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TRANSCRIPT
Report on the Development of
Cost Optimal Calculations and
Gap Analysis for Buildings in
Ireland under Directive
2010/31/EU on the Energy
Performance of Buildings
(RECAST)
Section 2- Non-Residential
Buildings
Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government Final Report Revised 07/04/2020
05 April 2018
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Quality information
Prepared by Checked by Approved by
Pratima Washan David Ross David Ross
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
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© 2019 AECOM Limited. All Rights Reserved.
This document has been prepared by AECOM Limited (“AECOM”) for sole use of our client (the “Client”)
in accordance with generally accepted consultancy principles, the budget for fees and the terms of
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Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019
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Contents
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................ 1
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Reference Buildings ...................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 New Buildings ..................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Existing Buildings.............................................................................................................. 17
3. Measures and Packages ............................................................................................................ 24
3.1 New Buildings ................................................................................................................... 24
3.2 Existing Buildings – Elemental analysis ........................................................................... 29
3.3 Existing Buildings – Analysis of Packages ....................................................................... 30
4. Calculation of Primary Energy Demand for the Measures ......................................................... 39
4.1 New Buildings ................................................................................................................... 39
4.2 Existing Buildings.............................................................................................................. 47
5. Global Cost Calculation .............................................................................................................. 54
5.1 New Buildings ................................................................................................................... 54
5.2 Existing Buildings – Elemental Analysis ........................................................................... 92
5.3 Existing Buildings – Analysis of Packages ..................................................................... 133
6. Cost Optimal Level for Reference Buildings ............................................................................. 155
6.1 New Buildings ................................................................................................................. 155
6.2 Existing Buildings – Elemental Analysis ......................................................................... 163
6.3 Existing Buildings – Analysis of Packages ..................................................................... 165
7. Comparison of Current Building Regulations and Cost Optimal Level ..................................... 169
7.1 New Buildings ................................................................................................................. 169
7.2 Existing Buildings – Elemental Analysis ......................................................................... 170
7.3 Existing Buildings – Analysis of Packages ..................................................................... 173
Appendix 1 – Current Component Level Minimum Performance Requirements ................................ 175
Appendix 2 – Cost Optimal Curves, Existing Buildings – Elemental .................................................. 176
Addendum to Section 2 – Non-domestic buildings ............................................................................. 195
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 1
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Executive Summary
This report details work undertaken for the Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government.
It describes cost-optimal calculations and gap analysis for non-residential buildings in accordance
with Article 5 of Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010
on the energy performance of buildings (recast). The report has been developed in accordance with
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 244/2012 of 16 January 2012 supplementing Directive
2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the energy performance of buildings
(hereinafter referred to as the Cost-Optimal Regulation) and the associated Guidelines accompanying
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 244/2012 of 16 January 2012.
Energy Performance Assessment and modelling
The following reference buildings were selected for new and existing non-domestic buildings.
New building typologies Construction type
Masonry
cavity wall Light metal
frame
Light metal
frame with
curtain wall
Office – 2 Floors (Natural Ventilation) *
Office – 2 Floors (Air- conditioned) *
Office – 6 Floors (Natural Ventilation) * *
Office – 6 Floors (Air-conditioned) * *
Primary School (Natural Ventilation) *
Secondary School (Natural Ventilation) *
Hotel (Air-conditioned) * *
Retail Warehouse (Air- conditioned) *
Mixed use (Natural Ventilation) *
CNU (Natural Ventilation) *
Existing building typologies Construction type
Masonry
cavity wall Light metal
frame
Office – 2 Floors (Natural Ventilation) *
Office – 2 Floors (Air- conditioned) *
Primary School (Natural Ventilation) *
Hotel (Air-conditioned) *
Mixed use (Natural Ventilation) *
CNU (Natural Ventilation) *
In order to model the energy performance of buildings other than dwellings to a cost optimal level, the
Non-domestic Energy Assessment Procedure (NEAP) as published by Sustainable Energy Authority
of Ireland (SEAI) was used. NEAP is Ireland’s calculation methodology and software to the
requirements of the EPBD (recast) Annex I and EN 13790 for calculating the energy performance of
buildings.
Capital Costs and Lifecycle Costs
Capital and maintenance costs for measures were developed by independent economic consultants
Currie and Brown. New build cost data was based on current construction projects in the Dublin
region.
Discount rates used took account of public sector rates used by the Department of Public Expenditure
and Reform and financial rates used by the financial sector. Future energy prices were derived from
SEAI forecasts. Sensitivities were modelled to allow for different energy prices, discount rates, and
capital and operational costs.
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Models were run from both a societal and investor perspective. The societal model included the cost
of carbon and used lower discount rates. The investor model excluded the cost of carbon and used
higher discount rates.
Results and Gap Analysis
As the reduction of carbon emissions is a societal challenge, the societal perspective, which includes
the price of carbon, has been used to perform the gap analysis. The lower societal discount rates
used places a higher value on future energy savings and sets a more ambitious target for Part L of
the Building Regulations Conservation of Fuel and Energy performance requirements than the
investor perspective.
The result of the gap analysis from a societal perspective is described below. The results are based
on a macro economic analysis, using a 5% discount rate and a central energy price.
For this version of the cost optimal report, the cost optimal level has been compared to 2017 Part L of
the Building Regulations performance requirements. This regulation introduces Nearly Zero Energy
Building performance requirements and Major Renovation provisions into Ireland’s Building
Regulations for buildings other than dwellings.
New Buildings
The 2017 Part L performance requirements for all new buildings meet the cost optimal
performance level with the exception of the retail warehouse and the 2 floor naturally ventilated
and air-conditioned offices. The performance requirement for offices is based on 6 floors as this is
the more typical design for new office buildings. There is no gap between the current regulation
performance requirements and the average cost optimal level for new buildings. The gap between
the performance requirement for the retail warehouse and the cost optimal level will be reviewed
in the next full review of Part L for non-domestic buildings.
