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COUNTRYPROFILE AUSTRALIA

BASIC FACTS

Capital

Land area (square km '000) 7,7412018

Exchange Rate (per $) 1.3382018

Population - market size (millions) 24.992018

28

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (US$ billions) 1,416.42018

14

GDP (PPP) per capita (US$) 52,7432018

15

Real GDP growth (%) 2.32018

40

Consumer price inflation (%) 1.982018

25

Unemployment rate (%) 5.002018

28

Labor force (millions) 13.392018

28

Current account balance (% of GDP) -2.112018

46

Direct investment stocks inward ($bn) 662.32017

13

Direct investment flows inward (% of GDP) 4.102018

12

PEER GROUPS RANKINGS

ASIA - PACIFIC (14 countries) POPULATIONS > 20 MILLION (29 countries)

COMPETITIVENESS TRENDS - OVERALL

AUSTRALIA

OVERALL PERFORMANCE (63 countries) Rank

Canberra

CHALLENGES IN 2019

Shrugging off economic complacency and progressing with

structural reform.

CEDA - Committee for Economic Development of Australia

COMPETITIVENESS LANDSCAPE

18 17 21 19 18

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

10

47

15

24

32

15

23

1410

17

2220

14

38

27

18

27

20

11

6

Dom

est

ic E

conom

y

Inte

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ional

Tra

de

Inte

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ional

Inve

stm

ent

Em

plo

yment

Pri

ces

Public

Fin

ance

Tax

Polic

y

Inst

itutional

Fra

mew

ork

Busi

ness

Legi

slat

ion

Soci

eta

l Fra

mew

ork

Pro

duct

ivity

& E

ffic

iency

Lab

or

Mar

ket

Fin

ance

Man

agem

ent

Pra

ctic

es

Att

itudes

and V

alues

Bas

ic Infr

astr

uct

ure

Tech

nolo

gica

l In

fras

truct

ure

Scie

ntific

Infr

astr

uct

ure

Heal

th a

nd E

nvi

ronm

ent

Educa

tion

Economic Performance Government Efficiency Business Efficiency Infrastructure

6

5

6

5 5

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

6 57 6 6

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

• Shrugging off economic complacency and progressing with

structural reform.

• Balancing affordability, reliability and emissions reduction in Australia’s energy system.

• Getting better value for money from government services and

programs.• Building public infrastructure projects that have the highest net

benefit.

• Having the know-how to apply technologies that make Australia

more competitive.

Provided by:

CEDA - Committee for Economic Development of Australia

1

IMPROVEMENTS

WCY

2018

WCY

2019 DECLINES

WCY

2018

1.1.15 Real GDP growth per capita 0.31 1.19 2.3.07 Foreign currency reserves per capita 2,707

2.1.02 Government budget surplus/deficit (%) -1.95 -0.53 4.1.07 Population - growth 1.96

2.3.08 Exchange rate stability 0.029 0.013 3.4.05 Corporate boards 6.31

2.2.12 Real personal taxes 4.61 6.13 4.2.17 ICT service exports 18.4

2.4.16 Labor regulations 4.76 6.08 4.2.16 High-tech exports (%) 14.78

2.4.17 Unemployment legislation 5.24 6.42 3.3.10 Stock market capitalization (%) 107.38

3.2.21 Brain drain 5.34 6.50 1.1.18 Gross fixed capital formation - real growth 3.06

2.1.09 Public finances 4.85 5.90 3.4.04 Credibility of managers 5.83

2.3.12 Bureaucracy 4.14 5.02 3.3.07 Regulatory compliance (banking laws) 6.50

1.2.12 Exports of commercial services ($bn) 53.18 64.04 3.3.16 Credit 7.17

2.1.10 Tax evasion 4.93 5.88 1.5.06 Gasoline prices 1.08

1.2.25 Tourism receipts 2.56 3.01 3.5.06 Digital transformation in companies 5.83

2.4.10 Competition legislation 6.35 7.33 4.1.15 Distribution infrastructure 7.86

2.4.03 Public sector contracts 6.83 7.83 2.5.04 Risk of political instability 7.22

2.4.08 Subsidies 5.28 6.02 4.1.04 Access to water 7.84 7.38

2,156

12.79

94.43

2.70

5.19

5.96

6.61

6.78

COMPETITIVENESS EVOLUTION & ATTRACTIVENESS INDICATORS

AUSTRALIA

COMPETITIVENESS EVOLUTION

The criteria below highlight the 15 biggest Improvements and the 15 biggest Declines in the overall performance of the economy. They are

determined by the largest percentage changes in the value of each criterion from one yearbook to the next.

WCY

2019

KEY ATTRACTIVENESS INDICATORS

From a list of 15 indicators, respondents of the Executive Opinion Survey were asked to select 5 that they perceived as the key

attractiveness factors of their economy. The chart shows the percentage of responses per indicator from the highest number of responses

to the lowest.

