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Department of Electronics And Communication Engineering

COURSE FILE For 2012-13

I11 BTech I Semester [Branch:ECE]

ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION

M.DEEPAK

Asst Professor (CSE)

RAJA MAHENDRA COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERINGIbrahimpatnam, R R District 501 506 (A. P.)


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Course Plan

a. Teaching the students with innovative technologies

b. Mentioning the practical applicationsc. Making students to solve the questions.

d. Doubts clarification at the end of each unite. Keep monitoring the weak students

Method of Evaluation

a. Internal Examinations

b. Unit Wise assignments

c. Open book examinationd. Descriptive examinations

e. University Examinations

Course Objective

Students will be made comfortable by giving the basic information of VLSI DESIGN

Students will be given abundant information of related Web sites.

At the end of the course the student shall be able to

1) Understand the concepts of EMI2) Give at least one Seminar/ Paper presentation on the latest trends in EMI

Total Strength of the Class:139

S. No Class / Division No. of Students

a. First Class with Distinction 40

b. First Class 60

c. Pass 39

d Expected pass percentage Above 90%

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Guidelines to Students

1. First of all they should attend all the classes to understand and learn basics of this course.

2. They should go through different reference books to acquire the best of the subject.

3. They should clarify their doubts completely at the end of completion of each unit and they

should be in a position to answer whenever questioned.

4. At the end of each unit they should have the habit of answering objective type questions

from different text books so that it will be helpful for them appear for different competitive

exams.

5. They should learn the things in the practical approach besides theory.

6. They should be acquainted with the latest knowledge and apply the same in their theory.

7. They should submit all the assignments that are given in student manual without copying

from others

8. They should be in a position to submit at least one paper at student level paper

presentations

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JNTU Syllabus

UNIT ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION

UNIT I INTRODUCTION : Performance characteristics of instruments, Static

characteristics, Accuracy, Resolution, Precision, Expected value, Error,Sensitivity. Errors in Measurement, Dynamic Characteristics-speed of

response, Fidelity, Lag and Dynamic error. DC Voltimeters- Multirange,

Range extension/Solid state and differential voltmeters, AC voltmeters- multi

range, range extension, shunt. Thermocouple type RF ammeter, Ohmmetersseries type, shunt type, Multimeter for Voltage, Current and resistance

measurements.

UNIT II Signal Generator- fixed and variable, AF oscillators, Standard and AF sine

and square wave signal generators, Function Generators, Square pulse,

Random noise, sweep, Arbitrary waveform.

UNIT III Wave Analyzers, Haromonic Distortion Analyzers, Spectrum Analyzers,Digital Fourier Analyzers.

UNIT IV Oscilloscopes CRT features, vertical amplifiers, horizontal deflection system,sweep, trigger pulse, delay line, sync selector circuits, simple CRO, triggered

sweep CRO, Dual beam CRO, Measurement of amplitude and frequency

UNIT V Dual trace oscilloscope, sampling oscilloscope, storage oscilloscope, digital

readout oscilloscope, digital storage oscilloscope, Lissajous method of

frequency measurement, standard specifications of CRO, probes for CRO-Active & Passive, attenuator type, Frequency counter, Time and Period

measurement

UNIT VI AC Bridges Measurement of inductance- Maxwells bridge, Anderson bridge.

Measurement of capacitance - Schearing Bridge. Wheat stone bridge. WienBridge, Errors and precautions in using bridges. Q-meter.

UNIT VII Transducers- active & passive transducers : Resistance, Capacitance,

inductance; Strain gauges, LVDT, Piezo Electric transducers, ResistanceThermometers, Thermocouples, Thermistors, Sensistors.

UNIT VIIIMeasurement of physical parameters force, pressure, velocity, humidity,moisture, speed, proximity and displacement. Data acquisition systems

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Books / Material

Text Books

T1 Electronic instrumentation, second edition - H.S.Kalsi, Tata McGraw Hill, 2004.

