesrsquo resolve to act in unison for the establishment of

world peace and reaffirmed their commitment to the United Nationrsquos charter and to fundamental

human rights The OIC Charter was registered at the United Nations on 1 February 1974

The main objectives of the Charter were to[1]

intervention in each otherrsquos domestic affairs Mutual benefit and equally and Peaceful co-

existence) were adopted by this Conference

This Conference took resolution to fight against apartheid to establish friendship with all

member countries to solve the intentional problems in a peaceful way to respect otherrsquos

territorial sovereignty to give respect to the law and ideas of the UNO etc The Afro-Assian

countries were inspired

NAM Summits

In order to activate NAM various Summit were held An account of different NAM summits has

been given below

Belgrade Conference (1961)

In 1960 on the occasion of the meeting of the General Assembly Nehru Tito Nasser and

Nkrumah met together and decided to start Non- aligned Movement

According the First Conference was held at Belgrade in 1961 in which 26 Afro-Asian countries

and One European country participated Three countries of Latin America joined in this

conference as observers This conference opposed the apartheid as well as praised the revolution

for independence in Alzeria Congo Tunisia etc

This Conference attached importance to destruction of Colonialism opposed military alliances

encouraged disarmament adopted the attitude of respect for Human Rights and also encouraged

the establishment of equality among countries and to create a society without exploitation

Cairo Conference (1964)

The Second Conference of the NAM was held at Cairo (Egypt) in 1964 In this conference 47

countries participated and 11 countries joined as observers In the mean time Indo-China War

had taken place in 1962 The Cuban Missile Crisis also occurred and the exponent of

lsquoPanchaseelrsquo Jawaharlal Nehru had died However in this Conference ldquoProgramme for Peace

and International Co-operationrdquo was declared It was also decided to take severe actions against

imperialism and colonialism

Lusaka Summit (1970)

In 1970 the Third Conference was held at Lusaka (Zambia) In this Conference 54 member

countries were present and nine countries sent their observers It was accepted unanimously by

the Non-aligned countries to refrain Super Powers (Russia and America) from the race of

armament

Besides that the member nations decided to help each other for economic progress This

conference was also decided that the member countries had to resign from military pacts In this

Conference a request was made to Israel to return from occupied Arab territories

Algiers Conference (1973)

In 1973 the Fourth Conference of the NAM was held at Algiers This Conference was

represented by 76 countries and nine countries sent their observers This Conference also

inspired many countries for their struggle for freedom and Detente It also sent message to Israel

to return from the Arab territories The former Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi formed her

opinion about this conference as such ldquoWe are responsible not to our individual countries alone

but to peace and prosperity of the whole Worldrdquo

Colombo Conference (1976)

In 1976 the Fifth Conference of the NAM was held at Colombo In this Conference 86 countries

participated This was the first NAM summit in the continent of Asia This conference deeply

discussed about various problems of Africa and Latin America It also proposed to put an end to

the Veto Power in Security Council of the UNO It also attached importance on world economy

Havana Conference (1979)

The Sixth NAM Conference was held at Havana in 1979 in which 94 member countries

participated This Conference was very crucial The then President of Cuba Fidel Castro

emphasised that the countries like Cuba and Vietnam should establish relation with Russia On

the other hand Singapore and Zaire wanted to join hand with America

So this was a great blow for NAM Besides that Arab countries wanted to exclude Egypt from

NAM because it signed Camp David Agreement with Israel At last a warning was given to both

powers to destroy the military stations In this conference the Indian Ocean was declared as the

Peaceful Zone

New Delhi Summit (1983)

The Seventh NAM Summit was held at New Delhi in 1983 in which 99 countries participated

and 20 countries sent their observers and 19 countries attended this summit as guests It created a

new milestone in the foreign relation of Smt Indira Gandhi This summit attached importance on

the restriction on nuclear weapons disarmament and establishment of nuclear free zone

To return Diago Gracia to Mauritius unconditional withdrawal or Israel from Palestine

returning back of foreign army from Afghanistan and Kampuchea etc were discussed in this

Conference It also put emphasis on solving economical problems by signing bi-lateral and

multi-lateral pacts among the member nations The United States of America became angry with

this summit because it was criticised vehemently in this Conference

Harare Summit (1986)

Harare the Capital of Zimbabwe was selected for the Eighth NAM Summit This conference was

attended by 101 nation states In this conference the apartheid in Pretoria was criticised A

Committee was framed by the members to visit America England West Germany and Japan to

pursue them to support NAM This conference also criticised American attack on Libya At last

this summit gave clarian call to fight against Imperialism Colonialism Caste System and New

Colonialism

Belgrade Summit (1989)

The Ninth NAM Summit was held at Belgrade in 1989 in which 102 member countries

participated This Summit gave importance on total disarmament It also raised voice against

apartheid in Africa The Belgrade Summit gave proposal to solve the Arab-Israel Conflict This

Summit also decided to solve the Afghan Crisis

Jakarta Summit (1992)

In the meantime in 1991 a conference was held at Akra in Ghana by the foreign Secretary of the

member states of NAM The Tenth NAM Summit was held in Jakarta in 1992 Through this

Summit a request was made to the UNO to solve the problem between Bosnia and Harzigovina

This conference wanted to see a nuclear free world

Cartagena Summit (1995)

The Eleventh Summit of NAM was held at Cartagena (Colombia) in 1955 This Conference

attached importance to establish a nuclear free zone It also gave advice to bring reform in IMF

(International Monetary Fund) and lsquoWorld Bankrsquo The Cartagena Summit vehemently criticised

global terrorism

Durban Summit (1998)

The Durban Summit was the Twelfth NAM Summit which was held in 1998 and attended by 114

countries This Conference opposed the testing of Nuclear Armaments In this Conference a

decision was taken to make the relationship strong between developed and developing countries

This summit declared that there is no need of nuclear armaments after the end of Cold War

Kualalampur Summit (2003)

It was the Thirteenth NAM Summit which was held in Kualalampur (Malaysia) in 24-25 March

2003 The Prime Minister of that country Mahtir Muhammad inaugurated the Summit In this

conference the Pakistani President Parvez Musharaf raised Kashmir issue The Prime Minister

of India Mr Atal Behari Vajpayee in his speech asserted that Kashmir is the integral part of

India This conference put emphasis on economic development and globalisation

Havana Summit (2006)

The Fourteenth NAM Summit was held at Havana during 15-17 September 2006 Prime

Minister Manmohan Singh participated in this summit He advised to galvanise the UNO The

member countries decided to render help to each other in political economic and intellectual

fields

Merits of NAM

The Non-aligned Movement has various merits

At first through this movement the Cold War could not spread

Secondly this movement imparted courage and morality to the weak and dependant nations

Thirdly the unity among the independent NAM countries brought forth a Third World and the

member countries kept themselves away from the Eastern and Western blocs

Fourthly a good relation was established between Asia and Africa in the UNO It not only paved

the way for economic cooperation but also accelerated the progress of the Third World

Danger to NAM

Inspite of the success of the NAM it faces danger from various quarters At first the member

countries of NAM are resorting to conflicts instead of solving their problems peacefully

Secondly many member countries of NAM increase their armaments by spending huge money

Thirdly lack of trust among the member countries mars the progress of NAM

NAMmdashan Analysis

Many experts on international politics opine that after the cold war disintegration of Soviet

Union and freezing of the importance of the super powers there is no need for Non-aligned

Movement Now the developing countries accept the policy of democracy by which the NAM

seems meaningless In the age of globalisation the NAM is not able to play its role properly and

perfectly

Be that as it may Non-aligned Movement is ever green even today It has exhibited its role every

time It attaches importance to economic progress Besides that it takes some programmes which

produce good result In the 21st Century it raises voice against cross-border terrorism It also

takes step for mutual co-operation

Infact the Non-aligned Movement has created a novel chapter in the history of the contemporary

world As long as war poverty exploitation terrorism exist the NAM will be asserting itself to

put an end to all their problems This is infact a great characteristic of the Non-aligned

Movement

Q4 Discuss in detail the prospects of economic cooperation amongst the member countries of

OIC What sort of role Pakistan could play to help increase economic cooperation amongst

OIC members

Ans Greater interaction between Pakistan and global organizations particularly within region will

contribute to the dialogue of economic trade culture and civilization The Shanghai Cooperation

Organization (SCO) is a Eurasian political economic security organization which was founded

by China Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia and Tajikistan It is a permanent intergovernmental

international organization formally created in 2001 in Shanghai China and has established itself

as an internationally recognized and authoritative multilateral association

In the 21st century the Globalization has increased interdependence of states which enhances the

prosperity and progress Economic integration and cooperation among SCO members on the

basis of principles of equality and mutual benefits is very important for trade creation

employment generation efficient movement of goods and services through greater market

expansion

The organization provides the means to share development progress and prosperity and help in

stabilizing the region Pakistans participation in SCO as member will strengthen its economic

ties with Eurasian The SCO members are jointly counteract emergent challenges and threats to

boost economic trade and other available potentials for members states as well as neighbors

Pakistan has become the full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in the

17th Summit of Heads of States held in Astana Kazakhstan on June 9 2017 The permanent

membership is a milestone which will strengthen deep-rooted historical and cultural links as well

as strong economic and strategic relations with all the members countries of the SCO

China has supported Pakistans entry in SCO and the membership particularly in the backdrop of

China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) which is a flagship of One Belt One Road project

will further enhance Pakistans importance in the entire region aimed at further enhancing the

connectivity regional stability development economic prosperity and trade with the members

nations

SCO is now a group of eight countries ie Russia China Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan

Uzbekistan Pakistan and India Among its member states the Russia and China have significant

role because of their global and regional importance as major powers At present Iran

Afghanistan Belarus and Mongolia are observer members of SCO will get full memberships in

the forthcoming years Azerbaijan Armenia Cambodia Nepal Turkey and Sri Lanka are the

dialogue partner of SCO

With the expansion of organization the region has become vibrant covering 60 percent of total

territory of Europe and Asia will now represent over 40 percent of the world population (35

billion) and nearly 25 percent of the global GDP The membership of SCO gives the opportunity

to Pakistan to create new linkages in the world economy and also expand its trade relations with

member countries and avail the trade concessional opportunities which are currently under

negotiation

Currently share of SCO in Pakistans total trade is 32 percent which indicates that there exist

opportunities for trade and economic relations The SCO region not only has geographical

proximity with Pakistan but also provides easy accessibility and makes a very profitable market

for Pakistans exports

Pakistan has dynamic relations with SCO members China is a time tested friend while Central

Asian countries have historical ties with Pakistan Russia is also on the way of developing

relations with Pakistan While mega project a game changer-China - Pakistan Economic Corridor

(CPEC) is at implementation stage and also provides market access to Central Asian states

The development of Gwadar port makes Pakistan an indispensable link for SCO member states