Existing Buildings - Elemental replacement
The gap between current requirements and cost optimal is greater than 15% for ground floors,
walls and roofs. The current requirements are at the cost optimal level insofar as they are
technically or functionally feasible. Therefore, there are no plans to review the performance
requirements for these elements. There is also a gap of greater than 15% for lighting and in the
specification for air handling units, and it is proposed to review this requirement in the next full
review of Part L. A 93% efficient gas boiler is the cost optimal solution for all but one of the
building types modelled (the exception being the Hotel). CHP is specific to building types and
requires maintenance. It may not be functionally or technically feasible for certain buildings. The
performance requirements will be further assessed in the next full review of Part L of the Building
Regulations for Buildings other than Dwellings.
Existing Buildings - Major Renovation
There is no gap between the current regulation performance requirements and the average cost
optimal level. The performance requirement for specific building types will be reviewed in the next
full review of Part L of the Building Regulations for Buildings other than Dwellings.
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 3
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1. Introduction
This report details work undertaken for the Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government.
It describes cost-optimal calculations and a gap analysis for non-residential buildings in accordance
with Article 5 of Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010
on the energy performance of buildings (recast). The report has been developed in accordance with
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 244/2012 of 16 January 2012 supplementing Directive
2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the energy performance of buildings
(hereinafter referred to as the Cost-Optimal Regulation) and the associated Guidelines accompanying
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 244/2012 of 16 January 2012.
The format of this report is based upon the reporting template provided in Annex 3 of the Cost-
Optimal Regulation. This report is in a similar format to the 2013 Cost Optimal Report for Ireland.
The 2017 Part L Regulations gave due regard to the cost-optimal levels of minimum energy
performance identified in the 2013 Cost Optimal Study. Where a gap is identified in this report the
next review of the Part L Regulations will take steps to significantly reduce this gap and adjust the
minimum energy performance requirements.
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2. Reference Buildings
2.1 New Buildings
According to Annex 1 of the Cost Optimal Regulation, member states should establish at least one
reference building for office buildings and also establish reference buildings for other non-residential
building categories listed in Annex I of the recast EPBD for which specific energy performance
requirements exist. We note that in Ireland, energy performance requirements are set for all non-
residential buildings. Hence, we have considered the wider list of non-residential buildings included in
the recast EPBD.
We have selected reference buildings based on the following building categories.
1. Office buildings
2. Educational buildings
3. Hospitals
4. Hotels and restaurants
5. Wholesale and retail services buildings (Retail warehouses; Mixed-use office and retail
buildings)
In addition, sport facilities are included in Annex I of the recast EPBD. We have chosen not to analyse
such buildings in this work. The main reason for not doing so is that the other buildings in the list
above encompass a wide range of servicing strategies and are representative of the majority of the
non-residential building stock. Hence, this would provide a sufficient understanding of the gap
between current Regulations and the Cost Optimal Level. In addition, restricting the number of
buildings allows for a more detailed analysis, so that a greater number of measures can be included
in the cost-optimal calculations.
For the offices, educational buildings, hotel and restaurants, and wholesale and retail services
buildings, we have used the building models from the 2013 cost optimal study. These (with the
exception of educational buildings) were based on building models used to develop Building
Regulations for energy performance requirements within the UK. These typical building models (not
actual buildings) have previously been agreed as being appropriate. Given the similar types of
building construction in Ireland and the UK, we had adopted similar building models for Ireland.
However, we have amended these buildings such that their building floor area and construction reflect
Irish data. The SEAI Building Energy Rating (BER) data for new buildings was tabulated (Table 2.1).
This table only shows buildings relevant for this analysis.
The final floor area for these buildings is shown in Table 2.2. These are broadly in line with the floor
area distribution shown in Table 2.1.
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Table 2.1: SEAI Building Energy Rating (BER) Database
Mean Area
(m²)
25th
Percentile
Area (m²)
75th
Percentile
Area (m²)
Office building 1,921 139 1,475
Primary school 1,926 375 2,752
Secondary school 5,666 3,311 8,466
Hotel 2,440 667 3,451
Retail warehouse 1,556 371 1,719
For the school building, we have used both a primary school and a secondary school building. The
school models are based on exemplar buildings provided by the Department of Education and Skills -
http://www.education.ie/en/School-Design/Exemplars-Template-Designs/Exemplars-and-Template-
Designs.html. The Community Nursing Unit (CNU) model is based on drawings provided by the
Health Service Executive.
A summary of the buildings, construction type and servicing strategy are shown in Table 2.2. In total
ten Reference Buildings have been considered. Both naturally ventilated and air-conditioned buildings
have been considered – and both types of office buildings have been included. Furthermore, both
cavity wall and steel frame construction have been considered with the most appropriate construction
type selected for each building category. This should provide a good estimate of the difference
between national regulations and cost optimal levels.
Table 2.2: New Building Models
Building Category Construction type
Masonry
cavity wall
Light metal
frame*
Light metal
frame with
curtain wall
Office – 2 Floors (Naturally Ventilated) 1,440m²
Office – 2 Floors (Air-conditioned) 1,440m2
Office – 6 Floors (Naturally Ventilated) 4,320m2 4,320m2
Office – 6 Floors (Air-conditioned) 4,320m2 4,320m2
Primary School (Naturally Ventilated) 2,311m²
Secondary School (Naturally
Ventilated) 8,502m2
Hotel (Air-conditioned) 3,622m2 3,622m2
Retail Warehouse (Air-conditioned) 1,250m2
Mixed use (Naturally Ventilated) 988m2
CNU (Naturally Ventilated) 6,804m2
* Assumed to be light metal frame with rainscreen cladding and windows
Please note that the floor areas are calculated by taking linear measurements between the finished
internal faces of the walls.