1.60

5.25

15.7

1.16

5.40

7.38

2.1%

3.1%

9.4%

9.4%

15.6%

25.0%

25.0%

26.0%

29.2%

30.2%

49.0%

52.1%

63.5%

65.6%

77.1%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Cost competitiveness

Competitive tax regime

Competency of government

Strong R&D culture

Effective labor relations

Policy stability & predictability

Access to financing

Dynamism of the economy

Quality of corporate governance

Business-friendly environment

Reliable infrastructure

Open and positive attitudes

Effective legal environment

High educational level

Skilled workforce

2

Sub-Factor Rankings : 2018

Domestic Economy 15

International Trade 36

International Investment 19

Employment 23

Prices 38


Public Finance 24

Tax Policy 27

Institutional Framework 17

Business Legislation 17

Societal Framework 14


Productivity & Efficiency 30

Labor Market 22

Finance 14

Management Practices 31

Attitudes and Values 24


Basic Infrastructure 15

Technological Infrastructure 25

Scientific Infrastructure 21

Health and Environment 10

Education 7

COMPETITIVENESS TRENDS - FACTOR BREAKDOWN

AUSTRALIA

ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE

11

6

27

INFRASTRUCTURE

22

32

2019

15

23

14

10

17

2019

BUSINESS EFFICIENCY

10

47

15

24

2019

2019

18

27

20

38

20

14

GOVERNMENT EFFICIENCY

28 24 2519 14

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

14 1418

14 13

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

17 1727 24 24

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

19 18 1816 17

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

3

Rank

5

7

9

10

12

13

15

16

16

17

Rank

1

4

5

5

5

6

7

7

7

8

Rank

7

10

10

12

12

12

13

14

16

17

Rank

1

3

5

7

9

9

10

10

11

12

1.1.21 GDP (PPP) per capita 1.2.13 Exports of commercial services (%) 48

2.3.04 Country credit rating 2.2.08 Corporate tax rate on profit 51

1.1.20 GDP per capita 1.5.04 Office rent 52

1.3.07 Direct investment stocks inward ($bn) 1.2.18 Export concentration by product 49

1.1.19 Resilience of the economy 1.2.17 Export concentration by partner 56

1.3.05 Direct investment flows inward ($bn) 1.2.09 Exports of goods (%) 53

Infrastructure Infrastructure Rank

4.5.14 Primary and secondary education 4.2.10 Digital/Technological skills 44

BALANCE SHEET - FACTOR BREAKDOWN

AUSTRALIA

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

3.3.10 Stock market capitalization (%) 3.2.09 Apprenticeships 44

2.1.11 Pension funding

Business Efficiency Business Efficiency Rank

1.1.09 Gross fixed capital formation (%) 1.1.15 Real GDP growth per capita 44

Government Efficiency Government Efficiency Rank

55

45

4.4.17 Exposure to particle pollution 4.5.03 Gov. expenditure on education per student 44

49

4.4.28 Quality of life 4.2.17 ICT service exports 46

4.5.09 Women with degrees 4.4.18 Renewable energies (%) 46

54

4.2.02 Mobile Broadband subscribers 4.2.04 Communications technology 54

4.4.06 Life expectancy at birth 4.3.11 Science degrees 52

3.1.01 Overall productivity (PPP) 3.2.10 Employee training 44

3.3.19 Corporate debt 3.1.08 Large corporations 46

3.2.12 Labor force (%) 3.4.01 Agility of companies 45

3.2.19 Finance skills 3.4.05 Corporate boards 50

3.3.14 Shareholders' rights 3.3.07 Regulatory compliance (banking laws) 49

3.2.18 Skilled labor 3.4.04 Credibility of managers 51

3.2.21 Brain drain 3.2.03 Remuneration in services professions 50

3.3.08 Stock markets 3.4.09 Entrepreneurship 57

3.2.22 Foreign highly-skilled personnel 3.2.01 Compensation levels 54

2.5.01 Justice

2.4.17 Unemployment legislation

2.3.08 Exchange rate stability 2.3.03 Interest rate spread 36

2.4.15 Start-up procedures 2.4.19 Redundancy costs 34

2.4.01 Tariff barriers 2.4.07 Government subsidies 38

2.4.03 Public sector contracts 2.3.07 Foreign currency reserves per capita 36

2.4.09 State ownership of enterprises 2.5.14 Disposable Income 46

2.4.14 Start-up days 2.2.07 Effective personal income tax rate 43

1.4.02 Employment (%) 1.2.02 Current account balance 46

1.3.02 Direct investment flows abroad (% of GDP) 51

1.3.03 Direct investment stocks abroad ($bn) 1.5.02 Cost-of-living index 47

1.5.05 Food costs 1.2.23 Trade to GDP ratio 54

1.3.06 Direct investment flows inward (% of GDP)

4.4.11 Human development index 4.2.03 Mobile Telephone costs

4.2.08 Broadband subscribers 4.1.04 Access to water

4.4.09 Medical assistance 4.3.19 Medium- and high-tech value added

4.5.10 Student mobility inbound 4.1.16 Energy infrastructure

Economic Performance Economic Performance Rank

4

Value Average Rank Year

1.338 74.055 2018

1,416.4 1,264.8 14 2018

1,318.2 1,903.1 19 2018

1.67 1.49 14 2018

795.1 697.9 13 2018

56.1 55.2 33 2018

266.2 202.1 12 2018

18.8 16.7 22 2018

340.5 313.1 12 2018

24.0 22.6 17 2018

355.1 343.8 12 2018

25.1 28.2 34 2018

2018

2.6 3.7 2018

25.3 29.5 2018

72.1 66.8 2018

0.09 0.83 53 2017

2.3 2.7 40 2018

1.19 1.92 44 2018

2.58 2.84 31 2018

4.79 2.23 8 2018

2.70 3.83 36 2018

7.24 5.52 5 2019

56,674 30,983 10 2018

52,743 39,972 15 2018

2.1 2.6 42 2019

US$ billions

1.1.11 · Gross domestic savings (%)

Percentage of GDP

1.1.06 · Government consumption expenditure ($bn)

US$ billions

1.1.09 · Gross fixed capital formation (%)

Percentage of GDP

1.1.10 · Gross domestic savings ($bn)

1.1 · Domestic Economy

1.1.00 · Exchange Rate

National currency per US$ (average)

1.1.02 · GDP (PPP)

Estimates ; US$ billions at purchasing power parity

1.1.04 · Household consumption expenditure ($bn)

US$ billions

EXTENDED COUNTRY PROFILE

AUSTRALIA

1 · Economic Performance

1.1.01 · Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

US$ billions

1.1.03 · World GDP contribution

Percentage share of world GDP in market prices

1.1.05 · Household consumption expenditure (%)

Percentage of GDP

1.1.08 · Gross fixed capital formation ($bn)

US$ billions

Percentage of GDP

1.1.22 · Forecast: Real GDP growth

Resilience of the economy to economic cycles is strong

1.1.20 · GDP per capita

US$ per capita

1.1.21 · GDP (PPP) per capita

Estimates; US$ per capita at purchasing power parity

1.1.17 · Government consumption expenditure - real growth

Percentage change, based on constant prices.

