country power: past, present & future
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Evolution of World Superpowers: A Geographic PerspectiveTRANSCRIPT
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Country Power: Past, Present & FUTURE
David B. Miller, NVCC-AlexandriaGeography 230: Geopolitics
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Past World Powers: 16th century PORTUGAL – challenged by Spain
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16th Century: Rise of the WestEurope’s Rise and China’s Decline 1500: Portugal claims Brazil and parts of Africa. 1521: Portugal takes Persian Gulf lands from the Ottomans. 1521: Portuguese invade China near Hong Kong. 1522: Portuguese ally with Indonesian rulers and build forts for trade. 1543: Portuguese forces help Ethiopia defeat a Somali-Ottoman army. 1548: Ming Dynasty (China) bans foreign trade. Portugal loses income. 1580: Spain takes control of Portugal; Portuguese empire goes into decline. 1602: Start of Dutch-Portuguese war; Dutch take many Portuguese lands.
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Past World Powers: 17th centuryNETHERLANDS – challenged by France & England
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17th Century: Rise of Dutch Power as Portugal and Spain Decline 1605: Dutch capture Portuguese fort in Indonesia. 1606: Dutch discover Australia then New Zealand (1642). 1619: Dutch invade Java (Indonesia). 1625: New Amsterdam (today’s New York) founded by Dutch. 1630: Dutch found Dutch Brazil, taking territory from the Portuguese. 1664: English capture New Amsterdam, renaming it New York. 1667: France invades the Netherlands, but withdraws after peace treaty. 1672-78: War between France and the Netherlands leads to Dutch decline.
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The World in 1700--Age of Empires
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Past World Powers: 18th – mid 20th centuriesBRITAIN– challenged by France, Russia, Germany
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18th Century: Rise of British Power as France and the Netherlands Decline 1664: Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam (New York City) to England 1710: British seize French Arcadia, renaming it Nova Scotia. 1754: Anglo-French war commences in North America. 1760: French Montreal surrenders to British forces. 1763: Anglo-French war ends; British gains in North America and India. 1776-1783: American Revolution; British lose American colonies. 1788: British settle Australia; explore Africa’s interior. 1795: British take the Cape Colony (South Africa) from the Dutch. 1798: Battle of the Nile, Britain’s Royal Navy destroys French fleet.
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19th Century: Britain as a World Power challenged by France and Russia
1801: Steam locomotive invented in Britain; railways follow. 1805: British victory over a French-Spanish fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar gives
Britain control of the seas for the next 110 years. 1815: A British-led allied army defeats Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo. 1837: British and Indian troops enter Afghanistan to protect India from Russia. 1842: Afghan revolt; some 16,000 retreating British are massacred. 1854: Britain enters war against Russia to stop Russian expansion into Europe. 1856: Britain defeats Russia in the Crimean War. 1878-1880: British army invades Afghanistan and defeats Afghan forces. 1882: British take control of Egypt and the Suez Canal.
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20th Century: Britain Declines as a World Power challenged by Germany and the Soviet Union
1902: British forces win Boer War in South Africa. 1904: British engineer invents the vacuum tube, starting the electronics age. 1914: Britain launches the world’s first aircraft carrier; World War I starts. 1918: Germany defeated; Britain gains Germany’s African colonies. 1919-1921: Guerrilla war in Ireland shows cracks in British Empire. 1919: Egyptian revolution; Egypt gains independence from Britain in 1922. 1940: Germany conquers France; 338,000 British soldiers rescued from Dunkirk 1945: Germany surrenders, but the British Empire suffers 3.1 million casualties. 1947: India gets independence; Cold War leadership passes from Britain to U.S.
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The World in 1860—Waning of Empire
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Europe went from absolute monarchies to democratic republics after the world wars
1913 2013
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Europe at the height of World War II, 1942
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Losses by Russia and China in World War II affect their nationalism today
Poland--18% of population killed
Soviet Union—11 million soldiers killed Soviet Union—24
million civilians killed
China—20 million civilians killed
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World Powers: 20th – early 21st centuryU.S.– challenged by U.S.S.R, then China
U.S. troops in the country
Selected countries with U.S. troops, 2014
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20th Century: Rise of U.S. Power as Britain and Europe Decline 1890: The U.S. passes Britain as the world’s largest steel producer.