T2. Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques A.D. Helfrick andW.D. Cooper, PHI, 5th Edition, 20027.

Suggested / Reference Books

R1 Electronic Instrumentation & Measurements - David A. Bell, PHI, 2nd Edition, 2003.

R2Electronic Test Instruments, Analog and Digital Measurements - Robert A.Witte,Pearson Education, 2nd Ed., 2004.

R3Electronic Measurements & Instrumentations by K. Lal Kishore, Pearson Education -2005.

Subject ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION

Faculty M. DEEPAK

Text Books (to be acquired by the Students)

Book 1Mobile Cellular Telecommunications W.C.Y. Lee

Book2Principles of Mobile Communications Gordon L. Stuber

Reference Books

Book 3Wireless Communications - Theodore. S. Rapport

Book 4Wireless and Mobile Communications Lee McGraw Hills

Book 5Wireless Communication and Networking Jon W. Mark and Weihua Zhqung

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Unit Topic Chapters No of Classes

IELEMENTS OF

CELLULAR RADIO

SYSTEM DESIGN10

IICELLULAR MOBILE

RADIO SYSTEMS:09

IIICELL COVERAGE FORSIGNAL AND TRAFFIC

07

IVCELL SITE AND MOBILE

ANTENNAS07

VFREQUENCY

MANAGEMENT AND

CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT08

VIDIGITAL CELLULAR

NETWORKS08

VIIHANDOFF, DROPPED

CALLS08

VIIIELEMENTS OF

CELLULAR RADIO

SYSTEM DESIGN09

Contact classes for syllabus coverage 65

Contact classes for syllabus coverage : 65

Classes for syllabus coverage above curriculum : 05

Tutorial classes : 07

Descriptive Tests : 03Unit tests : 05

Total Classes80

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CELLULAR AND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

UNIT-I CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS

1. Performance characteristics of instruments,2. Static characteristics, Accuracy, Resolution, Precision, Expected value, Error,

Sensitivity.

3. Errors in Measurement,4. Dynamic Characteristics-speed of response, Fidelity, Lag and Dynamic error.

5. DC Voltmeters- Multirange, Range extension/Solid state and differential voltmeters,

6. AC voltmeters- multi range, range extension, shunt.7. Thermocouple type RF ammeter,8. Ohmmeters series type, shunt type,

9. Multimeter for Voltage,

10. Current and resistance measurements.

UNIT-II ELEMENTS OF CELLULAR RADIO SYSTEM DESIGN

1.General description of the problem,

2.Concept of frequency channels,

3.Co-channel Interference Reduction Factor,

4.Desired C/I from a normal case in a omni directional Antenna system,5.Cell splitting,

6. Consideration of the components of Cellular system.

UNIT-III INTERFERENCE

1. Introduction to Co-Channel Interference,

2. Real time Co-Channel interference,

3.Co-Channel measurement, design of Antenna system,

4.Antenna parameters and their effects,5.Diversity receiver,

6. Non-co-channel interference-different types.

7. Design a second order low pass filter at a high cut off frequency of 1 KHz.8. Derive the transfer function of the above filter.

UNIT-IVCELL COVERAGE FOR SIGNAL AND TRAFFIC

1.Signal reflections in flat and hilly terrain,

2.Effect of human made structures,3.Phase difference between direct and reflected paths,

4.Constant standard deviation,

5.Straight line path loss slope,6.General formula for mobile propagation over water and flat open area,

7.Near and long distance propagation antenna height gain,

8. Form of a point to point model.UNIT-V CELL SITE AND MOBILE ANTENNAS

1.Sum and difference patterns and their synthesis,

2.Omni directional antennas,

3.Directional antennas for interference reduction,

4.Space diversity antennas,5.Umbrella pattern antennas,

6.Minimum separation of cell site antennas,

7. High gain antennas.

UNIT-VI FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT AND CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT1.Numbering and grouping,

2.Setu access and a in channels channel assi nments to cell sites and mobile units