1.1.18 · Gross fixed capital formation - real growth


1.1.19 · Resilience of the economy

Percentage change, based on national currency in constant prices

1.1.15 · Real GDP growth per capita


1.1.16 · Household consumption expenditure - real growth


Economic sectors / Services

Breakdown as a percentage of GDP

1.1.13 · Economic complexity index

Measures knowledge intensity, by considering exports

1.1.14 · Real GDP growth

1.1.12 · Economic sectors

Economic sectors / Agriculture


Economic sectors / Industry


1.1.07 · Government consumption expenditure (%)

Breakdown of the economic sectors, percentage of GDP

5

2.0 158,733.1 36 2019

4.8 6.4 28 2019

-2.1 1.3 48 2019


-29.9 8.9 58 2018

-2.11 1.87 46 2018

21.2 -2.3 19 2018

1.50 -0.10 26 2018

-2.57 3.58 40 2017

-0.19 2.38 39 2017

1.28 1.48 23 2017

256.88 287.34 23 2018

18.14 39.75 53 2018

10,278 13,041 26 2018

11.17 10.84 20 2018

64.04 78.03 24 2017

4.62 15.50 48 2017

12.24 9.51 20 2017

295.11 340.78 23 2017

2017

14.3 10.6 2017

64.0 63.4 2017

21.7 26.0 2017

64.0 53.1 56 2017

67.5 53.6 49 2017

295.4 337.6 43 2017

21.3 52.1 10 2017

14.80 10.35 47 2017

2017

1.1.24 · Forecast: Unemployment

Percentage of total labor force

1.1.25 · Forecast: Current account balance

Percentage of GDP/GNP

1.2 · International Trade


1.2.21 · Imports of goods & commercial services - growth

Percentage change, based on US$ values

1.2.22 · Imports breakdown by economic sector

Percentage of total imports

1.2.18 · Export concentration by product

Top 5 products, percentage of total exports

1.2.19 · Imports of goods & commercial services ($bn)

1.2.20 · Imports of goods & commercial services (%)

Percentage of GDP

Percentage of total exports

Exports breakdown by economic sector / Services


1.2.17 · Export concentration by partner

Exports to top 5 countries, percentage of total exports

1.2.16 · Exports breakdown by economic sector


Exports breakdown by economic sector / Agriculture


Exports breakdown by economic sector / Industry

1.2.13 · Exports of commercial services (%)

Percentage of GDP

1.2.14 · Exports of commercial services - growth


1.2.15 · Exports of goods & commercial services

US$ per capita

1.2.11 · Exports of goods - growth


1.2.12 · Exports of commercial services ($bn)

US$ billions

1.2.08 · Exports of goods ($bn)

US$ billions

1.2.09 · Exports of goods (%)

Percentage of GDP

1.2.10 · Exports of goods per capita

US$ billions (minus sign = deficit)

1.2.06 · Balance of commercial services (%)

Percentage of GDP

1.2.07 · World exports contribution

Percentage share of world exports (goods and commercial services)

1.2.03 · Balance of trade ($bn)


1.2.04 · Balance of trade (%)

Percentage of GDP

1.2.05 · Balance of commercial services ($bn)

1.2.01 · Current account balance ($bn)


1.2.02 · Current account balance

Percentage of GDP

1.1.23 · Forecast: Inflation

Percentage change

US$ billions

US$ billions

6

5.5 8.2 2017

71.9 67.9 2017

22.6 23.9 2017

21.31 53.12 54 2017

104.0 99.0 15 2018

3.01 3.78 24 2017


1.39 16.70 38 2018

0.10 1.61 51 2018

460.6 484.2 16 2017

33.24 69.51 24 2017

58.05 18.51 9 2018

4.10 1.72 12 2018

662.3 469.5 13 2017

47.79 85.29 27 2017

-56.66 -1.90 60 2018

-4.00 -0.12 56 2018

-201.7 14.7 58 2017

-14.55 -15.79 33 2017

5.42 5.15 24 2019

60.97 25.74 11 2018

49.87 20.50 9 2018


12.70 39.31 27 2018

50.81 47.54 16 2018

2.22 1.34 14 2018

3.56 3.41 28 2018

2018

2.6 8.7 2018

1.2.24 · Terms of trade index

Unit value of exports over unit value of imports

1.3.14 · Portfolio investment assets

US$ billions

International tourism receipts as a percentage of GDP

1.3 · International Investment

1.4 · Employment

Estimates: percentage change

1.4.04 · Employment - long-term growth

Estimates: % of population, percentage change in 4 years

1.2.25 · Tourism receipts

1.3.15 · Portfolio investment liabilities

1.4.05 · Employment by sector

Imports breakdown by economic sector / Services


1.2.23 · Trade to GDP ratio

(Exports + Imports) / (2 * GDP)

1.4.01 · Employment

Total employment in millions

1.4.02 · Employment (%)

Percentage of population

1.4.03 · Employment - growth

Percentage of total employment

Employment by sector / Agriculture


US$ billions (stocks abroad minus stocks inward)

1.3.09 · Balance of direct investment flows ($bn)

US$ billions (flows abroad minus flows inward)

1.3.10 · Balance of direct investment flows (%)

Percentage of GDP (flows abroad minus flows inward)

1.3.11 · Net position in direct investment stocks ($bn)

Percentage of GDP

1.3.07 · Direct investment stocks inward ($bn)

US$ billions

1.3.08 · Direct investment stocks inward (% of GDP)

Percentage of GDP

1.3.04 · Direct investment stocks abroad (% of GDP)

Percentage of GDP

1.3.05 · Direct investment flows inward ($bn)

US$ billions

1.3.06 · Direct investment flows inward (% of GDP)

US$ billions

1.3.02 · Direct investment flows abroad (% of GDP)

Percentage of GDP

1.3.03 · Direct investment stocks abroad ($bn)

US$ billions

1.3.01 · Direct investment flows abroad ($bn)


Imports breakdown by economic sector / Industry


Imports breakdown by economic sector / Agriculture

1.3.13 · Relocation threats of business

Relocation of business is not a threat to the future of your economy

US$ billions

1.3.12 · Net position in direct investment stocks (%)

Percentage of GDP (stocks abroad minus stocks inward)