1898: The U.S. defeats Spain, taking over the Spanish colonies of Guam, Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba.
1917: America enters World War I; Russian Empire falls to revolution. 1918: German and Austro-Hungarian empires defeated; monarchies fall. 1929-33: Wall Street stock market crash; 13 million unemployed in U.S. 1933: President Franklin Roosevelt’s “New Deal” recovery program starts. 1941: Japanese attack Pearl Harbor, 2,400 killed; U.S. enters World War II. 1945: Germany defeated; U.S. uses first atomic bombs; Japan surrenders.
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20th Century: U.S. Power during Cold WarBipolar World and Demise of the U.S.S.R. 1947: U.S. replaces Britain as the lead power in fighting communism; Cold
War with Soviet Union and other communist states begins. 1948: America’s Marshall Plan starts; helps revive European economies. 1950-53: U.S. forces lead military effort against communism in Korean War. 1961: U.S.-organized invasion of communist Cuba at Bay of Pigs fails. 1962: U.S. compels Soviet Union to withdraw nuclear weapons from Cuba. 1973: American forces pull out of Vietnam; South Vietnam falls in 1975. 1983: U.S. invades Grenada after a bloody coup installs a pro-Cuba regime. 1989: Last of Soviet troops withdraw from Afghanistan after a 9 year war. 1991: U.S.S.R. dissolves into 15 countries, making U.S. the sole superpower.
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Late 20th & Early 21st Centuries: Asia RisesFrom U.S. Superpower toward a Multipolar World
1991: U.S. forces lead in liberation of Kuwait, routing Iraqi occupation troops.
1996: China fires missiles at Taiwan; U.S. Navy carriers sent to protect Taiwan. 1999: U.S. plays dominant role in NATO bombing of Serb forces in Kosovo. 2001: Terrorist attacks on World Trade Center & Pentagon, nearly 3,000 dead 2001: U.S. air strikes against Taliban in Afghanistan; Taliban government falls. 2003: U.S.-led campaign invades Iraq and topples Saddam Hussein’s regime. 2008: U.S. faces its worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. 2011: U.S. forces kill Al Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden in Pakistan. 2011: Intervention in Libya by U.S. & NATO forces ends brutal dictatorship.
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PERCEPTION: THREATENING
LESS THREATENING
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Details reveal strengths and weaknesses
China adds 1st carrier in 2012 U.S. retires carrier in 201210
Includes 9 small carriers
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15th century China’s huge navy
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Defense spending cycles in dollars
Defense spending cycles as a percent of the U.S. economy’s GDP
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What makes a country a superpower?
POPULATION?
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What makes a country a superpower?
MILITARY?
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What makes a country a superpower?MILITARY READINESS?
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What makes a country a superpower?
ALLIES?
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What makes a country a superpower?
MOREALLIES?
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What makes a country a superpower?ALLIES CONFRONTING A RIVAL?
JAPAN’S NEW CARRIER
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What makes a country a superpower?ALLIES CONFRONTING A RIVAL?
INDIA
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What makes a country a superpower?
MOREALLIES THANOTHERS?
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What makes a country a superpower?
ACCESSTORESOURCES?
China
IndiaU.S.
E.U.
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China & India could be increasingly dependent on energy imports.
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What makes a country a superpower?
A SOUND POLITICALSYSTEM?
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What makes a country a superpower?
FRIENDLY BORDERS?
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What makes a country a superpower?
INTERNALUNREST?
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What makes a country a superpower?
INTERNALUNREST?
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What makes a country a superpower?
LEVEL OF CORRUPTION?
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What makes a country a superpower?
COMMUNICATIONSINFRASTRUCTURE?
Using communication as a weapon? Cyber attacks?
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It is all these things (and more) and how they change spatially and temporally.