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Topic wise Coverage

Sl. No. Name of the TopicNo. of Classes

required

Cumulative

number of periods

UNIT-I CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS01 02 03

02 03 0503 02 0704 01 0805 02 10

UNIT-II ELEMENTS OF CELLULAR RADIO SYSTEM DESIGN

06 01 11

07 02 13

08 02 15

09 02 17

10 01 18

11 01 19

UNIT-III INTERFERENCE

12 01 20

13 01 21

14 01 22

15 02 24

16 01 25

17 01 26

18 01 27

19 01 28UNIT-IV CELL COVERAGE FOR SIGNAL AND TRAFFIC

20 01 28

21 01 29

22 01 30

23 01 31

24 01 32

25 01 33

26 01 34

01 35

UNIT-V CELL SITE AND MOBILE ANTENNAS

27Sum and difference patterns and their

synthesis,01 35

28 Omni directional antennas, 01 3628

Directional antennas for interference

reduction,01 37

29 Space diversity antennas, 02 3830 Umbrella pattern antennas, 01 3931 Minimum separation of cell site antennas, 01 4032 High gain antennas. 01 41

UNIT-VI FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT AND CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT

33 Numbering and grouping, 01 4834 Setup access and paging channels channel 01 49

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assignments to cell sites and mobile units,

35 Channel sharing and borrowing, 01 50

36 Sectorization, overlaid cells, 02 52

37 Non fixed channel assignment 01 53

UNIT-VII HANDOFF

39 Handoff, 01 5440 Dropped calls and cell splitting, 01 55

41Types of handoff, handoff invitation, Delaying

handoff,

01 56

42 forced handoff, Cell splitting, 01 57

43Mobile assigned handoff, Intersystem

handoff,01 58

46 Micro cells, Vehicle locating methods, 01 5947 Dropped call rates and their evaluation. 01 60

UNIT-VIII DIGITAL CELLULAR NETWORKS

48 GSM architecture, 01 6149 GSM channels, 02 6350 Multiplex access scheme , 01 6351 TDMA, 01 64

52 CDMA. 01 65

UNIT UNITWISE QUESTION BANK

UNIT I CELLULAR MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS1. Explain about the Japanese mobile telephone service network

configuration.

2. Explain the handoff mechanism in mobile system3. explain the concept of basic cellular system.

4. explain about operation of cellular mobile system

5. explain about mobile originated & network originated call6. write the concept of the self location scheme.

7. explain the history of 800 MHz spectrum allocation to cellular systems

8. explain the major elements of cellular mobile radio system

9. draw the block diagram of a basic cellular mobile communication

system & describe the function of each unit.

10. discuss analog & digital cellular system

11. discuss about various performance criteria in cellular mobile unit.

12. What is truncking efficiency?

13. Discuss analog cellular system (AMPS) in detail.

14. Discuss the special features in AMPS and compare them with Digital

cellular systems

15. Discuss analog cellular system (AMPS) in detail?16. Discuss the mobile radio transmission medium

17. Explain about the importance of the amplifier noise in cellular system?

18. Explain the operation of the cellular system?19. Draw the schematic and the present the working of a cellular system?

20. Briefly explain the evaluation of the analog and digital cellular mobile

system?

UNIT II ELEMENTS OF CELLULAR RADIO SYSTEM DESIGN :

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1. Explain the concept of frequency reuse channels.

2. Explain the frequency reuse distance in cellular radio system.

3. Explain the hand-offmechanism

4. Explain the cochannel interference reduction factor

5. Derive the C/I for normal case in an omnidirectional antenna system.

6. Draw the general view of telecommunication and explain the function ofthe each unit?

7. What is the need of splitting and explain the cell splitting

8. Write about maximum number of frequency channels percell.

9. Explain the importance of

UNIT III INTERFERENCE :

1. Define cochannel interference. How is it measured at the mobileunit and cell site?

2. Explain how co-channel interference is measured in real time mobile radiotransceiver?

3. Explain the designing of an omnidirectional antenna system in the worstcase scenario.

4. Explain the designing of the directional antenna under thepractical case conditions for

5.K=4, K=7 and K=12 with all suitable values and explaining each of them.