For the purpose of this work, it has been assumed that the buildings will be constructed in Dublin. This
area is the focus of current construction activities. Hence, we have considered climate and cost data
relevant for the Dublin geographical area.
Table 2.3 provides a more detailed summary of the Reference Buildings using the template provided
with the Cost Optimal Regulation. The component level requirements that set the minimum
performance standards for new non-residential buildings are outlined in Appendix A.
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Table 2.3: New Build Reference Buildings
Building Category
Building Geometry
Share of window area
on the building envelope
and windows with no
solar access
Floor
area m2
as used
in
building
code
Typical energy
performance
kWh/m2/yr
Component
level
requirements
Area of N/W/S/E facade
(m²)
Volume
(m³)
Ratio of window area
over total building
envelope area
separately for N/W/S/E
facades
Primary
energy for
each building
model
according to
current
national
regulations
These are
minimum
requirements for
different
elemental
components
Office – 2 Floors
(Natural
Ventilation)
280 / 126 / 280 / 126 5040 0.4 / 0.4 / 0.4 / 0.4 1440 58
See Appendix 1
Office – 2 Floors
(Air- conditioned) 280 / 126 / 280 / 126 5040 0.4 / 0.4 / 0.4 / 0.4 1440 87
Office – 6 Floors
(Natural
Ventilation)
980 / 441 / 980 / 441 15120 0.34 / 0.34 / 0.34 / 0.34 4320 44
Office – 6 Floors
(Air-conditioned) 980 / 441 / 980 / 441 15120 0.34 / 0.34 / 0.34 / 0.34 4320 71
Primary School
(Natural
Ventilation)
413 / 339 / 392 / 331 8,700 0.23 / 0.31 / 0.3 / 0 2311 44
Secondary School
(Natural
Ventilation)
1094 / 1553 / 1126 / 1425 37547 0.25 / 0.35 / 0.3 / 0.33 8502 45
Hotel (Air-
conditioned) 1496 / 1439 / 1474 / 1463 12678 0.1 / 0.14 / 0.13 / 0.14 3622 305
Retail Warehouse
(Air- conditioned) 200 / 100 / 200 / 100 4902
0 / 0 / 0 / 0.6
Rooflight 0.1 1250 142
Mixed use (Natural
Ventilation) 260 / 134 / 260 / 134 3484 0.18 / 0 / 0.4 / 0 988 103
CNU (Natural
Ventilation) 713 / 1059 / 722 / 1065 24919 0.2 / 0.15 / 0.19 / 0.24 6804 176
Tables 2.4a - 2.4j provide a summary of the relevant energy performance data used in the modelling
for each of the ten reference buildings.
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Table 2.4a: Energy Performance Data, New Build – Office 2 Floors, Naturally Ventilated
Quantity Unit
Calculation
Method and tool(s) SBEM v.5.5.h
Primary energy conversion
factors (averaged over
calculation period):
Gas 1.10
kWh/kWh Grid Supplied Electricity 1.88
On-site Generated Electricity 1.88
Climate
Location Dublin
Climate data SBEM v.5.5.h climate data file
Terrain location Sub-urban. The impact of surrounding buildings has not been included.
Geometry Length x Width x Height (bounded volume) 40 x 18 x 7 m
Systems
Ventilation system Air changes per hour - 1/hr
Heat recovery efficiency - %
Heating system
Generation 91 %
Distribution as per SBEM
assumptions %
Emission - %
Control - %
Cooling system
Generation - %
Distribution - %
Emission - %
Control - %
DHW system
Generation 91 %
Distribution as per SBEM
assumptions %
Emission - %
Control - %
Setpoints and
Schedules
Temperature setpoint Winter 20 ºC
Summer - ºC
Operation schedules All schedules are defined by the SBEM v.5.5.h activity database.
Energy Use
Energy contribution of main
passive strategies
Natural ventilation These energy savings are not
reported separately. Daylight lighting control
Heating energy 21 kWh/m²/yr
Cooling energy 0 kWh/m²/yr
DHW energy 10 kWh/m²/yr
Lighting energy 18 kWh/m²/yr
Auxiliary energy 2 kWh/m²/yr
Energy
Generation 20% of primary energy from photovoltaic panels
Energy
Consumption
Delivered energy
Fossil fuel 31 kWh/m²/yr
Electricity 20 kWh/m²/yr
Other 0 kWh/m²/yr
Primary energy 58 kWh/m²/yr
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Table 2.4b: Energy Performance Data, New Build – Office 2 Floors, Air-conditioned
Quantity Unit
Calculation
Method and tool(s) SBEM v.5.5.h
Primary energy conversion
factors (averaged over
calculation period):
Gas 1.10
kWh/kWh Grid Supplied Electricity 1.88
On-site Generated Electricity 1.88
Climate
Location Dublin
Climate data SBEM v.5.5.h climate data file
Terrain location Sub-urban. The impact of surrounding buildings has not been included.
Geometry Length x Width x Height (bounded volume) 40 x 18 x 7 m
Systems
Ventilation system Air changes per hour 1.2 1/hr
Heat recovery efficiency - %
Heating system
Generation 91 %
Distribution as per SBEM
assumptions %
Emission - %
Control - %
Cooling system
Generation 450 %
Distribution 80 %
Emission - %
Control - %
DHW system
Generation 91 %
Distribution as per SBEM
assumptions %
Emission - %
Control - %
Setpoints and
Schedules
Temperature setpoint Winter 20 ºC
Summer 23 ºC
Operation schedules All schedules are defined by the SBEM v.5.5.h activity database.