The Central Asian countries have enormous resources of oil natural gas liquefied gas uranium

and hydropower that could be channelized to market electricity to the members nations of SCO

such as China Pakistan Russia and observer members like Afghanistan and Iran

In the economic domain Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) and CASA-1000 are

important projects for both Pakistan and Central Asian States TAPIs long 1735km pipeline is

planned to transmit 27 billion cubic meters of gas annually to Afghanistan Pakistan and India

from Turkmenistan and Tajikistan respectively with a potential to enhance the capacity to 33

billion cubic meters

On the other hand CASA-1000 project also provides a landmark cooperation opportunity

between Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Afghanistan and Pakistan The plan envisage export of a total of

1300 MW of excess electricity available during summers from Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan 1000

MW for Pakistan and 300 MW for Afghanistan

Pakistan China Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have also agreed to initiate a bus service that would

not only enhance trade but also be an important tool to promote people-to-people contacts

between the four countries Similarly Pakistan can attract the investments in the energy and

infrastructure sector in which some of the SCO countries have a comparative advantage

The strategic location of Pakistan in the region and its economic potential can also help the SCO

members to exploit their economic potential With the prospects of Afghanistan and Iran and

possibly Turkey also joining the Organization in the near future SCO is likely to emerge as a

very strong regional Organization and may merge the Economic Cooperation Organization

A part from trade there is a huge potential in culture sports tourism education science and

technologyThe Shanghai Business Council created in 2006 with its headquarters in Moscow

Russia aims to boost economic cooperation in the framework of the Organization establishing

direct links and dialogue among business and financial circles of the SCO member states

assisting practical promotion of multilateral projects determined by the heads of government in

the Programme of trade and economic cooperation

To explore opportunities of the Shanghai Business Council the FPCCI may introduce itself in

the Council This forum will give opportunities to Pakistani Businessmen to interact with the

businessmen of the members countries for trade and joint ventures investment It is concluded

the regional economic integration may need to transform into cooperative-union in framework of

SCO to stabilize the region and to evolve the socioeconomic prosperity

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

TRADE BETWEEN PAKISTAN amp SCO COUNTRIES

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

(MILLION US$)

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

Countries 2014 2015 2016

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

Exports Imports Total Trade Exports Imports Total Trade

Exports Imports Total Trade

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

China 27539 132445 159984 24748 164419 189167

19126 172327 191453

Kazakhstan 307 29 336 329 15 344 229

27 256

Kyrgyzstan 22 05 27 26 01 27 33 03

36

Russia 3109 1431 4540 2985 966 3951 2720

1330 4050

Tajikistan 91 01 92 40 01 41 44 190

234

Uzbekistan 23 07 30 20 11 31 34 32

66

India 5299 21699 26998 4563 19635 24198 4613

15914 20527

Pakistans Total Trade with SCO Countries 36390 155617 192007 32711 185048

217759 26799 189823 216622

Pakistans Total Trade with World 247222 475449 722671 220890 439897

660787 204350 471550 675900

Pakistans share of trade with SCO Countries 15 33 27 15 42 33

13 40 32

The OIC Charter

The OIC Charter approved in March 1972 included a commitment to act through all means

both political and military for the liberation of the Holy City of Al-Quds from Zionist

occupation It also reiterated the Islamic statesrsquo resolve to act in unison for the establishment of

world peace and reaffirmed their commitment to the United Nationrsquos charter and to fundamental

human rights The OIC Charter was registered at the United Nations on 1 February 1974

The main objectives of the Charter were to[1]

Besides that the member nations decided to help each other for economic progress This

conference was also decided that the member countries had to resign from military pacts In this

Conference a request was made to Israel to return from occupied Arab territories

Algiers Conference (1973)

In 1973 the Fourth Conference of the NAM was held at Algiers This Conference was

represented by 76 countries and nine countries sent their observers This Conference also

inspired many countries for their struggle for freedom and Detente It also sent message to Israel

to return from the Arab territories The former Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi formed her

opinion about this conference as such ldquoWe are responsible not to our individual countries alone

but to peace and prosperity of the whole Worldrdquo

Colombo Conference (1976)

In 1976 the Fifth Conference of the NAM was held at Colombo In this Conference 86 countries

participated This was the first NAM summit in the continent of Asia This conference deeply

discussed about various problems of Africa and Latin America It also proposed to put an end to

the Veto Power in Security Council of the UNO It also attached importance on world economy

Havana Conference (1979)

The Sixth NAM Conference was held at Havana in 1979 in which 94 member countries

participated This Conference was very crucial The then President of Cuba Fidel Castro

emphasised that the countries like Cuba and Vietnam should establish relation with Russia On

the other hand Singapore and Zaire wanted to join hand with America

So this was a great blow for NAM Besides that Arab countries wanted to exclude Egypt from

NAM because it signed Camp David Agreement with Israel At last a warning was given to both

powers to destroy the military stations In this conference the Indian Ocean was declared as the

Peaceful Zone

New Delhi Summit (1983)

The Seventh NAM Summit was held at New Delhi in 1983 in which 99 countries participated

and 20 countries sent their observers and 19 countries attended this summit as guests It created a

new milestone in the foreign relation of Smt Indira Gandhi This summit attached importance on

the restriction on nuclear weapons disarmament and establishment of nuclear free zone

To return Diago Gracia to Mauritius unconditional withdrawal or Israel from Palestine

returning back of foreign army from Afghanistan and Kampuchea etc were discussed in this

Conference It also put emphasis on solving economical problems by signing bi-lateral and

multi-lateral pacts among the member nations The United States of America became angry with

this summit because it was criticised vehemently in this Conference

Harare Summit (1986)

Harare the Capital of Zimbabwe was selected for the Eighth NAM Summit This conference was

attended by 101 nation states In this conference the apartheid in Pretoria was criticised A

Committee was framed by the members to visit America England West Germany and Japan to

pursue them to support NAM This conference also criticised American attack on Libya At last

this summit gave clarian call to fight against Imperialism Colonialism Caste System and New

Colonialism

Belgrade Summit (1989)

The Ninth NAM Summit was held at Belgrade in 1989 in which 102 member countries

participated This Summit gave importance on total disarmament It also raised voice against

apartheid in Africa The Belgrade Summit gave proposal to solve the Arab-Israel Conflict This

Summit also decided to solve the Afghan Crisis

Jakarta Summit (1992)

In the meantime in 1991 a conference was held at Akra in Ghana by the foreign Secretary of the

member states of NAM The Tenth NAM Summit was held in Jakarta in 1992 Through this

Summit a request was made to the UNO to solve the problem between Bosnia and Harzigovina

This conference wanted to see a nuclear free world

Cartagena Summit (1995)

The Eleventh Summit of NAM was held at Cartagena (Colombia) in 1955 This Conference

attached importance to establish a nuclear free zone It also gave advice to bring reform in IMF

(International Monetary Fund) and lsquoWorld Bankrsquo The Cartagena Summit vehemently criticised

global terrorism

Durban Summit (1998)

The Durban Summit was the Twelfth NAM Summit which was held in 1998 and attended by 114

countries This Conference opposed the testing of Nuclear Armaments In this Conference a

decision was taken to make the relationship strong between developed and developing countries

This summit declared that there is no need of nuclear armaments after the end of Cold War

Kualalampur Summit (2003)

It was the Thirteenth NAM Summit which was held in Kualalampur (Malaysia) in 24-25 March

2003 The Prime Minister of that country Mahtir Muhammad inaugurated the Summit In this

conference the Pakistani President Parvez Musharaf raised Kashmir issue The Prime Minister

of India Mr Atal Behari Vajpayee in his speech asserted that Kashmir is the integral part of

India This conference put emphasis on economic development and globalisation

Havana Summit (2006)

The Fourteenth NAM Summit was held at Havana during 15-17 September 2006 Prime

Minister Manmohan Singh participated in this summit He advised to galvanise the UNO The

member countries decided to render help to each other in political economic and intellectual

fields

Merits of NAM

The Non-aligned Movement has various merits

At first through this movement the Cold War could not spread

Secondly this movement imparted courage and morality to the weak and dependant nations

Thirdly the unity among the independent NAM countries brought forth a Third World and the

member countries kept themselves away from the Eastern and Western blocs

Fourthly a good relation was established between Asia and Africa in the UNO It not only paved

the way for economic cooperation but also accelerated the progress of the Third World

Danger to NAM

Inspite of the success of the NAM it faces danger from various quarters At first the member

countries of NAM are resorting to conflicts instead of solving their problems peacefully

Secondly many member countries of NAM increase their armaments by spending huge money

Thirdly lack of trust among the member countries mars the progress of NAM

NAMmdashan Analysis

Many experts on international politics opine that after the cold war disintegration of Soviet

Union and freezing of the importance of the super powers there is no need for Non-aligned

Movement Now the developing countries accept the policy of democracy by which the NAM

seems meaningless In the age of globalisation the NAM is not able to play its role properly and

perfectly

Be that as it may Non-aligned Movement is ever green even today It has exhibited its role every

time It attaches importance to economic progress Besides that it takes some programmes which

produce good result In the 21st Century it raises voice against cross-border terrorism It also

takes step for mutual co-operation

Infact the Non-aligned Movement has created a novel chapter in the history of the contemporary

world As long as war poverty exploitation terrorism exist the NAM will be asserting itself to

put an end to all their problems This is infact a great characteristic of the Non-aligned

Movement

Q4 Discuss in detail the prospects of economic cooperation amongst the member countries of

OIC What sort of role Pakistan could play to help increase economic cooperation amongst

OIC members

Ans Greater interaction between Pakistan and global organizations particularly within region will

contribute to the dialogue of economic trade culture and civilization The Shanghai Cooperation

Organization (SCO) is a Eurasian political economic security organization which was founded

by China Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia and Tajikistan It is a permanent intergovernmental

international organization formally created in 2001 in Shanghai China and has established itself

as an internationally recognized and authoritative multilateral association

In the 21st century the Globalization has increased interdependence of states which enhances the

prosperity and progress Economic integration and cooperation among SCO members on the

basis of principles of equality and mutual benefits is very important for trade creation

employment generation efficient movement of goods and services through greater market

expansion

The organization provides the means to share development progress and prosperity and help in

stabilizing the region Pakistans participation in SCO as member will strengthen its economic

ties with Eurasian The SCO members are jointly counteract emergent challenges and threats to

boost economic trade and other available potentials for members states as well as neighbors

Pakistan has become the full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in the

17th Summit of Heads of States held in Astana Kazakhstan on June 9 2017 The permanent

membership is a milestone which will strengthen deep-rooted historical and cultural links as well

as strong economic and strategic relations with all the members countries of the SCO

China has supported Pakistans entry in SCO and the membership particularly in the backdrop of

China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) which is a flagship of One Belt One Road project

will further enhance Pakistans importance in the entire region aimed at further enhancing the

connectivity regional stability development economic prosperity and trade with the members

nations

SCO is now a group of eight countries ie Russia China Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan

Uzbekistan Pakistan and India Among its member states the Russia and China have significant

role because of their global and regional importance as major powers At present Iran