7

19.5 23.9 2018

77.9 67.4 2018

16.00 17.65 28 2017

5.00 6.57 28 2018

1.21 2.33 22 2018

11.30 15.42 28 2018

8.7 12.3 17 2016


1.98 14,761.73 25 2018

89.20 81.10 47 2018

2,788 1,525 56 2018

871 603 52 2017

9.46 18.38 7 2017

1.16 1.29 25 2018

Share of youth population (15-24) not in education, employment or training

1.5 · Prices

1.5.06 · Gasoline prices

Premium unleaded gasoline (95 Ron) US$ per litre

1.5.04 · Office rent

Total occupation cost in the main city (US$/Sq.M. per year)

1.4.08 · Long-term unemployment

Percentage of labor force

Percentage of youth labor force (under the age of 25)

1.5.05 · Food costs

Percentage of household final consumption expenditures

1.4.07 · Unemployment rate

Percentage of labor force

Employment by sector / Services


1.4.06 · Employment in the public sector

Employment by sector / Industry


1.4.09 · Youth unemployment

1.4.10 · Youth exclusion

1.5.03 · Apartment rent

3-room apartment monthly rent in major cities, US$


1.5.01 · Consumer price inflation

Average annual rate

1.5.02 · Cost-of-living index

Index of a basket of goods & services in the main city, including housing (New York City = 100)

8


-7.55 -35.78 44 2018

-0.53 -1.56 27 2018

576.08 1,075.60 49 2018

40.67 59.51 26 2018

2.82 4.23 39 2018

28.06 38.21 26 2018

0.00 19.01 6 2016

3.71 5.89 26 2018

5.90 4.70 19 2019

5.88 4.73 19 2019

6.35 4.22 8 2019

35.2 35.1 34 2018


27.02 27.08 30 2017

11.00 5.89 55 2017

4.44 3.04 54 2017

7.80 9.78 19 2017

1.61 1.39 43 2017

0.00 7.12 1 2017

22.12 16.65 43 2018

30.00 23.10 51 2018

10.00 16.28 12 2018

1.93 9.27 9 2018

14.84 16.56 32 2017

6.13 5.17 16 2019

2.1.05 · Total general government debt-real growth


2.1.07 · Central government foreign debt

Percentage of GDP

2.1 · Public Finance


2 · Government Efficiency

2.1.02 · Government budget surplus/deficit (%)

Percentage of GDP

2.1.04 · Total general government debt (%)

Percentage of GDP

2.1.06 · Central government domestic debt

Percentage of GDP

2.2 · Tax Policy

2.1.01 · Government budget surplus/deficit ($bn)

US$ billions

2.1.03 · Total general government debt ($bn)

US$ billions

AUSTRALIA

On profits, income and capital gains, as a percentage of GDP

2.2.03 · Collected corporate taxes

On profits, income and capital gains, as a percentage of GDP

2.2.04 · Collected indirect tax revenues

Taxes on goods and services as a percentage of GDP

2.2.01 · Collected total tax revenues

Percentage of GDP

2.2.02 · Collected personal income tax

2.1.12 · General government expenditure

Percentage of GDP

2.2.12 · Real personal taxes

Real personal taxes do not discourage people from working or seeking advancement

Percentage of an income equal to GDP per capita

2.2.08 · Corporate tax rate on profit

2.2.09 · Consumption tax rate

Standard rate of VAT/GST

2.2.05 · Collected capital and property taxes

Percentage of GDP

2.2.06 · Collected social security contribution

Compulsory contribution of employees and employers as a percentage of GDP

2.2.07 · Effective personal income tax rate

2.1.08 · Interest payment (%)

Percentage of current revenue

2.1.10 · Tax evasion

Tax evasion is not a threat to your economy

2.1.11 · Pension funding

Pension funding is adequately addressed for the future

2.2.10 · Employee's social security contribution rate

Compulsory contribution as a percentage of an income equal to GDP per capita

2.2.11 · Employer's social security contribution rate

Compulsory contribution as a percentage of an income equal to GDP per capita

2.1.09 · Public finances

Public finances are being efficiently managed

Maximum tax rate, calculated on profit before tax

9


-0.46 -1.53 34 2017

6.46 5.49 21 2019

3.23 3.89 36 2017

60.0 42.5 1 2018

7.46 6.30 9 2019

53.88 185.59 34 2018

2,156 6,963 36 2018

0.013 0.076 6 2018

6.60 5.09 15 2019

4.85 4.42 25 2019

5.79 4.68 21 2019

5.02 3.59 16 2019

7.33 4.66 16 2019

0.80 0.65 11 2018


2.50 5.96 5 2017

7.60 5.83 8 2019

7.83 6.06 5 2019

7.10 6.93 31 2019

7.73 6.52 16 2019

6.35 5.92 31 2019

1.29 1.18 38 2017

6.02 5.45 21 2019

7.92 6.04 4 2019

7.33 5.77 8 2019

7.09 4.94 11 2019

15.5 5.9 6 2016

7.71 6.46 16 2019

2.5 14.9 5 2018

2.3 · Institutional Framework

2.4 · Business Legislation

2.3.14 · Rule of law

Rule of Law Index

2.4.12 · New business density

Registered new businesses per 1'000 people aged 15-64

2.4.13 · Creation of firms

Creation of firms is supported by legislation

2.4.14 · Start-up days

State ownership of enterprises is not a threat to business activities

2.4.10 · Competition legislation

Competition legislation is efficient in preventing unfair competition

2.4.11 · Parallel economy

Parallel (black-market, unrecorded) economy does not impair economic development

2.4.07 · Government subsidies

To private and public companies as a percentage of GDP

2.4.08 · Subsidies

Subsidies do not distort fair competition and economic development

2.4.09 · State ownership of enterprises

Foreign investors are free to acquire control in domestic companies

2.4.05 · Capital markets

Capital markets (foreign and domestic) are easily accessible

2.4.06 · Investment incentives

Investment incentives are attractive to foreign investors

2.4.02 · Protectionism

Protectionism of your government does not impair the conduct of your business

2.4.03 · Public sector contracts

Public sector contracts are sufficiently open to foreign bidders

2.4.04 · Foreign investors

2.4.01 · Tariff barriers

Tariffs on imports: Most favored nation simple average rate

2.3.10 · Adaptability of government policy

Adaptability of government policy to changes in the economy is high

US$ per capita

2.3.08 · Exchange rate stability

Parity change from national currency to SDR, 2018 / 2016

2.3.09 · Legal and regulatory framework

The legal and regulatory framework encourages the competitiveness of enterprises

2.3.05 · Central bank policy

Central bank policy has a positive impact on the economy

2.3.06 · Foreign currency reserves

US$ billions

2.3.07 · Foreign currency reserves per capita

2.3.12 · Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy does not hinder business activity