6. Explain the concept of lowering the antenna height to decrease theco-channel interference.

7. Explain the concept of lowering the antenna height to decrease theco-channel interference.

8. Explain different methods to reduce the co-channel interferences.

UNIT IV CELL COVERAGE FOR SIGNAL AND TRAFFIC :

1. Explain ground incident angle, elevation angle, ground reflection andreflection point.

2. Write about the phase difference between the direct path and the groundreflected path.

Why there is a constant standard deviation along a path-loss curve.

Discuss the merits of point-to-point model

Explain about foliage loss.

Discuss the Lee model for point to point propagation

7. Derive the relation for the maximum coverage distance in mobileenvironment.

What are the factors that effect accuracy of prediction

Discuss in detail about small scale multipath propagation.

Explain the effect of propagation of mobile signals overwater

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UNIT V CELL SITE AND MOBILE ANTENNAS :

1. Obtain the free space path loss from the transmitting end and the receiving endof the antenna. Derive the received power in dBm. How is the measured field

strength converted into the receiver power?

2. What do you understand by engineering antenna pattern? Explain thecorresponding pattern.

3. Concern to the cell site antennas explain start up configuration and abnormalantenna configuration of start up systems?

4. How interference can be reduced by using the directional antennas at the cellsite?

5. Explain the antenna arrangement of space diversity used at cell site.

6. Explain how umbrella pattern antennas are used as the cell site antennas.

7. Explain in detail the unique situation of the antenna with neat diagram.

8. Explain in detail about minimum separation of cell-site receiving antennas.

9. Explain the following,

(a) Roof mounted antennas

(b) Glass mounted antennas

(c) Mobile high gain antennas.

10.Explain the following,

(a) Horizontal oriented space diversity antenna (b) Vertically Oriented space

diversity antenna.

UNIT VI FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT AND CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT :

1. Discuss the concept of frequency management concern to thenumbering the channels and grouping into the subset.

2. What are the different techniques to utilize the frequencyspectrum, give a brief explanation?

3. Explain in detail about grouping of Set-up channels.4. Explain in detail access channels and operational techniques.5. Explain about paging channels.

6. Write the concept of the self location scheme at the mobile unitand the autonomous registration.

7. Write about fixed channel assignment schemes in detail.

8. What are the advantages of sectorized cells?

9. Compare the omni cells and sectorized cells.

10. Explain about the Underlay-Overlay Arrangement.

UNIT VII HANDOFF & DROPPED CALL-

Why hand off is necessary ?

2. What are the two decision making parameters of handoff explain.

3. Concept of delaying a handoff

4. What are the advantages of delayed handoff

5. Write about forced handoff

6. Write about Power difference handoff

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7. What is Intersystem handoff?

8. Definition of dropped call rate and consideration of dropped callrates

9. Relation among capacity, voice quality, dropped call rate

10. What is the general formula of dropped call rate? Explain?11. Explain how to calculate the number of handoffs per call?12. What are the circumstances where handoffs are necessary but

cannot be made?

13. Explain how a handoff is initiated?

UNIT VIIIDIGITAL CELLULAR NETWORKS :

1. Explain in detail about GSM architecture

2. What are the services offered by GSM channels?

3. Write short notes on modes in GSM channels.

4. Explain in detail about multiple access scheme.

5. Explain the architecture of TDMA?

6. Write about the signaling format and message structure in TDMA.7. Write short notes on, (a) TDMA structure(b) Frame length(c)

Frame offset(d) Modulation timing.

8. Explain about TDMA channels.

9. Explain the some of the important terms of CDMA digital cellularsystems.

10. Explain the SSD update message flow from Base Station to MobileStation and vice versa.

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