Afghanistan Belarus and Mongolia are observer members of SCO will get full memberships in

the forthcoming years Azerbaijan Armenia Cambodia Nepal Turkey and Sri Lanka are the

dialogue partner of SCO

With the expansion of organization the region has become vibrant covering 60 percent of total

territory of Europe and Asia will now represent over 40 percent of the world population (35

billion) and nearly 25 percent of the global GDP The membership of SCO gives the opportunity

to Pakistan to create new linkages in the world economy and also expand its trade relations with

member countries and avail the trade concessional opportunities which are currently under

negotiation

Currently share of SCO in Pakistans total trade is 32 percent which indicates that there exist

opportunities for trade and economic relations The SCO region not only has geographical

proximity with Pakistan but also provides easy accessibility and makes a very profitable market

for Pakistans exports

Pakistan has dynamic relations with SCO members China is a time tested friend while Central

Asian countries have historical ties with Pakistan Russia is also on the way of developing

relations with Pakistan While mega project a game changer-China - Pakistan Economic Corridor

(CPEC) is at implementation stage and also provides market access to Central Asian states

The development of Gwadar port makes Pakistan an indispensable link for SCO member states

The Central Asian countries have enormous resources of oil natural gas liquefied gas uranium

and hydropower that could be channelized to market electricity to the members nations of SCO

such as China Pakistan Russia and observer members like Afghanistan and Iran

In the economic domain Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) and CASA-1000 are

important projects for both Pakistan and Central Asian States TAPIs long 1735km pipeline is

planned to transmit 27 billion cubic meters of gas annually to Afghanistan Pakistan and India

from Turkmenistan and Tajikistan respectively with a potential to enhance the capacity to 33

billion cubic meters

On the other hand CASA-1000 project also provides a landmark cooperation opportunity

between Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Afghanistan and Pakistan The plan envisage export of a total of

1300 MW of excess electricity available during summers from Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan 1000

MW for Pakistan and 300 MW for Afghanistan

Pakistan China Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have also agreed to initiate a bus service that would

not only enhance trade but also be an important tool to promote people-to-people contacts

between the four countries Similarly Pakistan can attract the investments in the energy and

infrastructure sector in which some of the SCO countries have a comparative advantage

The strategic location of Pakistan in the region and its economic potential can also help the SCO

members to exploit their economic potential With the prospects of Afghanistan and Iran and

possibly Turkey also joining the Organization in the near future SCO is likely to emerge as a

very strong regional Organization and may merge the Economic Cooperation Organization

A part from trade there is a huge potential in culture sports tourism education science and

technologyThe Shanghai Business Council created in 2006 with its headquarters in Moscow

Russia aims to boost economic cooperation in the framework of the Organization establishing

direct links and dialogue among business and financial circles of the SCO member states

assisting practical promotion of multilateral projects determined by the heads of government in

the Programme of trade and economic cooperation

To explore opportunities of the Shanghai Business Council the FPCCI may introduce itself in

the Council This forum will give opportunities to Pakistani Businessmen to interact with the

businessmen of the members countries for trade and joint ventures investment It is concluded

the regional economic integration may need to transform into cooperative-union in framework of

SCO to stabilize the region and to evolve the socioeconomic prosperity

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

TRADE BETWEEN PAKISTAN amp SCO COUNTRIES

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

(MILLION US$)

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

Countries 2014 2015 2016

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

Exports Imports Total Trade Exports Imports Total Trade

Exports Imports Total Trade

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

China 27539 132445 159984 24748 164419 189167

19126 172327 191453

Kazakhstan 307 29 336 329 15 344 229

27 256

Kyrgyzstan 22 05 27 26 01 27 33 03

36

Russia 3109 1431 4540 2985 966 3951 2720

1330 4050

Tajikistan 91 01 92 40 01 41 44 190

234

Uzbekistan 23 07 30 20 11 31 34 32

66

India 5299 21699 26998 4563 19635 24198 4613

15914 20527

Pakistans Total Trade with SCO Countries 36390 155617 192007 32711 185048

217759 26799 189823 216622

Pakistans Total Trade with World 247222 475449 722671 220890 439897

660787 204350 471550 675900

Pakistans share of trade with SCO Countries 15 33 27 15 42 33

13 40 32

The OIC Charter

The OIC Charter approved in March 1972 included a commitment to act through all means

both political and military for the liberation of the Holy City of Al-Quds from Zionist

occupation It also reiterated the Islamic statesrsquo resolve to act in unison for the establishment of

world peace and reaffirmed their commitment to the United Nationrsquos charter and to fundamental

human rights The OIC Charter was registered at the United Nations on 1 February 1974

The main objectives of the Charter were to[1]

Conference It also put emphasis on solving economical problems by signing bi-lateral and

multi-lateral pacts among the member nations The United States of America became angry with

this summit because it was criticised vehemently in this Conference

Harare Summit (1986)

Harare the Capital of Zimbabwe was selected for the Eighth NAM Summit This conference was

attended by 101 nation states In this conference the apartheid in Pretoria was criticised A

Committee was framed by the members to visit America England West Germany and Japan to

pursue them to support NAM This conference also criticised American attack on Libya At last

this summit gave clarian call to fight against Imperialism Colonialism Caste System and New

Colonialism

Belgrade Summit (1989)

The Ninth NAM Summit was held at Belgrade in 1989 in which 102 member countries

participated This Summit gave importance on total disarmament It also raised voice against

apartheid in Africa The Belgrade Summit gave proposal to solve the Arab-Israel Conflict This

Summit also decided to solve the Afghan Crisis

Jakarta Summit (1992)

In the meantime in 1991 a conference was held at Akra in Ghana by the foreign Secretary of the

member states of NAM The Tenth NAM Summit was held in Jakarta in 1992 Through this

Summit a request was made to the UNO to solve the problem between Bosnia and Harzigovina

This conference wanted to see a nuclear free world

Cartagena Summit (1995)

The Eleventh Summit of NAM was held at Cartagena (Colombia) in 1955 This Conference

attached importance to establish a nuclear free zone It also gave advice to bring reform in IMF

(International Monetary Fund) and lsquoWorld Bankrsquo The Cartagena Summit vehemently criticised

global terrorism

Durban Summit (1998)

The Durban Summit was the Twelfth NAM Summit which was held in 1998 and attended by 114

countries This Conference opposed the testing of Nuclear Armaments In this Conference a

decision was taken to make the relationship strong between developed and developing countries

This summit declared that there is no need of nuclear armaments after the end of Cold War

Kualalampur Summit (2003)

It was the Thirteenth NAM Summit which was held in Kualalampur (Malaysia) in 24-25 March

2003 The Prime Minister of that country Mahtir Muhammad inaugurated the Summit In this

conference the Pakistani President Parvez Musharaf raised Kashmir issue The Prime Minister

of India Mr Atal Behari Vajpayee in his speech asserted that Kashmir is the integral part of

India This conference put emphasis on economic development and globalisation

Havana Summit (2006)

The Fourteenth NAM Summit was held at Havana during 15-17 September 2006 Prime

Minister Manmohan Singh participated in this summit He advised to galvanise the UNO The

member countries decided to render help to each other in political economic and intellectual

fields

Merits of NAM

The Non-aligned Movement has various merits

At first through this movement the Cold War could not spread

Secondly this movement imparted courage and morality to the weak and dependant nations

Thirdly the unity among the independent NAM countries brought forth a Third World and the

member countries kept themselves away from the Eastern and Western blocs

Fourthly a good relation was established between Asia and Africa in the UNO It not only paved

the way for economic cooperation but also accelerated the progress of the Third World

Danger to NAM

Inspite of the success of the NAM it faces danger from various quarters At first the member

countries of NAM are resorting to conflicts instead of solving their problems peacefully

Secondly many member countries of NAM increase their armaments by spending huge money

Thirdly lack of trust among the member countries mars the progress of NAM

NAMmdashan Analysis

Many experts on international politics opine that after the cold war disintegration of Soviet

Union and freezing of the importance of the super powers there is no need for Non-aligned

Movement Now the developing countries accept the policy of democracy by which the NAM

seems meaningless In the age of globalisation the NAM is not able to play its role properly and

perfectly

Be that as it may Non-aligned Movement is ever green even today It has exhibited its role every

time It attaches importance to economic progress Besides that it takes some programmes which

produce good result In the 21st Century it raises voice against cross-border terrorism It also

takes step for mutual co-operation

Infact the Non-aligned Movement has created a novel chapter in the history of the contemporary

world As long as war poverty exploitation terrorism exist the NAM will be asserting itself to

put an end to all their problems This is infact a great characteristic of the Non-aligned

Movement

Q4 Discuss in detail the prospects of economic cooperation amongst the member countries of

OIC What sort of role Pakistan could play to help increase economic cooperation amongst

OIC members

Ans Greater interaction between Pakistan and global organizations particularly within region will

contribute to the dialogue of economic trade culture and civilization The Shanghai Cooperation

Organization (SCO) is a Eurasian political economic security organization which was founded

by China Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia and Tajikistan It is a permanent intergovernmental

international organization formally created in 2001 in Shanghai China and has established itself

as an internationally recognized and authoritative multilateral association

In the 21st century the Globalization has increased interdependence of states which enhances the

prosperity and progress Economic integration and cooperation among SCO members on the

basis of principles of equality and mutual benefits is very important for trade creation

employment generation efficient movement of goods and services through greater market

expansion

The organization provides the means to share development progress and prosperity and help in

stabilizing the region Pakistans participation in SCO as member will strengthen its economic

ties with Eurasian The SCO members are jointly counteract emergent challenges and threats to

boost economic trade and other available potentials for members states as well as neighbors

Pakistan has become the full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in the

17th Summit of Heads of States held in Astana Kazakhstan on June 9 2017 The permanent

membership is a milestone which will strengthen deep-rooted historical and cultural links as well

as strong economic and strategic relations with all the members countries of the SCO

China has supported Pakistans entry in SCO and the membership particularly in the backdrop of

China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) which is a flagship of One Belt One Road project

will further enhance Pakistans importance in the entire region aimed at further enhancing the

connectivity regional stability development economic prosperity and trade with the members

nations

SCO is now a group of eight countries ie Russia China Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan

Uzbekistan Pakistan and India Among its member states the Russia and China have significant

role because of their global and regional importance as major powers At present Iran

Afghanistan Belarus and Mongolia are observer members of SCO will get full memberships in

the forthcoming years Azerbaijan Armenia Cambodia Nepal Turkey and Sri Lanka are the

dialogue partner of SCO

With the expansion of organization the region has become vibrant covering 60 percent of total

territory of Europe and Asia will now represent over 40 percent of the world population (35

billion) and nearly 25 percent of the global GDP The membership of SCO gives the opportunity

to Pakistan to create new linkages in the world economy and also expand its trade relations with

member countries and avail the trade concessional opportunities which are currently under

negotiation

Currently share of SCO in Pakistans total trade is 32 percent which indicates that there exist

opportunities for trade and economic relations The SCO region not only has geographical

proximity with Pakistan but also provides easy accessibility and makes a very profitable market

for Pakistans exports

Pakistan has dynamic relations with SCO members China is a time tested friend while Central

Asian countries have historical ties with Pakistan Russia is also on the way of developing

relations with Pakistan While mega project a game changer-China - Pakistan Economic Corridor

(CPEC) is at implementation stage and also provides market access to Central Asian states

The development of Gwadar port makes Pakistan an indispensable link for SCO member states