2.3.13 · Bribery and corruption

Bribery and corruption do not exist

2.3.11 · Transparency

Transparency of government policy is satisfactory

2.3.01 · Real short-term interest rate

Real discount / bank rate

2.3.02 · Cost of capital

Cost of capital encourages business development

2.3.03 · Interest rate spread

Lending rate minus deposit rate

2.3.04 · Country credit rating

Index (0-60) of three country credit ratings: Fitch, Moody's and S&P

10

3.0 6.0 7 2018

6.08 5.24 19 2019

6.42 5.01 7 2019

6.08 5.83 23 2019

8.7 9.4 34 2018


8.38 5.68 7 2019

0.9 4.6 23 2016

15.7 14.3 33 2018

6.78 5.79 23 2019

7.15 5.46 15 2019

34.70 35.20 33 2017

3.10 2.73 2014

- 26.89

- 0.28

7.60 6.06 11 2019

32.70 25.22 17 2017

0.98 1.38 21 2018

0.109 0.189 25 2017

67.1 71.1 46 2018

2.5 · Societal Framework

2.5.14 · Disposable Income

Female / male ratio

2.5.12 · Unemployment rate - gender ratio

Difference between the female and male unemployement rates

2.5.13 · Gender inequality

Gender Inequality Index (UNDP)

2.4.18 · Immigration laws

Immigration laws do not prevent your company from employing foreign labor

2.4.19 · Redundancy costs

Number of weeks of salary

Percentage change of household incomes going to lowest 60% of households

2.5.10 · Equal opportunity

Equal opportunity legislation in your economy encourages economic development

2.5.07 · Income distribution - lowest 10%

Percentage of household incomes going to lowest 10% of households

2.5.08 · Income distribution - highest 10%

Percentage of household incomes going to highest 10% of households

2.5.09 · Income share held by lowest 60% - growth

The risk of political instability is very low

2.5.05 · Social cohesion

Social cohesion is high

2.5.06 · Gini coefficient

Equal distribution of income scale: 0 (absolute equality) to 100 (absolute inequality)

2.5.02 · Homicide

Intentional homicide, rate per 100'000 population

2.5.03 · Ageing of population

Population over 65, percentage of total population

2.5.04 · Risk of political instability

2.5.01 · Justice

Justice is fairly administered

Number of days to start a business

2.4.15 · Start-up procedures

Unemployment legislation provides an incentive to look for work

Labor regulations (hiring/firing practices, minimum wages, etc.) do not hinder business activities

2.4.17 · Unemployment legislation

2.4.16 · Labor regulations

2.5.11 · Females in parliament

Percentage of total seats in Parliament

Number of procedures to start a business

11


101,875 79,104 16 2018

1.07 1.36 35 2018

58.63 44.82 19 2018

103,930 49,157 8 2018

134,672 100,569 13 2018

96,083 78,649 17 2018

6.17 6.14 30 2019

6.38 6.69 46 2019

6.52 6.03 26 2019

6.13 6.07 30 2019


26.30 13.64 54 2018

0.86 2.23 12 2017

46,494 28,097 50 2018

35,702 18,893 2018

35,030 18,792 2018

55,553 30,286 2018

67,116 48,626 2018

54,672 29,496 2018

30,889 22,488 2018

166,659 168,492 34 2018

304,811 304,252 2018

157,747 148,688 2018

77,180 79,567 2018

126,899 141,460 2018

9.87 17.63 16 2018

Workforce productivity is competitive by international standards

3.2 · Labor Market

3.1.01 · Overall productivity (PPP)

Estimates: GDP (PPP) per person employed, US$

3.1.02 · Overall productivity (PPP) - real growth

Estimates: Percentage change of GDP (PPP) per person employed

3.1.03 · Labor productivity (PPP)

Estimates: GDP (PPP) per person employed per hour, US$

3.1.04 · Agricultural productivity (PPP)

Estimates: Related GDP (PPP) per person employed in agriculture, US$

3.1.05 · Productivity in industry (PPP)

Estimates: Related GDP (PPP) per person employed in industry, US$

3.1.06 · Productivity in services (PPP)

Estimates: Related GDP (PPP) per person employed in services, US$

3.1.07 · Workforce productivity

3.1 · Productivity & Efficiency

3 · Business Efficiency

AUSTRALIA

3.2.03 · Remuneration in services professions

Gross annual income including supplements such as bonuses, US$

Remuneration in services professions / Call center agent

Gross annual income including supplements such as bonuses, in US$

3.2.01 · Compensation levels

Total hourly compensation in manufacturing (wages + supplementary benefits), US$

3.2.02 · Unit labor costs for total economy

Percentage change

3.1.08 · Large corporations

3.1.09 · Small and medium-size enterprises

Small and medium-size enterprises are efficient by international standards

3.1.10 · Use of digital tools and technologies

Companies are very good at using digital tools and technologies to improve performance

