countries between world wars. league of nations no control of major conflicts. no progress in...
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Countries Between World Wars
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League of Nations
• No control of major conflicts.• No progress in disarmament.• No effective military force.
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France• French cities in ruin, scarred by trenches &
shell holes• Coalition government (many political groups
joined together) – shaky• Maginot Line – fortifications – false sense of
security• French not prepared for WWII
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Great Britain
• Raised taxes to pay war debt– Labor unions fought for higher wages– Industry owners resisted
• Result – serious labor unrest strikes
• Colonies demanded more freedom, self-government, or complete independence
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Ireland
• Irish nationalists Easter Rebellion of 1916• “Black and Tans” fought against the IRA• IRA = Irish Republican Army (wanted
independence)
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• Political split of 1921Southern Ireland = Irish Free StateSelf-governing Republic of IrelandNorthern Ireland = remained part of Britain
• Religious splitSouthern Ireland (Rep. of Ire.) = Roman CatholicNorthern Ireland = Protestant
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Egypt• Great Britain controlled Egypt since 1882• WWI Britain declared Egypt independent• 1930s Egypt became member of League
of Nations• GB & Egypt agreed to help each other in
war• Egypt agreed GB should hold military
control of Suez Canal for 20 years
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Middle East• Oil resources – sudden demand for oil due to
industrialization• Great Britain & France received parts of Middle
East – However, Middle East wanted independence
• All but Palestine achieved independence
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Palestine• Conflict between Arabs & Jews
– Palestine original home of Jewish people
– Jews had dispersed to other lands
• Zionism = resettle Jews in Palestine– Chaim Weizmann
• Palestine key for British because vital oil pipeline from Iraq ended in Haifa, Palestine
• Holy Land for Arabs, Jews, & Christians
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Turkey• Mustafa Kemal led Turkish nationalists to
overthrow Ottoman emperor• Established Republic of Turkey – 1st
republic in Middle East• Kemal set out to modernize Turkey
– Broke connection between Islamic church & state
– Secular courts, secular public schools• Women given legal & political rights (vote)• Kemal became “Ataturk” or “father of
the Turks”
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Iran (formerly Persia)
• 1921 – Army officer Reza Khan seized power • Established military dictatorship
– Reza shah Pahlavi– Program of Westernization (schools, roads,
industrialization, women’s rights)
• British & Soviet troops invaded – Reza Khan deposed, replaced by son Mohammed Reza
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• Anti-shah riots CIA helped to restore Shah (Mohammed Reza) to power
• Conflict between U.S. and Iran• 1979 Islamic revolution led by Ayatollah
Khomeini overthrew Shah– 52 American hostages taken in Teheran, Iran
released 444 days later
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India• India on Allied side during WWI
– After WWI, India wanted independence from Britain
• Mohandas Gandhi – Indian leader– Live simply, no material rewards– Be tolerant– Serve others– Fight against injustice
• Civil disobedience/passive resistance• Encouraged people to boycott (refuse to buy)
British goods, refuse to pay taxes, or obey laws• 1947 – Hindu India & Muslim Pakistan became
independent nations• 1948 – Gandhi assassinated
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Japan• Japan became member of League of Nations• Japan’s weak gov’t civilian leaders had little
control of armed forces, army leaders only loyal to emperor
• Military leaders took control after Great Depression
• Solve economic problems by creating Pacific Empire– Seized Manchuria
• Japanese military “cult” in which emperor was divine– Help to win popular support
for army leaders who ruled in emperor’s name
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China• Nationalist People’s Party (Kuomintang)
overthrew last Ch’ing emperor– Established republic
• Dr. Sun Yat-sen became president of China– Real power still w/warlords
• 1925 – General Chiang Kai-shek succeeded Yat-sen– Against warlords
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China• Chiang Kai-shek’s gov’t became
less democratic & more corrupt– Some Chinese favored Soviet
communism• Civil war between Nationalists
(Chiang Kai-shek) & Communists (Mao Tse-tung)
• Mao Tse-tung (Zedong) led his Red army on Long March to northwestern China
• When Japan invaded Manchuria, Nationalists & Communists united to fight against Japan
• Mao Tse-tung looked to as real leader of China