The Central Asian countries have enormous resources of oil natural gas liquefied gas uranium

and hydropower that could be channelized to market electricity to the members nations of SCO

such as China Pakistan Russia and observer members like Afghanistan and Iran

In the economic domain Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) and CASA-1000 are

important projects for both Pakistan and Central Asian States TAPIs long 1735km pipeline is

planned to transmit 27 billion cubic meters of gas annually to Afghanistan Pakistan and India

from Turkmenistan and Tajikistan respectively with a potential to enhance the capacity to 33

billion cubic meters

On the other hand CASA-1000 project also provides a landmark cooperation opportunity

between Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Afghanistan and Pakistan The plan envisage export of a total of

1300 MW of excess electricity available during summers from Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan 1000

MW for Pakistan and 300 MW for Afghanistan

Pakistan China Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have also agreed to initiate a bus service that would

not only enhance trade but also be an important tool to promote people-to-people contacts

between the four countries Similarly Pakistan can attract the investments in the energy and

infrastructure sector in which some of the SCO countries have a comparative advantage

The strategic location of Pakistan in the region and its economic potential can also help the SCO

members to exploit their economic potential With the prospects of Afghanistan and Iran and

possibly Turkey also joining the Organization in the near future SCO is likely to emerge as a

very strong regional Organization and may merge the Economic Cooperation Organization

A part from trade there is a huge potential in culture sports tourism education science and

technologyThe Shanghai Business Council created in 2006 with its headquarters in Moscow

Russia aims to boost economic cooperation in the framework of the Organization establishing

direct links and dialogue among business and financial circles of the SCO member states

assisting practical promotion of multilateral projects determined by the heads of government in

the Programme of trade and economic cooperation

To explore opportunities of the Shanghai Business Council the FPCCI may introduce itself in

the Council This forum will give opportunities to Pakistani Businessmen to interact with the

businessmen of the members countries for trade and joint ventures investment It is concluded

the regional economic integration may need to transform into cooperative-union in framework of

SCO to stabilize the region and to evolve the socioeconomic prosperity

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

TRADE BETWEEN PAKISTAN amp SCO COUNTRIES

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

(MILLION US$)

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

Countries 2014 2015 2016

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

Exports Imports Total Trade Exports Imports Total Trade

Exports Imports Total Trade

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

China 27539 132445 159984 24748 164419 189167

19126 172327 191453

Kazakhstan 307 29 336 329 15 344 229

27 256

Kyrgyzstan 22 05 27 26 01 27 33 03

36

Russia 3109 1431 4540 2985 966 3951 2720

1330 4050

Tajikistan 91 01 92 40 01 41 44 190

234

Uzbekistan 23 07 30 20 11 31 34 32

66

India 5299 21699 26998 4563 19635 24198 4613

15914 20527

Pakistans Total Trade with SCO Countries 36390 155617 192007 32711 185048

217759 26799 189823 216622

Pakistans Total Trade with World 247222 475449 722671 220890 439897

660787 204350 471550 675900

Pakistans share of trade with SCO Countries 15 33 27 15 42 33

13 40 32

The OIC Charter

The OIC Charter approved in March 1972 included a commitment to act through all means

both political and military for the liberation of the Holy City of Al-Quds from Zionist

occupation It also reiterated the Islamic statesrsquo resolve to act in unison for the establishment of

world peace and reaffirmed their commitment to the United Nationrsquos charter and to fundamental

human rights The OIC Charter was registered at the United Nations on 1 February 1974

The main objectives of the Charter were to[1]

It was the Thirteenth NAM Summit which was held in Kualalampur (Malaysia) in 24-25 March

2003 The Prime Minister of that country Mahtir Muhammad inaugurated the Summit In this

conference the Pakistani President Parvez Musharaf raised Kashmir issue The Prime Minister

of India Mr Atal Behari Vajpayee in his speech asserted that Kashmir is the integral part of

India This conference put emphasis on economic development and globalisation

Havana Summit (2006)

The Fourteenth NAM Summit was held at Havana during 15-17 September 2006 Prime

Minister Manmohan Singh participated in this summit He advised to galvanise the UNO The

member countries decided to render help to each other in political economic and intellectual

fields

Merits of NAM

The Non-aligned Movement has various merits

At first through this movement the Cold War could not spread

Secondly this movement imparted courage and morality to the weak and dependant nations

Thirdly the unity among the independent NAM countries brought forth a Third World and the

member countries kept themselves away from the Eastern and Western blocs

Fourthly a good relation was established between Asia and Africa in the UNO It not only paved

the way for economic cooperation but also accelerated the progress of the Third World

Danger to NAM

Inspite of the success of the NAM it faces danger from various quarters At first the member

countries of NAM are resorting to conflicts instead of solving their problems peacefully

Secondly many member countries of NAM increase their armaments by spending huge money

Thirdly lack of trust among the member countries mars the progress of NAM

NAMmdashan Analysis

Many experts on international politics opine that after the cold war disintegration of Soviet

Union and freezing of the importance of the super powers there is no need for Non-aligned

Movement Now the developing countries accept the policy of democracy by which the NAM

seems meaningless In the age of globalisation the NAM is not able to play its role properly and

perfectly

Be that as it may Non-aligned Movement is ever green even today It has exhibited its role every

time It attaches importance to economic progress Besides that it takes some programmes which

produce good result In the 21st Century it raises voice against cross-border terrorism It also

takes step for mutual co-operation

Infact the Non-aligned Movement has created a novel chapter in the history of the contemporary

world As long as war poverty exploitation terrorism exist the NAM will be asserting itself to

put an end to all their problems This is infact a great characteristic of the Non-aligned

Movement

Q4 Discuss in detail the prospects of economic cooperation amongst the member countries of

OIC What sort of role Pakistan could play to help increase economic cooperation amongst

OIC members

Ans Greater interaction between Pakistan and global organizations particularly within region will

contribute to the dialogue of economic trade culture and civilization The Shanghai Cooperation

Organization (SCO) is a Eurasian political economic security organization which was founded

by China Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia and Tajikistan It is a permanent intergovernmental

international organization formally created in 2001 in Shanghai China and has established itself

as an internationally recognized and authoritative multilateral association

In the 21st century the Globalization has increased interdependence of states which enhances the

prosperity and progress Economic integration and cooperation among SCO members on the

basis of principles of equality and mutual benefits is very important for trade creation

employment generation efficient movement of goods and services through greater market

expansion

The organization provides the means to share development progress and prosperity and help in

stabilizing the region Pakistans participation in SCO as member will strengthen its economic

ties with Eurasian The SCO members are jointly counteract emergent challenges and threats to

boost economic trade and other available potentials for members states as well as neighbors

Pakistan has become the full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in the

17th Summit of Heads of States held in Astana Kazakhstan on June 9 2017 The permanent

membership is a milestone which will strengthen deep-rooted historical and cultural links as well

as strong economic and strategic relations with all the members countries of the SCO

China has supported Pakistans entry in SCO and the membership particularly in the backdrop of

China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) which is a flagship of One Belt One Road project

will further enhance Pakistans importance in the entire region aimed at further enhancing the

connectivity regional stability development economic prosperity and trade with the members

nations

SCO is now a group of eight countries ie Russia China Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan

Uzbekistan Pakistan and India Among its member states the Russia and China have significant

role because of their global and regional importance as major powers At present Iran

Afghanistan Belarus and Mongolia are observer members of SCO will get full memberships in

the forthcoming years Azerbaijan Armenia Cambodia Nepal Turkey and Sri Lanka are the

dialogue partner of SCO

With the expansion of organization the region has become vibrant covering 60 percent of total

territory of Europe and Asia will now represent over 40 percent of the world population (35

billion) and nearly 25 percent of the global GDP The membership of SCO gives the opportunity

to Pakistan to create new linkages in the world economy and also expand its trade relations with

member countries and avail the trade concessional opportunities which are currently under

negotiation

Currently share of SCO in Pakistans total trade is 32 percent which indicates that there exist

opportunities for trade and economic relations The SCO region not only has geographical

proximity with Pakistan but also provides easy accessibility and makes a very profitable market

for Pakistans exports

Pakistan has dynamic relations with SCO members China is a time tested friend while Central

Asian countries have historical ties with Pakistan Russia is also on the way of developing

relations with Pakistan While mega project a game changer-China - Pakistan Economic Corridor

(CPEC) is at implementation stage and also provides market access to Central Asian states

The development of Gwadar port makes Pakistan an indispensable link for SCO member states

The Central Asian countries have enormous resources of oil natural gas liquefied gas uranium

and hydropower that could be channelized to market electricity to the members nations of SCO

such as China Pakistan Russia and observer members like Afghanistan and Iran

In the economic domain Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) and CASA-1000 are

important projects for both Pakistan and Central Asian States TAPIs long 1735km pipeline is

planned to transmit 27 billion cubic meters of gas annually to Afghanistan Pakistan and India

from Turkmenistan and Tajikistan respectively with a potential to enhance the capacity to 33

billion cubic meters

On the other hand CASA-1000 project also provides a landmark cooperation opportunity

between Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Afghanistan and Pakistan The plan envisage export of a total of

1300 MW of excess electricity available during summers from Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan 1000

MW for Pakistan and 300 MW for Afghanistan

Pakistan China Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have also agreed to initiate a bus service that would

not only enhance trade but also be an important tool to promote people-to-people contacts

between the four countries Similarly Pakistan can attract the investments in the energy and

infrastructure sector in which some of the SCO countries have a comparative advantage

The strategic location of Pakistan in the region and its economic potential can also help the SCO

members to exploit their economic potential With the prospects of Afghanistan and Iran and

possibly Turkey also joining the Organization in the near future SCO is likely to emerge as a

very strong regional Organization and may merge the Economic Cooperation Organization

A part from trade there is a huge potential in culture sports tourism education science and

technologyThe Shanghai Business Council created in 2006 with its headquarters in Moscow

Russia aims to boost economic cooperation in the framework of the Organization establishing

direct links and dialogue among business and financial circles of the SCO member states

assisting practical promotion of multilateral projects determined by the heads of government in

the Programme of trade and economic cooperation

To explore opportunities of the Shanghai Business Council the FPCCI may introduce itself in

the Council This forum will give opportunities to Pakistani Businessmen to interact with the

businessmen of the members countries for trade and joint ventures investment It is concluded

the regional economic integration may need to transform into cooperative-union in framework of

SCO to stabilize the region and to evolve the socioeconomic prosperity

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

TRADE BETWEEN PAKISTAN amp SCO COUNTRIES

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

(MILLION US$)

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

Countries 2014 2015 2016

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

Exports Imports Total Trade Exports Imports Total Trade

Exports Imports Total Trade

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

China 27539 132445 159984 24748 164419 189167

19126 172327 191453

Kazakhstan 307 29 336 329 15 344 229

27 256

Kyrgyzstan 22 05 27 26 01 27 33 03

36

Russia 3109 1431 4540 2985 966 3951 2720

1330 4050

Tajikistan 91 01 92 40 01 41 44 190

234

Uzbekistan 23 07 30 20 11 31 34 32

66

India 5299 21699 26998 4563 19635 24198 4613

15914 20527

Pakistans Total Trade with SCO Countries 36390 155617 192007 32711 185048

217759 26799 189823 216622

Pakistans Total Trade with World 247222 475449 722671 220890 439897

660787 204350 471550 675900

Pakistans share of trade with SCO Countries 15 33 27 15 42 33

13 40 32

The OIC Charter

The OIC Charter approved in March 1972 included a commitment to act through all means

both political and military for the liberation of the Holy City of Al-Quds from Zionist

occupation It also reiterated the Islamic statesrsquo resolve to act in unison for the establishment of

world peace and reaffirmed their commitment to the United Nationrsquos charter and to fundamental

human rights The OIC Charter was registered at the United Nations on 1 February 1974