3.2.05 · Remuneration spread

Total base salary plus bonuses and long-term incentives, US$

Remuneration of management / Engineer


Remuneration of management / Human resources director


3.2.04 · Remuneration of management


Remuneration of management / CEO


Remuneration of management / Director manufacturing


Remuneration in services professions / Sales Assistant


Remuneration in services professions / Secretary / Personal


Remuneration in services professions / Nurse


Remuneration in services professions / Primary school teacher


Remuneration in services professions / Product Manager

Large corporations are efficient by international standards


12

1,738 1,838 41 2018

6.32 5.85 23 2019

4.89 11.29 29 2017

4.31 5.03 44 2019

5.39 5.94 44 2019

13.39 41.32 28 2018

53.56 50.35 14 2018

1.55 0.98 20 2018

2.24 1.59 19 2018

25.73 14.17 5 2017

46.97 43.01 19 2018

30.25 14.71 6 2017

6.62 5.41 10 2019

7.33 6.27 12 2019

7.35 6.75 22 2019

6.50 4.88 12 2019

7.29 5.36 10 2019

5.28 5.61 35 2019

6.21 5.46 19 2019


154.10 145.18 21 2017

5.93 3.39 9 2018

24,751 10,482 4 2018

99.52 82.69 7 2017

0.99 0.96 28 2017

6.52 6.09 28 2019

5.96 6.78 49 2019

7.31 5.54 7 2019

1,337.6 1,066.4 12 2018

3.3 · Finance

3.2.21 · Brain drain

3.2.23 · International experience

International experience of senior managers is generally significant

3.2.24 · Competent senior managers

Competent senior managers are readily available

US$ billions

3.3.07 · Regulatory compliance (banking laws)

Regulatory compliance is sufficiently developed

3.3.08 · Stock markets

Stock markets provide adequate financing to companies

3.3.09 · Stock market capitalization ($bn)

Proportion of adults with a bank account or mobile-money-service provider

3.3.05 · Access to financial services - gender ratio

Difference between the female and male access to a bank account or mobile-money-service provider

3.3.06 · Banking and financial services

Banking and financial services do support business activities efficiently

3.3.02 · Financial cards in circulation

Number of cards per capita

3.3.03 · Financial card transactions

US$ per capita

3.3.04 · Access to financial services

3.3.01 · Banking sector assets

Percentage of GDP

3.2.20 · Attracting and retaining talents

Attracting and retaining talents is a priority in companies

Brain drain (well-educated and skilled people) does not hinder competitiveness in your economy


3.2.18 · Skilled labor

Skilled labor is readily available

3.2.19 · Finance skills

Finance skills are readily available

3.2.15 · Part-time employment


3.2.16 · Female labor force


3.2.17 · Foreign labor force

Percentage of population

3.2.13 · Labor force growth

Percentage change

3.2.14 · Labor force long-term growth

Estimates: % of population, percentage change in 4 years

3.2.10 · Employee training

Employee training is a high priority in companies

3.2.11 · Labor force

Employed and registered unemployed (millions)

3.2.12 · Labor force (%)

Worker motivation in companies is high

3.2.08 · Industrial disputes

Working days lost per 1,000 inhabitants per year (average 2015-2017)

3.2.09 · Apprenticeships

Apprenticeships are sufficiently implemented

Ratio of CEO to personal assistant remuneration

3.2.06 · Working hours

Average number of working hours per year

3.2.07 · Worker motivation

3.2.22 · Foreign highly-skilled personnel

Foreign highly-skilled personnel are attracted to your country's business environment

13

94.43 79.72 17 2018

30,971 17,733 10 2018

2,013 707 8 2017

3.44 6.10 34 2018

7.81 6.73 12 2019

4,836.4 2,955.1 7 2018

6.61 5.88 24 2019

5.21 5.13 34 2019

0.479 1.163 33 2017

7.18 5.85 13 2019


5.60 5.95 45 2019

6.56 6.58 37 2019

5.90 6.02 38 2019

5.19 6.03 51 2019

5.25 6.03 50 2019

7.33 7.16 30 2019

5.31 5.07 28 2019

6.74 6.88 38 2019

5.15 5.94 57 2019

5.71 5.84 33 2019

36.63 31.70 19 2016

31.50 18.25 7 2018


6.44 6.37 32 2019

7.56 6.22 18 2019

7.19 6.68 21 2019

6.96 6.55 22 2019

5.71 5.79 35 2019

3.4 · Management Practices

3.5 · Attitudes and Values

Companies are very good at responding quickly to opportunities and threats

3.4.04 · Credibility of managers

3.4.10 · Social responsibility

Social responsibility of business leaders is high

3.4.01 · Agility of companies

Companies are agile

3.4.02 · Changing market conditions

Companies are generally extremely aware of changing market conditions

3.4.03 · Opportunities and threats

3.5.04 · Flexibility and adaptability

Flexibility and adaptability of people are high when faced with new challenges

Corporate debt does not restrain the ability of enterprises to compete

3.4.12 · Women on boards

3.3.18 · M&A Activity

The national culture is open to foreign ideas

3.5.01 · Attitudes toward globalization

Attitudes toward globalization are generally positive in your society

3.5.02 · Image abroad or branding

The image abroad of your country encourages business development

3.5.03 · National culture

3.4.07 · Use of big data and analytics

Companies are very good at using big data and analytics to support decision-making

3.4.08 · Customer satisfaction

Customer satisfaction is emphasized in companies

3.4.09 · Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship of managers is widespread in business

Credibility of managers in society is strong

3.4.05 · Corporate boards

Corporate boards do supervise the management of companies effectively

3.4.06 · Auditing and accounting practices

Auditing and accounting practices are adequately implemented in business

Shareholders' rights are sufficiently implemented

3.3.15 · Initial Public Offerings

By acquiror nation (average 2016-2018) US$ millions

3.3.12 · Listed domestic companies

Number of listed domestic companies

3.3.13 · Stock market index

Percentage change on index in national currency

3.3.14 · Shareholders' rights

3.3.10 · Stock market capitalization (%)

Percentage of GDP

3.3.11 · Value traded on stock markets

US$ per capita

3.4.11 · Women in management

Female share of senior and middle management (% of management)

Venture capital is easily available for business

3.3.16 · Credit

Credit is easily available for business

Boardmembers of all companies analyzed by MSCI

3.5.05 · Need for economic and social reforms

The need for economic and social reforms is generally well understood

3.3.17 · Venture capital

Deals per listed company (average 2015-2017)