Energy Use
Energy contribution of main
passive strategies
Natural ventilation These energy savings are not
reported separately. Daylight lighting control
Heating energy 16 kWh/m²/yr
Cooling energy 7 kWh/m²/yr
DHW energy 10 kWh/m²/yr
Lighting energy 18 kWh/m²/yr
Auxiliary energy 4 kWh/m²/yr
Energy
Generation 20% of primary energy from photovoltaic panels
Energy
Consumption
Delivered energy
Fossil fuel 26 kWh/m²/yr
Electricity 43 kWh/m²/yr
Other 0 kWh/m²/yr
Primary energy 87 kWh/m²/yr
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Table 2.4c: Energy Performance Data, New Build – Office 6 Floors, Naturally Ventilated
Quantity Unit
Calculation
Method and tool(s) SBEM v.5.5.h
Primary energy conversion
factors (averaged over
calculation period):
Gas 1.10
kWh/kWh Grid Supplied Electricity 1.88
On-site Generated Electricity 1.88
Climate
Location Dublin
Climate data SBEM v.5.5.h climate data file
Terrain location Sub-urban. The impact of surrounding buildings has not been included.
Geometry Length x Width x Height (bounded volume) 40 x 18 x 21 m
Systems
Ventilation system Air changes per hour - 1/hr
Heat recovery efficiency - %
Heating system
Generation 91 %
Distribution as per SBEM
assumptions %
Emission - %
Control - %
Cooling system
Generation - %
Distribution - %
Emission - %
Control - %
DHW system
Generation 91 %
Distribution as per SBEM
assumptions %
Emission - %
Control - %
Setpoints and
Schedules
Temperature setpoint Winter 20 ºC
Summer - ºC
Operation schedules All schedules are defined by the SBEM v.5.5.h activity database.
Energy Use
Energy contribution of main
passive strategies
Natural ventilation These energy savings are not
reported separately. Daylight lighting control
Heating energy 11 kWh/m²/yr
Cooling energy 0 kWh/m²/yr
DHW energy 5 kWh/m²/yr
Lighting energy 17 kWh/m²/yr
Auxiliary energy 1 kWh/m²/yr
Energy
Generation 20% of primary energy from photovoltaic panels.
Energy
Consumption
Delivered energy
Fossil fuel 20 kWh/m²/yr
Electricity 18 kWh/m²/yr
Other 0 kWh/m²/yr
Primary energy 44 kWh/m²/yr
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Table 2.4d: Energy Performance Data, New Build – Office 6 Floors, Air-conditioned
Quantity Unit
Calculation
Method and tool(s) SBEM v.5.5.h
Primary energy conversion
factors (averaged over
calculation period):
Gas 1.10
kWh/kWh Grid Supplied Electricity 1.88
On-site Generated Electricity 1.88
Climate
Location Dublin
Climate data SBEM v.5.5.h climate data file
Terrain location Sub-urban. The impact of surrounding buildings has not been included.
Geometry Length x Width x Height (bounded volume) 40 x 18 x 21 m
Systems
Ventilation system Air changes per hour 1.2 1/hr
Heat recovery efficiency - %
Heating system
Generation 91 %
Distribution as per SBEM
assumptions %
Emission - %
Control - %
Cooling system
Generation 450 %
Distribution 80 %
Emission - %
Control - %
DHW system
Generation 91 %
Distribution as per SBEM
assumptions %
Emission - %
Control - %
Setpoints and
Schedules
Temperature setpoint Winter 20 ºC
Summer 23 ºC
Operation schedules All schedules are defined by the SBEM v.5.5.h activity database.
Energy Use
Energy contribution of main
passive strategies
Natural ventilation These energy savings are not
reported separately. Daylight lighting control
Heating energy 10 kWh/m²/yr
Cooling energy 7 kWh/m²/yr
DHW energy 5 kWh/m²/yr
Lighting energy 17 kWh/m²/yr
Auxiliary energy 3 kWh/m²/yr
Energy
Generation 20% of primary energy from photovoltaic panels.
Energy
Consumption
Delivered energy
Fossil fuel 16 kWh/m²/yr
Electricity 38 kWh/m²/yr
Other 0 kWh/m²/yr
Primary energy 71 kWh/m²/yr
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Table 2.4e: Energy Performance Data, New Build – Primary School, Naturally Ventilated
Quantity Unit
Calculation
Method and tool(s) SBEM v.5.5.h
Primary energy conversion
factors (averaged over
calculation period):
Gas 1.10
kWh/kWh Grid Supplied Electricity 1.86
On-site Generated Electricity 1.86
Climate
Location Dublin
Climate data SBEM v.5.5.h climate data file
Terrain location Sub-urban. The impact of surrounding buildings has not been included.
Geometry Length x Width x Height (bounded volume) 42 x 58 x 9
(variable) m
Systems
Ventilation system Air changes per hour - 1/hr
Heat recovery efficiency - %
Heating system
Generation 91 %
Distribution as per SBEM
assumptions %
Emission - %
Control - %
Cooling system
Generation - %
Distribution - %
Emission - %
Control - %
DHW system
Generation 91 %
Distribution as per SBEM
assumptions %
Emission - %
Control - %
Setpoints and
Schedules
Temperature setpoint Winter 20 ºC
Summer - ºC
Operation schedules All schedules are defined by the SBEM v.5.5.h activity database.
Energy Use
Energy contribution of main
passive strategies
Natural ventilation These energy savings are not
reported separately. Daylight lighting control
Heating energy 11 kWh/m²/yr
Cooling energy 0 kWh/m²/yr
DHW energy 22 kWh/m²/yr
Lighting energy 9 kWh/m²/yr
Auxiliary energy 1 kWh/m²/yr
Energy
Generation 20% of primary energy from photovoltaic panels.
