coupled reservoir geomechanics modeling for …thaispe.org/monthlymeeting/spe_17_feb_2011.pdfcoupled...
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Coupled Reservoir GeomechanicsModeling for Optimal Field Management
Chee Phuat Tan
Chee Phuat Tan Asia Geomechanics Advisor
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Presentation Objectives
� Introduce geomechanics of reservoir depletion/ injection, compaction/heave/overburden movement, slip on fractures/plane of weakness and fault movement
� Describe effects of mechanisms on reservoir
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Describe effects of mechanisms on reservoir behaviour and performance
� Describe coupled reservoir geomechanicsmodeling workflow
� Illustrate consequences of mechanisms and development of solutions through field examples
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Why Do We Need Geomechanics?
Model the effects of depletion:
- identify when best to shoot next monitor survey
- maximize the value of your 4D seismic.
Comparing the base and monitor surveys
- identify the fluid and rock property changes
- more accurate ‘picture’ for decision makingSubsidenceSubsidence
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Effects & Consequences of
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Effects & Consequences of Reservoir Depletion & Injection
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Effects of Reservoir Depletion
Pp
σV
σh
Depletion
σV = constant
Pp-∆pp
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Depletion
σV = constant
σh - ∆ σh Pp-∆pp
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Region of reduced σhσv
Permeable horizon
Cap rock
σh
New σh
Injection and Loss of Fracture Containment
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Pressurized zone
Potentialfracturing
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Compaction-Induced Well Integrity Problems
Any stretch inoverburden
causesextension in casing etc.
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Compacting reservoir
Worst at crest
Shear & localplastic
deformationEuler
buckling
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Slip on Fractures and Planes of Weakness
With Depletion (and Compaction and Stress Transfer)
High σhregion
(low angle shear)
Highτ
regionSlip planes
in overburden
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Flanks Shoulders Crest Shoulders Flanks
Reservoir compaction
Damagedcement
Ductileinterval
Cased, cemented w ellbore
Hard interval
Collapsedcasing
LmstMarl
Anhydrite
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Natural Fracture ConductivityUnder shear and normal deformationF
ract
ure
aper
ture
a
Fra
ctur
e co
nduc
tivity
k
Fracture dilatingunder shear (i.e. critical stress concept)
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k = ƒ(σ′, a)
Effective normal stress σ′
Fra
ctur
e ap
ertu
re a
Fra
ctur
e co
nduc
tivity
k
Fracture closingunder shear
Changing effectivenormal stress σ′
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Fault Re-activation Due to Depletion/Injection
σ′n = σn - p
τ
Production
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Lateral stress increase- Overburden due to production
- Reservoir due to injection
High p area
σH > σv
Lateral stress reduction- Reservoir due to production- Overburden due to injectionNormal faulting mechanism
Thrust faulting mechanismSlip can occur at interfaces
or planes of weakness
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Thrust
σ2
σ3
σ1
Change in Optimum Perforation Orientation with Depletion
Safe drawdown
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σ1
σ2
σ3
Strike-slipσ2
σ3
σ1
90o Phasing
0o Phasing
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Coupled Reservoir
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Coupled Reservoir Geomechanics Modeling
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Porosity correlations�
Manual correlations�
Log data �
Coupled Modeller
Fault surface�
Seismic horizons�
Strength data correlations �
Static Model
Dynamic Model
Coupled Modelling Workflow
Completion Integrity �
1-D MEM
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Coupled ModellerDynamic Model
13
Embedded
Dynamic Model
∆∆∆∆P, ∆∆∆∆T
PVT Tables∆∆∆∆K, ∆φ∆φ∆φ∆φ
Geomechanics
Model
Coupling4-D�
Micro-seismic �
Completions �Sector Model �Fault stability�
Toolkits
Integrity �
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Step 1 – Development of Embedded Model� Add grid cells to dynamic model to eliminate
boundary condition effects
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Step 1 – Development of Embedded Model (Cont’d)
� Add embedding grid cells to over, under and side-burdens
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Step 1 – Development of Embedded Model (Cont’d)
� Incorporate faults and fractures
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Step 2 – Development of GeomechanicalProperty Model
� Use static model kriging tools to populate rock mechanical properties...
Neural Networks utility
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Step 3 – Establishment of Initial Stress Conditions
� Boundary conditions...
– Use stress profiles from 1D MEMs as initial boundary
conditions for geomechanical model
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Faults
Step 3 – Establishment of Initial Stress Conditions (Cont’d)
� Determine 3-D stress distribution
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Fractures & Faults
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Step 4 – Running of Coupled Simulation
Reservoir Simulation Model
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Geomechanical Model
• User defined steps, or... automated step detection
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Application of Post-Processed Output
1-Plan well...
3-Predict well events......Wellbore Stability
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2-Extract properties...
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Application of Post-Processed Output (Cont’d)
Well-02
Fault Re-activation
Chee Phuat Tan Fault Slip Potential Function
Well-01
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Final compaction
Casing
Stress state along
Cement
Application of Post-Processed Output (Cont’d)Completion Integrity
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Stress state along well trajectory
Well location –Unstructured grid Details around
the well
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Field Examples
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Field Examples
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Lack of BHP Increase from InjectionReservoir Simulation
Without GeomechanicsMeasured
(Field Data)Reservoir Simulation With Geomechanics
Pre
ssur
e
1000
1500
2000
2500
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• Client expected to see large pressure increase from injection
• Instead small pressure rises and falls from injection were observed
Time
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15 years
Top reservoir
Fault and Fracture Behaviour With Production
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• 4-D response of faults and fractures
• Effective drainage area delineation
• Well placement relative to permeability direction/magnitude
• Well design (optimum drain hole)
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Depletion-induced Fracture Strain
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Seismic Inverted StrainPredicted Strain
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Reservoir Compaction with ProductionGeomechanics Prediction 4-D Seismic Inversion
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• Compaction determined by two independent methods ⇒ difference of ~5 cm
• Prediction helped in development planning & seismic inversion confirmed prediction
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Prediction of Completion Failure
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Excessive shear strains along well path
Successfully predicted wellbore integrity problems in formation where not previously expected
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Coupled Production Prediction
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
0 5 10 15
Time(Year)
FG
PT
(M
SC
F*E
3)
Coupled-case 2
Coupled-case 1
No Permeabilityupdating
Permeability updating
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
0 5 10 15
Time (year)
FW
PT
(S
TB
^10
E3)
Coupled-case 2
Coupled-case 1
Permeability updating
No Permeabilityupdating
Field water production totalField gas production total
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Time(Year)
Field Pressure History
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
0 5 10 15
Time (year)
FP
R (
PS
IA)
Coupled-case 2
Coupled-case 1
No Permeabilityupdating
Permeability updating
Field pressure history• Reservoir performance/recovery
factor
• Water handling/disposal and facilities design
• Injection and pressure maintenance
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4000
5000
6000
7000
Field data
No history match
Example well - WBHP (psia)
History Matching Via Geomechanics
� Two fracture sets were implemented
� Different fracture strike, spacing and
conductivity
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0
1000
2000
3000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
No history matchGeomechanics
Time (year)
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Hydraulic Fracture Containment with Injection
Scenario 1 Scenario 2
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• Scenario 1 proposed by client
• Scenario 2 recommended based on results from coupled reservoir geomechanics modeling
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Presentation Summary
� Reservoir depletion/injection can impact on reservoir behaviour and performance
– Compaction/heave/overburden movement
– Slip on fractures and planes of weakness
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– Fault movement
� Development of solutions to optimise field management
– Coupled reservoir geomechanics modeling
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Chee Phuat Tan THANK YOU