The main objectives of the Charter were to[1]

Be that as it may Non-aligned Movement is ever green even today It has exhibited its role every

time It attaches importance to economic progress Besides that it takes some programmes which

produce good result In the 21st Century it raises voice against cross-border terrorism It also

takes step for mutual co-operation

Infact the Non-aligned Movement has created a novel chapter in the history of the contemporary

world As long as war poverty exploitation terrorism exist the NAM will be asserting itself to

put an end to all their problems This is infact a great characteristic of the Non-aligned

Movement

Q4 Discuss in detail the prospects of economic cooperation amongst the member countries of

OIC What sort of role Pakistan could play to help increase economic cooperation amongst

OIC members

Ans Greater interaction between Pakistan and global organizations particularly within region will

contribute to the dialogue of economic trade culture and civilization The Shanghai Cooperation

Organization (SCO) is a Eurasian political economic security organization which was founded

by China Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia and Tajikistan It is a permanent intergovernmental

international organization formally created in 2001 in Shanghai China and has established itself

as an internationally recognized and authoritative multilateral association

In the 21st century the Globalization has increased interdependence of states which enhances the

prosperity and progress Economic integration and cooperation among SCO members on the

basis of principles of equality and mutual benefits is very important for trade creation

employment generation efficient movement of goods and services through greater market

expansion

The organization provides the means to share development progress and prosperity and help in

stabilizing the region Pakistans participation in SCO as member will strengthen its economic

ties with Eurasian The SCO members are jointly counteract emergent challenges and threats to

boost economic trade and other available potentials for members states as well as neighbors

Pakistan has become the full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in the

17th Summit of Heads of States held in Astana Kazakhstan on June 9 2017 The permanent

membership is a milestone which will strengthen deep-rooted historical and cultural links as well

as strong economic and strategic relations with all the members countries of the SCO

China has supported Pakistans entry in SCO and the membership particularly in the backdrop of

China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) which is a flagship of One Belt One Road project

will further enhance Pakistans importance in the entire region aimed at further enhancing the

connectivity regional stability development economic prosperity and trade with the members

nations

SCO is now a group of eight countries ie Russia China Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan

Uzbekistan Pakistan and India Among its member states the Russia and China have significant

role because of their global and regional importance as major powers At present Iran

Afghanistan Belarus and Mongolia are observer members of SCO will get full memberships in

the forthcoming years Azerbaijan Armenia Cambodia Nepal Turkey and Sri Lanka are the

dialogue partner of SCO

With the expansion of organization the region has become vibrant covering 60 percent of total

territory of Europe and Asia will now represent over 40 percent of the world population (35

billion) and nearly 25 percent of the global GDP The membership of SCO gives the opportunity

to Pakistan to create new linkages in the world economy and also expand its trade relations with

member countries and avail the trade concessional opportunities which are currently under

negotiation

Currently share of SCO in Pakistans total trade is 32 percent which indicates that there exist

opportunities for trade and economic relations The SCO region not only has geographical

proximity with Pakistan but also provides easy accessibility and makes a very profitable market

for Pakistans exports

Pakistan has dynamic relations with SCO members China is a time tested friend while Central

Asian countries have historical ties with Pakistan Russia is also on the way of developing

relations with Pakistan While mega project a game changer-China - Pakistan Economic Corridor

(CPEC) is at implementation stage and also provides market access to Central Asian states

The development of Gwadar port makes Pakistan an indispensable link for SCO member states

The Central Asian countries have enormous resources of oil natural gas liquefied gas uranium

and hydropower that could be channelized to market electricity to the members nations of SCO

such as China Pakistan Russia and observer members like Afghanistan and Iran

In the economic domain Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) and CASA-1000 are

important projects for both Pakistan and Central Asian States TAPIs long 1735km pipeline is

planned to transmit 27 billion cubic meters of gas annually to Afghanistan Pakistan and India

from Turkmenistan and Tajikistan respectively with a potential to enhance the capacity to 33

billion cubic meters

On the other hand CASA-1000 project also provides a landmark cooperation opportunity

between Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Afghanistan and Pakistan The plan envisage export of a total of

1300 MW of excess electricity available during summers from Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan 1000

MW for Pakistan and 300 MW for Afghanistan

Pakistan China Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have also agreed to initiate a bus service that would

not only enhance trade but also be an important tool to promote people-to-people contacts

between the four countries Similarly Pakistan can attract the investments in the energy and

infrastructure sector in which some of the SCO countries have a comparative advantage

The strategic location of Pakistan in the region and its economic potential can also help the SCO

members to exploit their economic potential With the prospects of Afghanistan and Iran and

possibly Turkey also joining the Organization in the near future SCO is likely to emerge as a

very strong regional Organization and may merge the Economic Cooperation Organization

A part from trade there is a huge potential in culture sports tourism education science and

technologyThe Shanghai Business Council created in 2006 with its headquarters in Moscow

Russia aims to boost economic cooperation in the framework of the Organization establishing

direct links and dialogue among business and financial circles of the SCO member states

assisting practical promotion of multilateral projects determined by the heads of government in

the Programme of trade and economic cooperation

To explore opportunities of the Shanghai Business Council the FPCCI may introduce itself in

the Council This forum will give opportunities to Pakistani Businessmen to interact with the

businessmen of the members countries for trade and joint ventures investment It is concluded

the regional economic integration may need to transform into cooperative-union in framework of

SCO to stabilize the region and to evolve the socioeconomic prosperity

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

TRADE BETWEEN PAKISTAN amp SCO COUNTRIES

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

(MILLION US$)

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

Countries 2014 2015 2016

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

Exports Imports Total Trade Exports Imports Total Trade

Exports Imports Total Trade

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

China 27539 132445 159984 24748 164419 189167

19126 172327 191453

Kazakhstan 307 29 336 329 15 344 229

27 256

Kyrgyzstan 22 05 27 26 01 27 33 03

36

Russia 3109 1431 4540 2985 966 3951 2720

1330 4050

Tajikistan 91 01 92 40 01 41 44 190

234

Uzbekistan 23 07 30 20 11 31 34 32

66

India 5299 21699 26998 4563 19635 24198 4613

15914 20527

Pakistans Total Trade with SCO Countries 36390 155617 192007 32711 185048

217759 26799 189823 216622

Pakistans Total Trade with World 247222 475449 722671 220890 439897

660787 204350 471550 675900

Pakistans share of trade with SCO Countries 15 33 27 15 42 33

13 40 32

The OIC Charter

The OIC Charter approved in March 1972 included a commitment to act through all means

both political and military for the liberation of the Holy City of Al-Quds from Zionist

occupation It also reiterated the Islamic statesrsquo resolve to act in unison for the establishment of

world peace and reaffirmed their commitment to the United Nationrsquos charter and to fundamental

human rights The OIC Charter was registered at the United Nations on 1 February 1974

The main objectives of the Charter were to[1]

SCO is now a group of eight countries ie Russia China Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan

Uzbekistan Pakistan and India Among its member states the Russia and China have significant

role because of their global and regional importance as major powers At present Iran

Afghanistan Belarus and Mongolia are observer members of SCO will get full memberships in

the forthcoming years Azerbaijan Armenia Cambodia Nepal Turkey and Sri Lanka are the

dialogue partner of SCO

With the expansion of organization the region has become vibrant covering 60 percent of total

territory of Europe and Asia will now represent over 40 percent of the world population (35

billion) and nearly 25 percent of the global GDP The membership of SCO gives the opportunity

to Pakistan to create new linkages in the world economy and also expand its trade relations with

member countries and avail the trade concessional opportunities which are currently under

negotiation

Currently share of SCO in Pakistans total trade is 32 percent which indicates that there exist

opportunities for trade and economic relations The SCO region not only has geographical

proximity with Pakistan but also provides easy accessibility and makes a very profitable market

for Pakistans exports

Pakistan has dynamic relations with SCO members China is a time tested friend while Central

Asian countries have historical ties with Pakistan Russia is also on the way of developing

relations with Pakistan While mega project a game changer-China - Pakistan Economic Corridor

(CPEC) is at implementation stage and also provides market access to Central Asian states

The development of Gwadar port makes Pakistan an indispensable link for SCO member states

The Central Asian countries have enormous resources of oil natural gas liquefied gas uranium

and hydropower that could be channelized to market electricity to the members nations of SCO

such as China Pakistan Russia and observer members like Afghanistan and Iran

In the economic domain Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) and CASA-1000 are

important projects for both Pakistan and Central Asian States TAPIs long 1735km pipeline is

planned to transmit 27 billion cubic meters of gas annually to Afghanistan Pakistan and India

from Turkmenistan and Tajikistan respectively with a potential to enhance the capacity to 33

billion cubic meters

On the other hand CASA-1000 project also provides a landmark cooperation opportunity

between Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Afghanistan and Pakistan The plan envisage export of a total of

1300 MW of excess electricity available during summers from Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan 1000

MW for Pakistan and 300 MW for Afghanistan

Pakistan China Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have also agreed to initiate a bus service that would

not only enhance trade but also be an important tool to promote people-to-people contacts

between the four countries Similarly Pakistan can attract the investments in the energy and

infrastructure sector in which some of the SCO countries have a comparative advantage

The strategic location of Pakistan in the region and its economic potential can also help the SCO

members to exploit their economic potential With the prospects of Afghanistan and Iran and

possibly Turkey also joining the Organization in the near future SCO is likely to emerge as a

very strong regional Organization and may merge the Economic Cooperation Organization

A part from trade there is a huge potential in culture sports tourism education science and

technologyThe Shanghai Business Council created in 2006 with its headquarters in Moscow

Russia aims to boost economic cooperation in the framework of the Organization establishing

direct links and dialogue among business and financial circles of the SCO member states

assisting practical promotion of multilateral projects determined by the heads of government in

the Programme of trade and economic cooperation

To explore opportunities of the Shanghai Business Council the FPCCI may introduce itself in

the Council This forum will give opportunities to Pakistani Businessmen to interact with the

businessmen of the members countries for trade and joint ventures investment It is concluded

the regional economic integration may need to transform into cooperative-union in framework of

SCO to stabilize the region and to evolve the socioeconomic prosperity

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

TRADE BETWEEN PAKISTAN amp SCO COUNTRIES

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

(MILLION US$)