Energy
Consumption
Delivered energy
Fossil fuel 33 kWh/m²/yr
Electricity 10 kWh/m²/yr
Other 0 kWh/m²/yr
Primary energy 44 kWh/m²/yr
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Table 2.4f: Energy Performance Data, New Build – Secondary School, Naturally Ventilated
Quantity Unit
Calculation
Method and tool(s) SBEM v.5.5.h
Primary energy conversion
factors (averaged over
calculation period):
Gas 1.10
kWh/kWh Grid Supplied Electricity 1.86
On-site Generated Electricity 1.86
Climate
Location Dublin
Climate data SBEM v.5.5.h climate data file
Terrain location Sub-urban. The impact of surrounding buildings has not been included.
Geometry Length x Width x Height (bounded volume) 88 x 135 x 14
(variable) m
Systems
Ventilation system Air changes per hour - 1/hr
Heat recovery efficiency - %
Heating system
Generation 91 %
Distribution as per SBEM
assumptions %
Emission - %
Control - %
Cooling system
Generation - %
Distribution - %
Emission - %
Control - %
DHW system
Generation 91 %
Distribution as per SBEM
assumptions %
Emission - %
Control - %
Setpoints and
Schedules
Temperature setpoint Winter 20 ºC
Summer - ºC
Operation schedules All schedules are defined by the SBEM v.5.5.h activity database.
Energy Use
Energy contribution of main
passive strategies
Natural ventilation These energy savings are not
reported separately. Daylight lighting control
Heating energy 10 kWh/m²/yr
Cooling energy 0 kWh/m²/yr
DHW energy 23 kWh/m²/yr
Lighting energy 9 kWh/m²/yr
Auxiliary energy 1 kWh/m²/yr
Energy
Generation 20% of primary energy from photovoltaic panels.
Energy
Consumption
Delivered energy
Fossil fuel 33 kWh/m²/yr
Electricity 10 kWh/m²/yr
Other 0 kWh/m²/yr
Primary energy 45 kWh/m²/yr
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Table 2.4g: Energy Performance Data, New build – Hotel, Air-conditioned
Quantity Unit
Calculation
Method and tool(s) SBEM v.5.5.h
Primary energy conversion
factors (averaged over
calculation period):
Gas 1.10
kWh/kWh Grid Supplied Electricity 1.88
On-site Generated Electricity 1.88
Climate
Location Dublin
Climate data SBEM v.5.5.h climate data file
Terrain location Sub-urban. The impact of surrounding buildings has not been included.
Geometry Length x Width x Height (bounded volume) 32 x 43 x 21 (L -
shaped) m
Systems
Ventilation system Air changes per hour 3 1/hr
Heat recovery efficiency 0 %
Heating system
Generation 91 %
Distribution as per SBEM
assumptions %
Emission - %
Control - %
Cooling system
Generation 450 %
Distribution 80 %
Emission - %
Control - %
DHW system
Generation 91 %
Distribution as per SBEM
assumptions %
Emission - %
Control - %
Setpoints and
Schedules
Temperature setpoint Winter 20 ºC
Summer 23 ºC
Operation schedules All schedules are defined by the SBEM v.5.5.h activity database.
Energy Use
Energy contribution of main
passive strategies
Natural ventilation These energy savings are not
reported separately. Daylight lighting control
Heating energy 51 kWh/m²/yr
Cooling energy 6 kWh/m²/yr
DHW energy 232 kWh/m²/yr
Lighting energy 17 kWh/m²/yr
Auxiliary energy 15 kWh/m²/yr
Energy
Generation 20% of primary energy from photovoltaic panels.
Energy
Consumption
Delivered energy
Fossil fuel 283 kWh/m²/yr
Electricity 38 kWh/m²/yr
Other 0 kWh/m²/yr
Primary energy 305 kWh/m²/yr
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 14
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
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Table 2.4h: Energy Performance Data, New Build – Retail warehouse, Air-conditioned
Quantity Unit
Calculation
Method and tool(s) SBEM v.5.5.h
Primary energy conversion
factors (averaged over
calculation period):
Gas 1.10
kWh/kWh Grid Supplied Electricity 1.88
On-site Generated Electricity 1.88
Climate
Location Dublin
Climate data SBEM v.5.5.h climate data file
Terrain location Sub-urban. The impact of surrounding buildings has not been included.
Geometry Length x Width x Height (bounded volume) 50 x 25 x 4 m
Systems
Ventilation system Air changes per hour 1 1/hr
Heat recovery efficiency 0 %
Heating system
Generation 91 %
Distribution as per SBEM
assumptions %
Emission - %
Control - %
Cooling system
Generation 450 %
Distribution 80 %
Emission - %
Control - %
DHW system
Generation 91 %
Distribution as per SBEM
assumptions %
Emission - %
Control - %
Setpoints and
Schedules
Temperature setpoint Winter 20 ºC
Summer 23 ºC
Operation schedules All schedules are defined by the SBEM v.5.5.h activity database.
Energy Use
Energy contribution of main
passive strategies
Natural ventilation These energy savings are not
reported separately. Daylight lighting control
Heating energy 21 kWh/m²/yr
Cooling energy 13 kWh/m²/yr
DHW energy 12 kWh/m²/yr
Lighting energy 52 kWh/m²/yr
Auxiliary energy 11 kWh/m²/yr
Energy
Generation 20% of primary energy from photovoltaic panels.
Energy
Consumption
Delivered energy
Fossil fuel 33 kWh/m²/yr
Electricity 75 kWh/m²/yr
Other 0 kWh/m²/yr
Primary energy 142 kWh/m²/yr
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 15
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Table 2.4i: Energy Performance Data, New Build – Mixed use, air-conditioned retail space, naturally
ventilated offices
Quantity Unit
Calculation
Method and tool(s) SBEM v.5.5.h
Primary energy conversion
factors (averaged over
calculation period):
Gas 1.10
kWh/kWh Grid Supplied Electricity 1.88
On-site Generated Electricity 1.88
Climate
Location Dublin
Climate data SBEM v.5.5.h climate data file
Terrain location Sub-urban. The impact of surrounding buildings has not been included.