3.3.19 · Corporate debt

14

5.40 5.66 38 2019

7.02 6.16 17 2019

3.5.06 · Digital transformation in companies

Digital transformation in companies is generally well understood

3.5.07 · Value system

The value system in your society supports competitiveness

15


7,741 1,478 6 2018

19,222 3,111 1 2016

20,527 19,246 11 2014

7.38 8.00 49 2019

7.19 6.60 26 2019

24.99 83.80 28 2018

1.60 0.79 13 2018

18.8 18.9 2018

15.7 14.3 2018

52.8 50.2 36 2018

0.12 1.22 53 2012

0.001 0.047 57 2017

74,257 62,185 15 2017

8.31 7.12 16 2019

7.38 7.07 34 2019

5.46 7.09 55 2019

390.49 178.96 8 2016

301.0 106.0 7 2016

81.25 125.73 45 2016

3.37 2.43 51 2016

- 0.103


0.59 0.47 14 2018

99.1 75.4 5 2017

29.5 16.6 54 2017

6.59 7.71 54 2019

4.1 · Basic Infrastructure

4.2 · Technological Infrastructure

4.1.01 · Land area

Square kilometers ('000)

4.1.03 · Water resources

Total internal renewable per capita in cubic meters

4.1.05 · Management of cities

Management of cities supports business development

4.1.07 · Population - growth

Percentage change


AUSTRALIA

4 · Infrastructure

Percentage of total requirements in tons of oil equivalent

4.1.02 · Arable area

Square meters per capita

4.1.04 · Access to water

Access to water is adequately ensured and managed

4.1.06 · Population - market size

Estimates in millions

4.1.08 · Population under 15 years

Percentage of total population

4.1.09 · Population over 65 years


4.1.18 · Total indigenous energy production (%)

4.1.21 · Electricity costs for industrial clients

US$ per kwh

3G & 4G market, % of mobile market

4.2.03 · Mobile Telephone costs

Monthly Blended Average Revenue per User

4.2.04 · Communications technology

4.2.01 · Investment in Telecommunications

Percentage of GDP

4.2.02 · Mobile Broadband subscribers

Millions MTOE

4.1.15 · Distribution infrastructure

The distribution infrastructure of goods and services is generally efficient

4.1.16 · Energy infrastructure

Energy infrastructure is adequate and efficient

4.1.17 · Total indigenous energy production

Density of the network, km per square km

4.1.13 · Air transportation

Number of passengers carried by main companies, thousands

4.1.14 · Quality of air transportation

Quality of air transportation encourages business development

4.1.10 · Dependency ratio

Population under 15 and over 64 years old, divided by active population (15 to 64 years)

4.1.11 · Roads

Density of the network, km roads/square km land area

4.1.12 · Railroads

4.1.19 · Total final energy consumption

Millions MTOE

4.1.20 · Total final energy consumption per capita

MTOE per capita

16

0.92 1.35 17 2017

1,005 713 13 2017

840 736 29 2017

576 369 9 2017

11.7 18.5 40 2018

6.50 6.91 44 2019

7.25 6.49 20 2019

6.31 5.96 26 2019

7.09 6.41 22 2019

6.04 5.88 36 2019

4,323 31,268 33 2017

12.79 13.58 28 2017

15.7 27.3 46 2017

5.56 5.80 39 2019


23,424 25,527 10 2015

1.91 1.46 19 2015

980.1 557.5 16 2015

12,516 18,988 14 2015

1.02 0.97 22 2015

- 204.5

- 4.57

70.5 150.9 19 2015

2.95 2.78 24 2015

- 3.2

27.50 34.67 52 2014

51,068 34,843 14 2016

8 9 11 2018

0.32 0.19 15 2018

4.3 · Scientific Infrastructure

US$ millions

4.3.02 · Total expenditure on R&D (%)

Percentage of GDP

4.3.03 · Total expenditure on R&D per capita ($)

4.3.01 · Total expenditure on R&D ($)

4.2.18 · Cyber security

Cyber security is being adequately addressed by corporations

Awarded in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine and economics since 1950

4.3.14 · Nobel prizes per capita

Awarded in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine and economics since 1950 per million people

4.3.11 · Science degrees

Percentage of total first university degrees in science and engineering

4.3.12 · Scientific articles

Scientific articles published by origin of author

4.3.13 · Nobel prizes

Full-time work equivalent (FTE thousands)

4.3.09 · Total R&D personnel in business per capita

Full-time work equivalent (FTE) per 1000 people

4.3.10 · Researchers in R&D per capita


4.3.06 · Total R&D personnel

Full-time work equivalent (FTE thousands)

4.3.07 · Total R&D personnel per capita


4.3.08 · Total R&D personnel in business enterprise

US$ per capita

4.3.04 · Business expenditure on R&D ($)

US$ millions

4.3.05 · Business expenditure on R&D (%)

Percentage of GDP

Public and private sector ventures are supporting technological development

4.2.13 · Development and application of technology

Development and application of technology are supported by the legal environment

4.2.14 · Funding for technological development

Funding for technological development is readily available

4.2.10 · Digital/Technological skills

Digital/Technological skills are readily available

4.2.11 · Qualified engineers

Qualified engineers are available in your labor market

4.2.12 · Public-private partnerships

Number of internet users per 1000 people/ Source: Computer Industry Almanac

4.2.08 · Broadband subscribers

Number of subscriptions per 1000 inhabitants

4.2.09 · Internet bandwidth speed

Average speed

4.2.05 · Computers in use

Worldwide share/ Source: Computer Industry Almanac

4.2.06 · Computers per capita

Number of computers per 1000 people/ Source: Computer Industry Almanac

4.2.07 · Internet users

Communications technology (voice and data) meets business requirements

4.2.16 · High-tech exports (%)

Percentage of manufactured exports

4.2.17 · ICT service exports

Percentage of service exports

4.2.15 · High-tech exports ($)