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

Countries 2014 2015 2016

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

Exports Imports Total Trade Exports Imports Total Trade

Exports Imports Total Trade

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

China 27539 132445 159984 24748 164419 189167

19126 172327 191453

Kazakhstan 307 29 336 329 15 344 229

27 256

Kyrgyzstan 22 05 27 26 01 27 33 03

36

Russia 3109 1431 4540 2985 966 3951 2720

1330 4050

Tajikistan 91 01 92 40 01 41 44 190

234

Uzbekistan 23 07 30 20 11 31 34 32

66

India 5299 21699 26998 4563 19635 24198 4613

15914 20527

Pakistans Total Trade with SCO Countries 36390 155617 192007 32711 185048

217759 26799 189823 216622

Pakistans Total Trade with World 247222 475449 722671 220890 439897

660787 204350 471550 675900

Pakistans share of trade with SCO Countries 15 33 27 15 42 33

13 40 32

The OIC Charter

The OIC Charter approved in March 1972 included a commitment to act through all means

both political and military for the liberation of the Holy City of Al-Quds from Zionist

occupation It also reiterated the Islamic statesrsquo resolve to act in unison for the establishment of

world peace and reaffirmed their commitment to the United Nationrsquos charter and to fundamental

human rights The OIC Charter was registered at the United Nations on 1 February 1974

The main objectives of the Charter were to[1]

members to exploit their economic potential With the prospects of Afghanistan and Iran and

possibly Turkey also joining the Organization in the near future SCO is likely to emerge as a

very strong regional Organization and may merge the Economic Cooperation Organization

A part from trade there is a huge potential in culture sports tourism education science and

technologyThe Shanghai Business Council created in 2006 with its headquarters in Moscow

Russia aims to boost economic cooperation in the framework of the Organization establishing

direct links and dialogue among business and financial circles of the SCO member states

assisting practical promotion of multilateral projects determined by the heads of government in

the Programme of trade and economic cooperation

To explore opportunities of the Shanghai Business Council the FPCCI may introduce itself in

the Council This forum will give opportunities to Pakistani Businessmen to interact with the

businessmen of the members countries for trade and joint ventures investment It is concluded

the regional economic integration may need to transform into cooperative-union in framework of

SCO to stabilize the region and to evolve the socioeconomic prosperity

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

TRADE BETWEEN PAKISTAN amp SCO COUNTRIES

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

(MILLION US$)

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

Countries 2014 2015 2016

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

Exports Imports Total Trade Exports Imports Total Trade

Exports Imports Total Trade

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

China 27539 132445 159984 24748 164419 189167

19126 172327 191453

Kazakhstan 307 29 336 329 15 344 229

27 256

Kyrgyzstan 22 05 27 26 01 27 33 03

36

Russia 3109 1431 4540 2985 966 3951 2720

1330 4050

Tajikistan 91 01 92 40 01 41 44 190

234

Uzbekistan 23 07 30 20 11 31 34 32

66

India 5299 21699 26998 4563 19635 24198 4613

15914 20527

Pakistans Total Trade with SCO Countries 36390 155617 192007 32711 185048

217759 26799 189823 216622

Pakistans Total Trade with World 247222 475449 722671 220890 439897

660787 204350 471550 675900

Pakistans share of trade with SCO Countries 15 33 27 15 42 33

13 40 32

The OIC Charter

The OIC Charter approved in March 1972 included a commitment to act through all means

both political and military for the liberation of the Holy City of Al-Quds from Zionist

occupation It also reiterated the Islamic statesrsquo resolve to act in unison for the establishment of

world peace and reaffirmed their commitment to the United Nationrsquos charter and to fundamental

human rights The OIC Charter was registered at the United Nations on 1 February 1974

The main objectives of the Charter were to[1]

=====================================================================

=====================================================================

====

China 27539 132445 159984 24748 164419 189167

19126 172327 191453

Kazakhstan 307 29 336 329 15 344 229

27 256

Kyrgyzstan 22 05 27 26 01 27 33 03

36

Russia 3109 1431 4540 2985 966 3951 2720

1330 4050

Tajikistan 91 01 92 40 01 41 44 190

234

Uzbekistan 23 07 30 20 11 31 34 32

66

India 5299 21699 26998 4563 19635 24198 4613

15914 20527

Pakistans Total Trade with SCO Countries 36390 155617 192007 32711 185048

217759 26799 189823 216622

Pakistans Total Trade with World 247222 475449 722671 220890 439897

660787 204350 471550 675900

Pakistans share of trade with SCO Countries 15 33 27 15 42 33

13 40 32

The OIC Charter

The OIC Charter approved in March 1972 included a commitment to act through all means

both political and military for the liberation of the Holy City of Al-Quds from Zionist

occupation It also reiterated the Islamic statesrsquo resolve to act in unison for the establishment of

world peace and reaffirmed their commitment to the United Nationrsquos charter and to fundamental

human rights The OIC Charter was registered at the United Nations on 1 February 1974

The main objectives of the Charter were to[1]

1 Strengthen

1 Islamic solidarity among Member States

2 Cooperation in the political economic social cultural and scientific fields

3 The struggle of all Muslim people to safeguard their dignity independence and

national rights

2 Coordinate action to

1 Safeguard Islamic Holy Places

2 Support the struggle of the Palestinian people and assist them in recovering their

rights and liberating their occupied territory

3 Work to

1 Eliminate racial discrimination and all forms of colonialism

2 Create a favourable atmosphere for the promotion of cooperation and

understanding between Member States and other countries

The Charter also enumerates the principles governing OIC activities namely

Full equality among Member States

Support for the right to self determination and non-interference in the internal affairs of

Member States

Support for the sovereignty independence and territorial integrity of each State

The settlement of any dispute that might arise among Member States by peaceful means

such as negotiations mediation conciliation and arbitration

A pledge to refrain in relations among Member States from resorting to force or

threatening to resort to the use of force against the unity and territorial integrity or the

political independence of any one of them[2]

Main Bodies and Committees

The OIC is composed of two main bodies

The Conference of Kings and Heads of State and Government which is the supreme

authority of the Organization which meets once every three years to lay down the

Organizationrsquos policy and

The Conference of Foreign Ministers which meets once a year to examine progress on

the implementation of its decisions taken within the framework of the policy defined by

the Islamic Summit

The OIC set up a number of committees to ensure the coordination of its activities and the

attainment of optimal results in all fields of political economic social scientific and intellectual

cooperation The main committees include the Al Quds the Standing Committee for Information

and Cultural Affairs Committee for Economic and Trade Cooperation and Scientific and

Technological Cooperation[3] Fifteen of the committees are concerned with various political

issues such as Palestine Afghanistan Bosnia and Herzegovina etc The others relate to cultural

scientific economic legal financial technical educational informational social and human

affairs institutions Their headquarters have been distributed among the various Islamic

capitals[4]

Evaluation

It has been stated above that the creation of the OIC at the Rabat Summit was primarily in

response to the situation created by the sacrilege of Al Quds Hence the resolution adopted on 25

September 1969 while reaffirming the fraternal and spiritual bonds existing between their

peoples declared ldquofull support to the Palestinian people for the restitution of their rights and in

their struggle for national liberationrdquo It asked the international community to ldquosecure the

speedy withdrawal of Israeli military forces from all the territories occupied as a result of the

war of June 1967rdquo

Organizational issues occupied the next few years The OICrsquos Secretariat was set up in March

1970 and two years later its Charter was approved (in March 1972) Subsequent developments

in the Middle East particularly the Ramadan War of October 1973 forced the OIC to embrace

all issues relating to the ummah and to broaden its canvas of activities The October 1973 war

had not only restored the pride of Arabs but oil diplomacy had forced the European nations to

take a second look at their pro-Israel policies It was against this background that the second

summit was held in Lahore in February 1974

The Lahore Summit was a landmark in the political struggle of Muslims to secure an influential

role in international affairs The leadership provided by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and the presence of

Arab leaders like King Faisal Sadat Qaddafi Boumedienne and Arafat among 37 heads of

statesgovernments participating in the Summit conferred on it a unique importance The

Summit decided to address the following issues

1 eradication of poverty disease and ignorance from Islamic countries

2 regulation of the terms of trade between developed countries and developing Muslim

countries especially the supply of raw materials and import of manufactured goods and

know-how

3 ensuring the sovereignty and full control of developing countries over their natural

resources and

4 mutual economic cooperation and solidarity among Muslim countries

It was also decided to establish a committee of eight countries including Pakistan to devise

ways and means for attainment of these objectives

The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was recognized as the sole and legitimate

representative of the Palestinians and it was declared that ldquothe Arab cause is the cause of all

countries which oppose aggression and will not tolerate that the use of force be rewarded by

territory or by other gainsrdquo

The OIC has till now held 10 summits interspersed at regular three-year intervals and numerous

meetings at the ministerial and expert levels to oversee summit decisions Unfortunately these

summits have been characterized more by empty rhetoric rather than concrete action Through

the years the configuration of political and economic forces in international affairs has rendered

the Muslim states more vulnerable and their leaders increasingly dependent on the US for their

survival This has emasculated the OIC and weighed heavily on its decisions Its leaders find

themselves in a quandary They are unable or unwilling to exert any meaningful pressure on the

US-led west regarded as allies of Israel to mitigate the hardships of the Muslim people living in

the occupied territories

The mid-70s were the unprecedented but short-lived years of Arab ascendancy and prestige The

diplomatic influence and political clout of the Arab countries was in evidence with dramatic

triumphs in the UN Arabic was accepted as one of the official UN languages The General

Assembly recognized the Palestinian people as ldquothe principal party to the question of

Palestinerdquo Arafat was invited to address the General Assembly on 13 November 1974 and the

PLO was given observer status at the UN In the same year the UNGA established a Committee

on ldquothe exercise of the inalienable rights of the Palestinian peoplerdquoThus the Palestinian issue

was placed in focus drawing increasing international attention and support

The Arab achievements in the UN were crowned with the adoption of UNGA Resolution 3379

of 10 November 1975 by which the General Assembly ldquodetermined that Zionism is a form of

racism and racial discriminationrdquo The Resolution was adopted with 72 in favour 35 against

and 32 abstentions With Zionism as its ideology the reaction in Israel was severe and it

campaigned hard to have the resolution annulled The opportunity came in 1991 Israel with the

encouragement of the US and European states declared its intention to get 3379 revoked The

OIC Summit held in Senegal in August 1991 took note of these efforts and passed a unanimous

resolution to defeat Israeli efforts in the UN by voting for the continuation of 3379

The Israeli resolution when moved in the UNGA after a couple of weeks was carried and the

majority of OIC member states either abstained or voted for the resolution This was illustrative

of the hypocrisy of Muslim potentates of playing to the domestic gallery while keeping the US

in good humour

Since the establishment of the OIC the Islamic world has suffered five major catastrophes

which have reduced it to almost a non-factor in international politics The break up of Pakistan

through armed intervention by India in 1971 the invasion of Lebanon by Israel in 1982 that led

to yet another Palestinian diaspora the Iran-Iraq war the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan and

the US occupation of Iraq have dealt a crippling blow to the unity dignity and image of the

Muslim world

The OIC failed to respond meaningfully to any of these crises or demonstrate unity other than

issuing high-sounding declarations at the end of each summit In some cases the OIC even

remained a silent spectator

This attitude not only disappointed Muslims around the world but also encouraged the