Geometry Length x Width x Height (bounded volume) 26 x 20 x 10
(variable) m
Systems
Ventilation system Air changes per hour 1 1/hr
Heat recovery efficiency 0 %
Heating system
Generation 91 %
Distribution as per SBEM
assumptions %
Emission - %
Control - %
Cooling system
Generation 450 %
Distribution 80 %
Emission - %
Control - %
DHW system
Generation 91 %
Distribution as per SBEM
assumptions %
Emission - %
Control - %
Setpoints and
Schedules
Temperature setpoint Winter 20 ºC
Summer 23 ºC
Operation schedules All schedules are defined by the SBEM v.5.5.h activity database.
Energy Use
Energy contribution of main
passive strategies
Natural ventilation These energy savings are not
reported separately. Daylight lighting control
Heating energy 24 kWh/m²/yr
Cooling energy 7 kWh/m²/yr
DHW energy 13 kWh/m²/yr
Lighting energy 33 kWh/m²/yr
Auxiliary energy 7 kWh/m²/yr
Energy
Generation 20% of primary energy from photovoltaic panels.
Energy
Consumption
Delivered energy
Fossil fuel 35 kWh/m²/yr
Electricity 47 kWh/m²/yr
Other 0 kWh/m²/yr
Primary energy 103 kWh/m²/yr
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 16
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
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Table 2.4j: Energy Performance Data, New Build – CNU (healthcare), Naturally Ventilated
Quantity Unit
Calculation
Method and tool(s) SBEM v.5.5.h
Primary energy conversion
factors (averaged over
calculation period):
Gas 1.10
kWh/kWh Grid Supplied Electricity 1.86
On-site Generated Electricity 1.86
Climate
Location Dublin
Climate data SBEM v.5.5.h climate data file
Terrain location Sub-urban. The impact of surrounding buildings has not been included.
Geometry Length x Width x Height (bounded volume) 71 x 57 x 11
(variable) m
Systems
Ventilation system Air changes per hour - 1/hr
Heat recovery efficiency - %
Heating system
Generation 91 %
Distribution as per SBEM
assumptions %
Emission - %
Control - %
Cooling system
Generation - %
Distribution - %
Emission - %
Control - %
DHW system
Generation 91 %
Distribution as per SBEM
assumptions %
Emission - %
Control - %
Setpoints and
Schedules
Temperature setpoint Winter 20 ºC
Summer - ºC
Operation schedules All schedules are defined by the SBEM v.5.5.h activity database.
Energy Use
Energy contribution of main
passive strategies
Natural ventilation These energy savings are not
reported separately. Daylight lighting control
Heating energy 108 kWh/m²/yr
Cooling energy 1 kWh/m²/yr
DHW energy 45 kWh/m²/yr
Lighting energy 22 kWh/m²/yr
Auxiliary energy 5 kWh/m²/yr
Energy
Generation 20% of primary energy from photovoltaic panels.
Energy
Consumption
Delivered energy
Fossil fuel 153 kWh/m²/yr
Electricity 28 kWh/m²/yr
Other 0 kWh/m²/yr
Primary energy 176 kWh/m²/yr
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 17
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
2.2 Existing Buildings
Table 2.5 provides a summary of the reference buildings using the template provided in the Cost
Optimal Regulation. We have omitted information on the building geometry, window area and floor
area, which are already provided in Table 2.3.
Two reference buildings for each category were considered in the 2013 cost optimal analysis (defined
as Energy Efficiency Level 1 and 2 i.e. EE1 and EE2). EE1 and EE2 were determined by using the
energy end-uses recorded for existing non-residential buildings in the Building Energy Rating (BER)
certificate database. This data is used to produce energy performance certificates for existing
buildings required under Article 7 of the original Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. To derive
EE1 for each building type, the energy end uses from a building with the median primary energy
consumption were taken. To derive EE2, the energy end uses from a building with the 75th percentile
primary energy consumption were taken. The BER database also allowed us to identify approximate
building specifications (fabric u-values, service efficiencies) associated with EE1 and EE2 levels.
These initial building specifications were modified to provide the exact EE1 and EE2 levels.
The 2013 report however showed that the impact of these two alternative reference buildings on the
cost optimal levels was limited (i.e. the cost optimal level retrofit option was generally independent of
the current state of the existing buildings within the scope of this analysis). The analysis for this report
therefore uses the EE1 reference building for each of the six selected building types.
The six building types modelled represent the majority of the existing building stock. We have chosen
to adopt the same building models used for new build (i.e. same size and geometry). The principal
reason for this is that it provides a useful comparison with the new-build results. Furthermore, it would
be expected that the new-build floor areas selected are not significantly different to existing building
floor areas.
Tables 2.6a - 2.6f provides a summary of the energy performance data for each of the reference
buildings. Again, we have omitted information on the buildings themselves, which is provided in Table
2.3 and Tables 2.4a - 2.4j.
