Course Code: BIO 2010Course Title: General

Biology(l)Department of Biology

Third LevelCredit hours: (3,2)

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Course Description►Definition of Biology►Chemical basis of living organisms►Organic components of living organisms►Non Organic components of living organisms►Cells and Tissues of Plants (Structure and function)►Biodiversity (The division and classification of viruses-bacteria- algae- plant)►Bioenergy production (Photosynthesis- Securing solar energy)►Breakdown of large molecules and release of energy►The main roads of genetic 2

Definition of BiologyBiology (from the Greek words bios = life and logos = science or studying). It means the study of life or living organisms in terms of their structure, function, distribution, adaptation, interactions, evolution and all vital activities.

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Life PropertiesDespite the difficulty of defining life and determine its characteristics accurately, the secret of life lies in the protoplasm(living material that make up the body cells of the organism).

protoplasm consists of organic compounds as nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates and fats, but it is characterized by being living.

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The most important characteristic of living organisms is the ability to conduct the next vital operations:

1-Nutrition2-Respiration3-Growth and Reproduction4- Locomotion5- Response to the external stimuli

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1-Nutrition A vital process that enables the organism

to carry necessary energyto obtain the out other vital operations.

Nutrition includes the following stages:a- Nutrient uptakeb- Nutrient Processing c- Waste elimination

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1-Nutrition Autotrophic nutrition:Autotrophic organisms make their own food by a process called photosynthesis.

Heterotrophic nutrition:Heterotrophic organisms obtain their food from the bodies of other organisms. This is done in various ways.

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2-RespirationVital process by which the energy can be produced from organic food compounds (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) through their break down by special enzymes in the body of living organism.

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3-Growth and ReproductionGrowth: Constitutes the total of the biological processes that lead to increase the size of the organism. The reproduction is increasing the number of organisms.

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3-Growth and ReproductionThere are two fundamental types of reproduction:Asexual reproduction:Asexual reproduction involves no exchange of genetic material but is a simple replication to produce a new organism.Sexual reproduction:Sexual reproduction involves the combining of genetic material from two parent organisms. The parent organisms give rise to reproductive cells called gametes. These are formed by a special type of cell division called meiosis.

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3-Growth and ReproductionThere are two fundamental types of reproduction:1- Asexual reproduction:2- Sexual reproduction:

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4- LocomotionMeans the ability of the organism to move from one place to another in the media where they live this known as the virtual movement in animalssometimes some plants exercise this type of movement as the movement of insect-eaters plants.

if we look closer under the microscope, we see the movement of organelles in the cells, this type of movement is known as cytoplasmic movement .

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4- LocomotionAquatic protozoans move by flagellar appendages or by pseudopods, footlike appendages. Other forms of locomotion include walking on legs, crawling and swimming.

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5- Response to the external stimuli: All living things are able to sense and respond to stimuli around them such as light, temperature, water, gravity and chemicalsubstances.The Organism responds to external stimuli by irritability through moving to or away from the source.As a result of persistent exposure to this external source arises the so-called individual adaptation. Over time, produces the so-called evolution.

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Biological Sciences branchesMorphologyEcology TaxonomyAnatomyHistologyCytologyGeneticsEmbryology

PhysiologyAnimal Behavior

BiochemistryMicrobiologyParasitology

PhycologyMycology Virology Entomology Pathology Vertebrates zoology

Invertebrates zoology Marine biology Endocrinology Auxinology

Evolution

Biotechnology

Genetic engineering 19

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MorphologyStudy the shape and the outer structure of the living organism.

EcologyStudy the relationship of living organisms with each other and with the media where they live.

TaxonomyStudy the classification of living organisms and their division in groups.

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AnatomyStudy the internal structure of the living organism.

HistologyStudy the composition and function of tissues of the living organism.

CytologyStudy the molecular composition of cells and its biological processes.

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GeneticsStudy the genetic material and genetic traits and their transmission across generations.

EmbryologyStudy the formation and growth of embryos of living organisms.

PhysiologyStudy the function of the body organs of the living organisms.

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Animal Behavior Study the animal behavior in response to external stimuli.

Biochemistry:

Study the chemistry of the cell and its biological process.

MicrobiologyThe study of different micro-organisms.

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ParasitologyStudy the biological and environmental characteristics of parasites and the diseases caused them. PhycologyStudy the biological and environmental characteristics of algae.

Mycology Study the biological and environmental characteristics of fungi and their relationships to humans. 25

VirologyStudy the biological and environmental characteristics of viruses and the diseases caused by them.

EntomologyStudy the biological and environmental characteristics of insects and their economic and pathological relationship to humans.

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PathologyStudy the causes of different diseases, and the methods of treatment.

Vertebrates zoology Study the biological environmental characteristicsof vertebrate animals

Invertebrates zoology Study the biological and environmental characteristics of invertebrate animals.

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Marine biologyStudy the biological and environmental characteristics of marine organisms.

EndocrinologStudy the biological characteristics of animal hormone.

AuxinologyStudy the biological characteristics of plant hormones. 28

Exercise: Complete the passage below by choosing the words from this list:Excretion, growth, irritability, locomotion, nutrition, organisms, reproduction, respiration A Living things are often called ______________. B All living things release energy from their food in a process

called ______________, which happens inside their cells. C Some of the energy is used for ________________, which usually

happens more quickly in animals than in plants. D The food from which the energy is released is taken into the

body in a process called ________________.

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Exercise: Complete the passage below by choosing the words from this list:Waste elemination, growth, irritability, locomotion, nutrition, organisms, reproduction, respiration E All living things get bigger as they get older. This process is

called __________________. F The production of young is called ____________________. G Waste substances are removed from organisms by the process of

____________________. H The characteristic shown by all living organisms is

____________________, which means that they are sensitive to things around them.

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