Organizationrsquos adversaries to pursue their designs against Muslim countries with impunity The

history of the Palestine problem ostensibly the raison drsquoecirctre of the OIC is a living testimony to

the impotence and paralysis of the Organisation The Palestine issue is now no longer seen as the

vacation of the occupied territories by Israel and restoration of the inalienable rights of the

Palestinians but has been re-designated as a struggle between terrorists (Palestinians) and

civilians (Israelis) The creeping annexation has eroded all possibilities of any settlement as

Israeli policies have completely marginalised the Palestinians

The OIC also espoused the Kashmir and Afghanistan issues but failed to play any important or

significant role in their resolution The gathering of potentates at OIC summits and their empty

calls for unity of action initially stirred Muslim hearts but soon it became obvious that these

speeches laced with rhetoric and insincere sentiments were meaningless and of no use for

confronting the challenges faced by the Islamic ummah

On the Kashmir issue the OIC has failed to muster the courage to challenge New Delhirsquos

policies of repression and widespread violation of human rights in Indian-held Kashmir The

inaction and indifference on Israeli massacres in Sabra and Shattila (Beirut 1982) in Bosnia and

Herzegovina (1992) and the recent US military intervention and brutalities in Iraq and

Afghanistan have many believe rendered the OIC totally irrelevant to the needs and

requirements of ummah The resolutions adopted by the OIC thus betray a lack of seriousness

and sincerity and hence carry no meaning or significance thereby accentuating the frustration of

the ummah

The underlying causes of the inability of the OIC to be reckoned with as an institution of

political significance in global affairs besides the lack of political will of Muslim leaders have

originated from a lack of democratic set-up in those states in addition to structural weaknesses

such as an absence of an institutional framework poverty and illiteracy and failure to recognize

the absolute importance of science and technology for social emancipation and economic

development

10th Summit ndash Kuala Lampur

The last OIC summit held in Putrajaya Malaysia in 2003 was a milestone in the history of the

OIC Under the dynamic leadership of then Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad the leaders

decided to make a realistic appraisal of the international situation and the role that the OIC could

play to preserve and protect the interests of member-states against a sustained negative media

campaign and political pressures circumscribing their economic and political rights It was

decided to dispassionately analyse the causes of decline and decay of Muslim societies and the

political marginalization of the member-states and evolve a comprehensive strategy to pull them

out of this morass

President Musharraf who led the Pakistan delegation to the 10th summit in Malaysia gave a

clarion call to all Muslims in support of Mahathirrsquos appeal In a stirring message President

Musharraf outlined the existing realities He referred to turbulent and troubled international

developments ldquoThe world is in turmoil Reliance on military action and force define solutions to

world disputes Foreign occupation persists Suppression of peoples has intensified Power

asymmetries are widening Terrorism is taking its toll Economic recession threatens the world

fabric Poverty is growing Inequality is increasingrdquo

In the context of this world view President Musharraf warned that the Muslim world was in the

vortex of this emerging global crisis Most of those under foreign occupation were Muslim

peoples He cited the tragedies of Palestine and Kashmir ldquoIslamic nations are perceived as the

sponsors of terrorism and proliferators of WMDs Muslims are subjected to discrimination and

exclusion The insidious thesis of an inevitable clash of civilizations between Islam and the West

is being openly propoundedrdquo5

Making this bold and frank analysis of ground realities and the political climate he urged some

soul-searching and stock-taking by the Muslim countries since he believed that the crisis

confronting the Islamic world was both external and internal ldquoIt is rooted in our own weaknesses

and vulnerabilities It flows from our economic social and human underdevelopment from

dependencies and vulnerabilities from the divisions and differences within and amongst our

societies and nestsrdquo

Q5 Elaborate diplomacy of Pakistan on the platform of Southeast Asian Treaty Organization

(SEATO)

Ans In September of 1954 the United States France Great Britain New Zealand Australia the

Philippines Thailand and Pakistan formed the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization or SEATO

The purpose of the organization was to prevent communism from gaining ground in the region

Although called the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization only two Southeast Asian countries

became members The Philippines joined in part because of its close ties with the United States

and in part out of concern over the nascent communist insurgency threatening its own

government Thailand similarly joined after learning of a newly established Thai Autonomous

Region in Yunnan Province in South China expressing concern about the potential for Chinese

communist subversion on its own soil The rest of the region was far less concerned about the

threat of communism to internal stability Burma and Indonesia both preferred to maintain their

neutrality rather than join the organization Malaya (including Singapore) found it politically

difficult to give formal support to the organization though through its ties with Great Britain it

learned of key developments Finally the terms of the Geneva Agreements of 1954 signed after

the fall of French Indochina prevented Vietnam Cambodia and Laos from joining any

international military alliance though these countries were ultimately included in the area

protected under SEATO and granted observers status

Most of the SEATO member states were countries located elsewhere but with an interest in the

region or the organization Australia and New Zealand were interested in Asian affairs because

of their geographic position in the Pacific Great Britain and France had long maintained

colonies in the region and were interested in developments in the greater Indochina region For

Pakistan the appeal of the pact was the potential for receiving support in its struggles against

India in spite of the fact that neither country was located in the area under the organizations

jurisdiction Finally US officials believed Southeast Asia to be a crucial frontier in the fight

against communist expansion so it viewed SEATO as essential to its global Cold War policy of

containment

Headquartered in Bangkok Thailand SEATO had only a few formal functions It maintained no

military forces of its own but the organization hosted joint military exercises for member states

each year As the communist threat appeared to change from one of outright attack to one of

internal subversion SEATO worked to strengthen the economic foundations and living standards

themselves in a quandary They are unable or unwilling to exert any meaningful pressure on the

US-led west regarded as allies of Israel to mitigate the hardships of the Muslim people living in

the occupied territories

The mid-70s were the unprecedented but short-lived years of Arab ascendancy and prestige The

diplomatic influence and political clout of the Arab countries was in evidence with dramatic

triumphs in the UN Arabic was accepted as one of the official UN languages The General

Assembly recognized the Palestinian people as ldquothe principal party to the question of

Palestinerdquo Arafat was invited to address the General Assembly on 13 November 1974 and the

PLO was given observer status at the UN In the same year the UNGA established a Committee

on ldquothe exercise of the inalienable rights of the Palestinian peoplerdquoThus the Palestinian issue

was placed in focus drawing increasing international attention and support

The Arab achievements in the UN were crowned with the adoption of UNGA Resolution 3379

of 10 November 1975 by which the General Assembly ldquodetermined that Zionism is a form of

racism and racial discriminationrdquo The Resolution was adopted with 72 in favour 35 against

and 32 abstentions With Zionism as its ideology the reaction in Israel was severe and it

campaigned hard to have the resolution annulled The opportunity came in 1991 Israel with the

encouragement of the US and European states declared its intention to get 3379 revoked The

OIC Summit held in Senegal in August 1991 took note of these efforts and passed a unanimous

resolution to defeat Israeli efforts in the UN by voting for the continuation of 3379

The Israeli resolution when moved in the UNGA after a couple of weeks was carried and the

majority of OIC member states either abstained or voted for the resolution This was illustrative

of the hypocrisy of Muslim potentates of playing to the domestic gallery while keeping the US

in good humour

Since the establishment of the OIC the Islamic world has suffered five major catastrophes

which have reduced it to almost a non-factor in international politics The break up of Pakistan

through armed intervention by India in 1971 the invasion of Lebanon by Israel in 1982 that led

to yet another Palestinian diaspora the Iran-Iraq war the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan and

the US occupation of Iraq have dealt a crippling blow to the unity dignity and image of the

Muslim world

The OIC failed to respond meaningfully to any of these crises or demonstrate unity other than

issuing high-sounding declarations at the end of each summit In some cases the OIC even

remained a silent spectator

This attitude not only disappointed Muslims around the world but also encouraged the

Organizationrsquos adversaries to pursue their designs against Muslim countries with impunity The

history of the Palestine problem ostensibly the raison drsquoecirctre of the OIC is a living testimony to

the impotence and paralysis of the Organisation The Palestine issue is now no longer seen as the

vacation of the occupied territories by Israel and restoration of the inalienable rights of the

Palestinians but has been re-designated as a struggle between terrorists (Palestinians) and

civilians (Israelis) The creeping annexation has eroded all possibilities of any settlement as

Israeli policies have completely marginalised the Palestinians

The OIC also espoused the Kashmir and Afghanistan issues but failed to play any important or

significant role in their resolution The gathering of potentates at OIC summits and their empty

calls for unity of action initially stirred Muslim hearts but soon it became obvious that these

speeches laced with rhetoric and insincere sentiments were meaningless and of no use for

confronting the challenges faced by the Islamic ummah

On the Kashmir issue the OIC has failed to muster the courage to challenge New Delhirsquos

policies of repression and widespread violation of human rights in Indian-held Kashmir The

inaction and indifference on Israeli massacres in Sabra and Shattila (Beirut 1982) in Bosnia and

Herzegovina (1992) and the recent US military intervention and brutalities in Iraq and

Afghanistan have many believe rendered the OIC totally irrelevant to the needs and

requirements of ummah The resolutions adopted by the OIC thus betray a lack of seriousness

and sincerity and hence carry no meaning or significance thereby accentuating the frustration of

the ummah

The underlying causes of the inability of the OIC to be reckoned with as an institution of

political significance in global affairs besides the lack of political will of Muslim leaders have

originated from a lack of democratic set-up in those states in addition to structural weaknesses

such as an absence of an institutional framework poverty and illiteracy and failure to recognize

the absolute importance of science and technology for social emancipation and economic

development

10th Summit ndash Kuala Lampur

The last OIC summit held in Putrajaya Malaysia in 2003 was a milestone in the history of the

OIC Under the dynamic leadership of then Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad the leaders

decided to make a realistic appraisal of the international situation and the role that the OIC could

play to preserve and protect the interests of member-states against a sustained negative media

campaign and political pressures circumscribing their economic and political rights It was

decided to dispassionately analyse the causes of decline and decay of Muslim societies and the

political marginalization of the member-states and evolve a comprehensive strategy to pull them

out of this morass

President Musharraf who led the Pakistan delegation to the 10th summit in Malaysia gave a

clarion call to all Muslims in support of Mahathirrsquos appeal In a stirring message President

Musharraf outlined the existing realities He referred to turbulent and troubled international

developments ldquoThe world is in turmoil Reliance on military action and force define solutions to

world disputes Foreign occupation persists Suppression of peoples has intensified Power

asymmetries are widening Terrorism is taking its toll Economic recession threatens the world

fabric Poverty is growing Inequality is increasingrdquo

In the context of this world view President Musharraf warned that the Muslim world was in the

vortex of this emerging global crisis Most of those under foreign occupation were Muslim

peoples He cited the tragedies of Palestine and Kashmir ldquoIslamic nations are perceived as the

sponsors of terrorism and proliferators of WMDs Muslims are subjected to discrimination and

exclusion The insidious thesis of an inevitable clash of civilizations between Islam and the West

is being openly propoundedrdquo5

Making this bold and frank analysis of ground realities and the political climate he urged some

soul-searching and stock-taking by the Muslim countries since he believed that the crisis

confronting the Islamic world was both external and internal ldquoIt is rooted in our own weaknesses

and vulnerabilities It flows from our economic social and human underdevelopment from

dependencies and vulnerabilities from the divisions and differences within and amongst our

societies and nestsrdquo

Q5 Elaborate diplomacy of Pakistan on the platform of Southeast Asian Treaty Organization