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 18
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Table 2.5: Reference Buildings for Existing Buildings
Building Category Energy Efficiency
Level
Construction type Typical energy
performance
kWh/m2/yr
Component level
requirements
Office (Natural
Ventilation)
EE1 Masonry cavity wall 213
Refer to appendix 1
Office (Air-
conditioned)
EE1 Light metal frame 265
School (Primary –
Natural Ventilation)
EE1 Masonry cavity wall 158
Hotel (Air-
conditioned)
EE1 Masonry cavity wall 865
Mixed- use (Air-
conditioned retail
space on ground
floor, naturally
ventilated offices on
upper floors)
EE1 Masonry cavity wall 335
Healthcare (CNU –
natural ventilation)
EE1 Masonry cavity wall 519
Table 2.6a: Energy Performance Data, Existing Build – Office, Naturally Ventilated
Quantity Unit
EE1
Systems
Ventilation system Air changes per hour 3 1/hr
Heat recovery efficiency 0 %
Heating system
Generation 74 %
Distribution 95 %
Emission - %
Control - %
Cooling system
Generation - %
Distribution - %
Emission - %
Control - %
DHW system
Generation 50 %
Distribution 90 %
Emission - %
Control - %
Building
Elements
Average U-value
Walls 0.55 W/m²K
Roof 0.61 W/m²K
Floor 0.45 W/m²K
Windows 3.6 W/m²K
Average g-value of glazing 0.7 -
Air permeability 15 m³/m².hr
Lighting
Efficacy 25 llm/cW
Daylight controls N -
Occupancy controls N -
Energy Use
Energy contribution of main
passive strategies
Natural ventilation These energy savings are not
reported separately. Daylight lighting control
Heating energy 55 kWh/m²/yr
Cooling energy 0 kWh/m²/yr
DHW energy 2 kWh/m²/yr
Lighting energy 68 kWh/m²/yr
Auxiliary energy 3 kWh/m²/yr
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 19
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Table 2.6b: Energy Performance Data, Existing Build – Office, Air-conditioned
Quantity Unit
EE1
Systems
Ventilation system Air changes per hour 3 1/hr
Heat recovery efficiency 0 %
Heating system
Generation 78 %
Distribution 95 %
Emission - %
Control - %
Cooling system
Generation 220 %
Distribution 66 %
Emission - %
Control - %
DHW system
Generation 60 %
Distribution 90 %
Emission - %
Control - %
Building
Elements
Average U-value
Walls 0.45 W/m²K
Roof 0.25 W/m²K
Floor 0.45 W/m²K
Windows 2.2 W/m²K
Average g-value of glazing 0.7 -
Air permeability 15 m³/m².hr
Lighting
Efficacy 45 llm/cW
Daylight controls N -
Occupancy controls N -
Energy Use
Energy contribution of main
passive strategies
Natural ventilation These energy savings are not
reported separately. Daylight lighting control
Heating energy 59 kWh/m²/yr
Cooling energy 19 kWh/m²/yr
DHW energy 17 kWh/m²/yr
Lighting energy 38 kWh/m²/yr
Auxiliary energy 39 kWh/m²/yr
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 20
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Table 2.6c: Energy Performance Data, Existing Build – Primary School, Naturally Ventilated
Quantity Unit
EE1
Systems
Ventilation system Air changes per hour 3 1/hr
Heat recovery efficiency 0 %
Heating system
Generation 74 %
Distribution 95 %
Emission - %
Control - %
Cooling system
Generation - %
Distribution - %
Emission - %
Control - %
DHW system
Generation 50 %
Distribution 90 %
Emission - %
Control - %
Building
Elements
Average U-value
Walls 0.45 W/m²K
Roof 0.50 W/m²K
Floor 0.45 W/m²K
Windows 3.6 W/m²K
Average g-value of glazing 0.7 -
Air permeability 15 m³/m².hr
Lighting
Efficacy 30 llm/cW
Daylight controls N -
Occupancy controls N -
Energy Use
Energy contribution of main
passive strategies
Natural ventilation These energy savings are not
reported separately. Daylight lighting control
Heating energy 72 kWh/m²/yr
Cooling energy 0 kWh/m²/yr
DHW energy 41 kWh/m²/yr
Lighting energy 17 kWh/m²/yr
Auxiliary energy 1 kWh/m²/yr
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 21
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Table 2.6d: Energy Performance Data, Existing Build – Hotel, Air-conditioned
Quantity Unit
EE1
Systems
Ventilation system Air changes per hour 3 1/hr
Heat recovery efficiency 0 %
Heating system
Generation 80 %
Distribution 95 %
Emission - %
Control - %
Cooling system
Generation 200 %
Distribution 66 %
Emission - %
Control - %
DHW system
Generation 60 %
Distribution 90 %
Emission - %
Control - %
Building
Elements
Average U-value
Walls 0.45 W/m²K
Roof 0.25 W/m²K
Floor 0.45 W/m²K
Windows 3.1 W/m²K
Average g-value of glazing 0.7 -
Air permeability 15 m³/m².hr
Lighting
Efficacy 15 llm/cW
Daylight controls N -
Occupancy controls N -
Energy Use
Energy contribution of main
passive strategies
Natural ventilation These energy savings are not
reported separately. Daylight lighting control
Heating energy 184 kWh/m²/yr
Cooling energy 13 kWh/m²/yr
DHW energy 355 kWh/m²/yr
Lighting energy 62 kWh/m²/yr
Auxiliary energy 70 kWh/m²/yr
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 22
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Table 2.6e: Energy Performance Data, Existing Build – Mixed use, air-conditioned retail space,
naturally ventilated offices
Quantity Unit
EE1
Systems
Ventilation system Air changes per hour 3 1/hr
Heat recovery efficiency 0 %
Heating system
Generation 74 %
Distribution 95 %
Emission - %
Control - %
Cooling system
Generation 200 %
Distribution 66 %
Emission - %
Control - %
DHW system
Generation 50 %
Distribution 90 %
Emission - %
Control - %
Building
Elements
Average U-value
Walls 0.55 W/m²K
Roof 0.61 W/m²K
Floor 0.45 W/m²K
Windows 3.6 W/m²K
Average g-value of glazing 0.7 -
Air permeability 15 m³/m².hr
Lighting
Efficacy 25 llm/cW
Daylight controls N -
Occupancy controls N -
Display lighting efficacy 15 llm/cW
Energy Use
Energy contribution of main
passive strategies
Natural ventilation These energy savings are not
reported separately. Daylight lighting control
Heating energy 11 kWh/m²/yr
Cooling energy 31 kWh/m²/yr
DHW energy 29 kWh/m²/yr
Lighting energy 121 kWh/m²/yr
Auxiliary energy 2 kWh/m²/yr
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 23
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
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Table 2.6f: Energy Performance Data, Existing Build – CNU (healthcare), Naturally Ventilated
Quantity Unit
EE1
Systems
Ventilation system Air changes per hour 3 1/hr
Heat recovery efficiency 0 %
Heating system
Generation 74 %
Distribution 95 %
Emission - %
Control - %
Cooling system
Generation - %
Distribution - %
Emission - %
Control - %
DHW system
Generation 50 %
Distribution 90 %
Emission - %
Control - %
Building
Elements
Average U-value
Walls 0.55 W/m²K
Roof 0.61 W/m²K
Floor 0.45 W/m²K
Windows 3.6 W/m²K
Average g-value of glazing 0.7 -
Air permeability 15 m³/m².hr
Lighting
Efficacy 25 llm/cW
Daylight controls N -
Occupancy controls N -
Energy Use
Energy contribution of main
passive strategies
Natural ventilation These energy savings are not
reported separately. Daylight lighting control
Heating energy 91 kWh/m²/yr
Cooling energy 1 kWh/m²/yr
DHW energy 70 kWh/m²/yr
Lighting energy 174 kWh/m²/yr
Auxiliary energy 7 kWh/m²/yr
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 24
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3. Measures and Packages
3.1 New Buildings
A list of potential measures has been compiled using the EU Commission Cost Optimal Guidelines
document and design experience. Since it is impractical to evaluate every permutation of the selected
measures, we have grouped the measures into packages. These packages are listed in Tables 3.1a
and 3.1b.