US$ millions

17

11,656 51,847 21 2017

47.38 82.67 25 2017

6,095 22,349 20 2017

204.1 341.1 23 2017

28.17 37.98 45 2015

6.76 5.85 20 2019

7.92 6.53 14 2019

5.45 5.34 30 2019


9.3 7.4 16 2016

4,858 2,339 8 2016

68.31 66.07 32 2016

7.53 5.72 16 2019

80 74 1 2015

83.1 78.2 7 2017

72.9 69.5 14 2018

3.5 8.2 16 2017

10 2016

85.63 209.15 2016

283.52 485.47 2016

90 76 2018

0.939 0.851 3 2017

64 127 14 2016

92.0 76.7 18 2016

13.27 41.11 20 2016

392.4 448.2 50 2016

309.7 440.1 32 2016

8.54 20.11 11 2016

6.4 15.9 46 2016

1.2 1.4 19 2015

4.4 · Health and Environment

4.3.19 · Medium- and high-tech value added

Intellectual property rights are adequately enforced

4.3.22 · Knowledge transfer

Knowledge transfer is highly developed between companies and universities

4.4.18 · Renewable energies (%)

Share of renewables in total energy requirements, %

4.4.19 · Forest area growth

Metric tons of carbon dioxide from fuel combustion

4.4.16 · CO2 emissions intensity

CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in metric tons per one million US$ of GDP

4.4.17 · Exposure to particle pollution

Mean population exposure to PM2.5, Micrograms per cubic metre

4.4.13 · Waste water treatment plants

Percentage of population served

4.4.14 · Water consumption intensity

Water withdrawal for each 1000 US$ of GDP in cubic meters

4.4.15 · CO2 emissions


4.4.11 · Human development index

Combines economic - social - educational indicators/ Source: Human Development Report

4.4.12 · Energy intensity

Total energy consumed for each 1000 US$ of GDP in MTOE

Medical assistance / Per nurse

Number of inhabitants per physician and per nurse

Medical assistance / Per physician


4.4.10 · Urban population

Average estimate

4.4.08 · Infant mortality

Under five mortality rate per 1000 live births

4.4.09 · Medical assistance


4.4.05 · Universal health care covereage index

Index (0-80) measuring coverage of essential health services

4.4.06 · Life expectancy at birth

Average estimate

4.4.07 · Healthy life expectancy

US$ per capita

4.4.03 · Public expenditure on health (%)

Percentage of total health expenditure

4.4.04 · Health infrastructure

Health infrastructure meets the needs of society

4.4.01 · Total health expenditure

Percentage of GDP

4.4.02 · Total health expenditure per capita

by applicant's origin, per 100,000 inhabitants

Proportion of total manufacturing value added, expressed as a percentage

4.3.16 · Patent applications per capita

Number of applications filed by applicant's origin, per 100,000 inhabitants

4.3.17 · Patent grants

Number of patents granted by applicant's origin (average 2014-2016)

4.3.18 · Number of patents in force

4.3.15 · Patent applications

Number of applications filed by applicant's origin

4.3.20 · Scientific research legislation

Laws relating to scientific research do encourage innovation

4.3.21 · Intellectual property rights

18

12.41 3.96 5 2015

6.4 5.4 52 2015

6.01 -1.44 4 2015

0.81 1.59 16 2015

100.00 83.39 1 2015

6.10 6.08 34 2019

7.06 5.77 14 2019

6.96 6.22 14 2019

9.12 6.70 9 2019


5.0 4.6 21 2017

2,844 1,418 8 2017

17.2 21.1 44 2015

8,829 6,115 16 2017

15.17 16.25 30 2016

12.12 13.79 31 2016

92.7 89.5 29 2017

52.0 41.6 13 2017

50.1 37.9 10 2017

15.50 3.14 1 2017

0.50 2.42 51 2017

502 476 19 2015

494 475 2015

510 478 2015

92 89 24 2017

7.71 6.00 12 2019

7.54 6.29 17 2019

7.13 6.31 21 2019

82.09 31.72 4 2018

4.5 · Education

4.4.26 · Pollution problems

Pollution problems do not seriously affect your economy

4.4.27 · Environmental laws

Environmental laws and compliance do not hinder the competitiveness of businesses

4.4.28 · Quality of life

Quality of life is high

4.5.14 · Primary and secondary education

Primary and secondary education meets the needs of a competitive economy

4.5.15 · University education

University education meets the needs of a competitive economy

PISA survey of 15-year olds

Educational assessment - PISA / Sciences


4.5.13 · English proficiency - TOEFL

TOEFL scores

4.5.11 · Student mobility outbound

National tertiary-level students studying abroad per 1000 inhabitants

4.5.12 · Educational assessment - PISA


Educational assessment - PISA / Mathematics

Percentage of population that has attained at least tertiary education for persons 25-34

4.5.09 · Women with degrees

Share of women who have a degree in the population 25-65

4.5.10 · Student mobility inbound

Foreign tertiary-level students per 1000 inhabitants

4.5.06 · Pupil-teacher ratio (secondary education)

Ratio of students to teaching staff

4.5.07 · Secondary school enrollment

Percentage of relevant age group receiving full-time education

4.5.08 · Higher education achievement

Percentage of GDP per capita (secondary education)

4.5.04 · Total public expenditure on education per student

Spending per enrolled pupil/student, all levels

4.5.05 · Pupil-teacher ratio (primary education)

Ratio of students to teaching staff

4.5.01 · Total public expenditure on education

Percentage of GDP

4.5.02 · Total public expenditure on education per capita

US$ per capita

4.5.03 · Gov. expenditure on education per student

4.4.23 · Environment-related technologies

Development of environment-related technologies, % inventions worldwide

4.4.24 · Environmental agreements

Multilateral agreements on hazardous waste, proportion fulfilled

Global hectares per capita of biologically productive space

4.4.21 · Ecological footprint

Global hectares per person

4.4.22 · Ecological balance (reserve/deficit)

Total biocapacity minus total footprint in global hectares per capita

Five year percentage change of hectares

4.4.20 · Total biocapacity

4.4.25 · Sustainable development

Sustainable development is a priority in companies

4.5.17 · University education index

Country score calculated from Times Higher Education univesity ranking

4.5.16 · Management education

Management education meets the needs of the business community

19

1.0 2.7 1 2016

6.50 6.31 31 20194.5.19 · Language skills

Language skills are meeting the needs of enterprises

Adult (over 15 years) illiteracy rate as a percentage of population

4.5.18 · Illiteracy

20

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