(SEATO)

Ans In September of 1954 the United States France Great Britain New Zealand Australia the

Philippines Thailand and Pakistan formed the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization or SEATO

The purpose of the organization was to prevent communism from gaining ground in the region

Although called the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization only two Southeast Asian countries

became members The Philippines joined in part because of its close ties with the United States

and in part out of concern over the nascent communist insurgency threatening its own

government Thailand similarly joined after learning of a newly established Thai Autonomous

Region in Yunnan Province in South China expressing concern about the potential for Chinese

communist subversion on its own soil The rest of the region was far less concerned about the

threat of communism to internal stability Burma and Indonesia both preferred to maintain their

neutrality rather than join the organization Malaya (including Singapore) found it politically

difficult to give formal support to the organization though through its ties with Great Britain it

learned of key developments Finally the terms of the Geneva Agreements of 1954 signed after

the fall of French Indochina prevented Vietnam Cambodia and Laos from joining any

international military alliance though these countries were ultimately included in the area

protected under SEATO and granted observers status

Most of the SEATO member states were countries located elsewhere but with an interest in the

region or the organization Australia and New Zealand were interested in Asian affairs because

of their geographic position in the Pacific Great Britain and France had long maintained

colonies in the region and were interested in developments in the greater Indochina region For

Pakistan the appeal of the pact was the potential for receiving support in its struggles against

India in spite of the fact that neither country was located in the area under the organizations

jurisdiction Finally US officials believed Southeast Asia to be a crucial frontier in the fight

against communist expansion so it viewed SEATO as essential to its global Cold War policy of

containment

Headquartered in Bangkok Thailand SEATO had only a few formal functions It maintained no

military forces of its own but the organization hosted joint military exercises for member states

each year As the communist threat appeared to change from one of outright attack to one of

internal subversion SEATO worked to strengthen the economic foundations and living standards

The OIC also espoused the Kashmir and Afghanistan issues but failed to play any important or

significant role in their resolution The gathering of potentates at OIC summits and their empty

calls for unity of action initially stirred Muslim hearts but soon it became obvious that these

speeches laced with rhetoric and insincere sentiments were meaningless and of no use for

confronting the challenges faced by the Islamic ummah

On the Kashmir issue the OIC has failed to muster the courage to challenge New Delhirsquos

policies of repression and widespread violation of human rights in Indian-held Kashmir The

inaction and indifference on Israeli massacres in Sabra and Shattila (Beirut 1982) in Bosnia and

Herzegovina (1992) and the recent US military intervention and brutalities in Iraq and

Afghanistan have many believe rendered the OIC totally irrelevant to the needs and

requirements of ummah The resolutions adopted by the OIC thus betray a lack of seriousness

and sincerity and hence carry no meaning or significance thereby accentuating the frustration of

the ummah

The underlying causes of the inability of the OIC to be reckoned with as an institution of

political significance in global affairs besides the lack of political will of Muslim leaders have

originated from a lack of democratic set-up in those states in addition to structural weaknesses

such as an absence of an institutional framework poverty and illiteracy and failure to recognize

the absolute importance of science and technology for social emancipation and economic

development

10th Summit ndash Kuala Lampur

The last OIC summit held in Putrajaya Malaysia in 2003 was a milestone in the history of the

OIC Under the dynamic leadership of then Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad the leaders

decided to make a realistic appraisal of the international situation and the role that the OIC could

play to preserve and protect the interests of member-states against a sustained negative media

campaign and political pressures circumscribing their economic and political rights It was

decided to dispassionately analyse the causes of decline and decay of Muslim societies and the

political marginalization of the member-states and evolve a comprehensive strategy to pull them

out of this morass

President Musharraf who led the Pakistan delegation to the 10th summit in Malaysia gave a

clarion call to all Muslims in support of Mahathirrsquos appeal In a stirring message President

Musharraf outlined the existing realities He referred to turbulent and troubled international

developments ldquoThe world is in turmoil Reliance on military action and force define solutions to

world disputes Foreign occupation persists Suppression of peoples has intensified Power

asymmetries are widening Terrorism is taking its toll Economic recession threatens the world

fabric Poverty is growing Inequality is increasingrdquo

In the context of this world view President Musharraf warned that the Muslim world was in the

vortex of this emerging global crisis Most of those under foreign occupation were Muslim

peoples He cited the tragedies of Palestine and Kashmir ldquoIslamic nations are perceived as the

sponsors of terrorism and proliferators of WMDs Muslims are subjected to discrimination and

exclusion The insidious thesis of an inevitable clash of civilizations between Islam and the West

is being openly propoundedrdquo5

Making this bold and frank analysis of ground realities and the political climate he urged some

soul-searching and stock-taking by the Muslim countries since he believed that the crisis

confronting the Islamic world was both external and internal ldquoIt is rooted in our own weaknesses

and vulnerabilities It flows from our economic social and human underdevelopment from

dependencies and vulnerabilities from the divisions and differences within and amongst our

societies and nestsrdquo

Q5 Elaborate diplomacy of Pakistan on the platform of Southeast Asian Treaty Organization

(SEATO)

Ans In September of 1954 the United States France Great Britain New Zealand Australia the

Philippines Thailand and Pakistan formed the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization or SEATO

The purpose of the organization was to prevent communism from gaining ground in the region

Although called the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization only two Southeast Asian countries

became members The Philippines joined in part because of its close ties with the United States

and in part out of concern over the nascent communist insurgency threatening its own

government Thailand similarly joined after learning of a newly established Thai Autonomous

Region in Yunnan Province in South China expressing concern about the potential for Chinese

communist subversion on its own soil The rest of the region was far less concerned about the

threat of communism to internal stability Burma and Indonesia both preferred to maintain their

neutrality rather than join the organization Malaya (including Singapore) found it politically

difficult to give formal support to the organization though through its ties with Great Britain it

learned of key developments Finally the terms of the Geneva Agreements of 1954 signed after

the fall of French Indochina prevented Vietnam Cambodia and Laos from joining any

international military alliance though these countries were ultimately included in the area

protected under SEATO and granted observers status

Most of the SEATO member states were countries located elsewhere but with an interest in the

region or the organization Australia and New Zealand were interested in Asian affairs because

of their geographic position in the Pacific Great Britain and France had long maintained

colonies in the region and were interested in developments in the greater Indochina region For

Pakistan the appeal of the pact was the potential for receiving support in its struggles against

India in spite of the fact that neither country was located in the area under the organizations

jurisdiction Finally US officials believed Southeast Asia to be a crucial frontier in the fight

against communist expansion so it viewed SEATO as essential to its global Cold War policy of

containment

Headquartered in Bangkok Thailand SEATO had only a few formal functions It maintained no

military forces of its own but the organization hosted joint military exercises for member states

each year As the communist threat appeared to change from one of outright attack to one of

internal subversion SEATO worked to strengthen the economic foundations and living standards

exclusion The insidious thesis of an inevitable clash of civilizations between Islam and the West

is being openly propoundedrdquo5

Making this bold and frank analysis of ground realities and the political climate he urged some

soul-searching and stock-taking by the Muslim countries since he believed that the crisis

confronting the Islamic world was both external and internal ldquoIt is rooted in our own weaknesses

and vulnerabilities It flows from our economic social and human underdevelopment from

dependencies and vulnerabilities from the divisions and differences within and amongst our

societies and nestsrdquo

Q5 Elaborate diplomacy of Pakistan on the platform of Southeast Asian Treaty Organization

(SEATO)

Ans In September of 1954 the United States France Great Britain New Zealand Australia the

Philippines Thailand and Pakistan formed the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization or SEATO

The purpose of the organization was to prevent communism from gaining ground in the region

Although called the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization only two Southeast Asian countries

became members The Philippines joined in part because of its close ties with the United States

and in part out of concern over the nascent communist insurgency threatening its own

government Thailand similarly joined after learning of a newly established Thai Autonomous

Region in Yunnan Province in South China expressing concern about the potential for Chinese

communist subversion on its own soil The rest of the region was far less concerned about the

threat of communism to internal stability Burma and Indonesia both preferred to maintain their

neutrality rather than join the organization Malaya (including Singapore) found it politically

difficult to give formal support to the organization though through its ties with Great Britain it

learned of key developments Finally the terms of the Geneva Agreements of 1954 signed after

the fall of French Indochina prevented Vietnam Cambodia and Laos from joining any

international military alliance though these countries were ultimately included in the area

protected under SEATO and granted observers status

Most of the SEATO member states were countries located elsewhere but with an interest in the

region or the organization Australia and New Zealand were interested in Asian affairs because

of their geographic position in the Pacific Great Britain and France had long maintained

colonies in the region and were interested in developments in the greater Indochina region For

Pakistan the appeal of the pact was the potential for receiving support in its struggles against

India in spite of the fact that neither country was located in the area under the organizations

jurisdiction Finally US officials believed Southeast Asia to be a crucial frontier in the fight

against communist expansion so it viewed SEATO as essential to its global Cold War policy of

containment

Headquartered in Bangkok Thailand SEATO had only a few formal functions It maintained no

military forces of its own but the organization hosted joint military exercises for member states

each year As the communist threat appeared to change from one of outright attack to one of

internal subversion SEATO worked to strengthen the economic foundations and living standards

of the Southeast Asian States It sponsored a variety of meetings and exhibitions on cultural

religious and historical topics and the non-Asian member states sponsored fellowships for

Southeast Asian scholars

Beyond its activities the SEATO charter was also vitally important to the American rationale for

the Vietnam War The United States used the organization as its justification for refusing to go

forward with the 1956 elections intended to reunify Vietnam instead maintaining the divide

between communist North Vietnam and South Vietnam at the 17th parallel As the conflict in

Vietnam unfolded the inclusion of Vietnam as a territory under SEATO protection gave the

United States the legal framework for its continued involvement there

The organization had a number of weaknesses as well To address the problems attached to the

guerrilla movements and local insurrections that plagued the region in the post-colonial years

the SEATO defense treaty called only for consultation leaving each individual nation to react

individually to internal threats Unlike the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) SEATO

had no independent mechanism for obtaining intelligence or deploying military forces so the

potential for collective action was necessarily limited Moreover because it incorporated only

three Asian members SEATO faced charges of being a new form of Western colonialism

Linguistic and cultural difficulties between the member states also compounded its problems

making it difficult for SEATO to accomplish many of its goals

By the early 1970s members began to withdraw from the organization Neither Pakistan nor

France supported the US intervention in Vietnam and both nations were pulling away from the

organization in the early 1970s Pakistan formally left SEATO in 1973 because the organization

had failed to provide it with assistance in its ongoing conflict against India When the Vietnam

War ended in 1975 the most prominent reason for SEATOs existence disappeared As a result

SEATO formally disbanded in 1977