The packages represent four different components of a building design (fabric, services, heating,
renewable technology), so that selecting one package from each component forms a complete
building design. In total, we have considered 108 packages for each reference building. The values
selected for each of the measures (e.g. the fabric u-values and building services efficiencies) within
the packages have been chosen to give a large spread of primary energies and lifecycle costs. This
helps to obtain a clear cost optimal curve and identification of the optimum point. It includes solutions
that together might comprise a building model that performs more poorly than the primary energy
target set under current regulations.
It should be noted that some possible measures have been omitted from these packages. There are a
number of reasons for this:
Site specific measures: Various measures are particularly dependant on site constraints. For
example, building orientation and feasibility of wind turbines are all likely to depend on the site
and the surrounding context. Our assumption is that the cost optimal point should be based on
measures that any designer can typically adopt, if not the cost optimal point may be unrealistic
to achieve in many real cases.
Design measures: Some measures impact on design constraints that are not incorporated in
the building primary energy requirement. In particular, our concern is that by modifying the
percentage of glazing or introducing shading to optimise primary energy, it may result in
inadequate daylight levels. Furthermore, this is building dependent – a particular percentage of
glazing may provide appropriate day lighting in one building design but not another. Therefore,
we have not considered these two measures in the list of packages.
Default measures: There are other measures that are likely to be included in new buildings by
default, for example, monitoring and metering, variable speed pumps and power factor
correction. These have not been treated as options - they are simply added to the base building
models assumed in all cases. Since these measures do not vary, there is no need to identify
costs separately for them.
Table 3.1c gives the thermal bridging psi values for the different construction types. In addition, Table
3.1d shows an example compliant specification to meet current national regulations for all building
types. As the national regulation is performance-based, a building may comply by adopting alternative
measures and/or specifications.
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 25
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Table 3.1a: Measures to be included in analysis – New Buildings – Naturally ventilated
Fabric (3 options)
Building element A B C
Wall U-Value (W/m²K) 0.21 0.18 0.15
Roof U-Value (W/m²K) 0.20 0.15 0.11
Floor U-Value (W/m²K) 0.21 0.15 0.15
Window U-Value (W/m²K) 1.40 0.9 0.90
G-value 0.6 0.4 0.4
Light transmittance 70% 60% 60%
Curtain Wall 1.8 1.4 1.1
Air tightness
5 3
2 with mechanical ventilation (fresh air supply and extract with heat recovery efficiency of 75% and SFP of 0.9W/l/s CO2 sensor speed control)
Services (3 options)
1 2 3
Lighting luminaire (lm/cW) 65 80 95
Daylight lighting control Yes
(Single zone daylight dimming)
Parasitic Power 0.3W/m²
Yes
(Single zone daylight dimming)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m²
Yes
(Single zone daylight dimming including back sensor)
Parasitic Power 3% of lighting power or 0.1W/m2 whichever is
lower
Occupancy Lighting Control Yes (manual on auto off)
Parasitic Power 0.3W/m²
Yes (manual on auto off)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m²
Yes (manual on auto off)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m2 (note: parasitic power only
applied once as sensors could be combined)
Display Lighting (with time switching)
22 22 65
Heating (4 options)
1 2 3 4
Heating Source Gas Boiler
(93% Efficiency)
Gas CHP
(50% heat efficiency; 30% electrical efficiency)
(to provide 60% of space heating demand and 100% of hot water demand)
GSHP (office, hotel, CNU, hospital )
(SCoP 4.5; DHW efficiency 2.2)
ASHP (retail warehouse, mixed use and school)
(SCoP 3.5; DHW efficiency 2.2)
District Heating CHP
(Emission factor 0.11kgCO2/kWhheat; Primary Energy Factor 1.2; Renewable PEF is 0.6)
Controls Variable speed drive with multiple pressure
sensors
Variable speed drive with multiple pressure
sensors
Variable speed drive with multiple pressure
sensors
Variable speed drive with multiple pressure
sensors
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BACS/ Metering BACS/ Metering BACS/ Metering BACS/ Metering
Hot Water Distribution 8W/m 8W/m 8W/m 8W/m
Hot Water Storage 50mm Factory Insulated 50mm Factory Insulated 50mm Factory Insulated 50mm Factory Insulated
Renewable technologies (3 options)
1 2 3
Photovoltaics (% of building footprint)
0% 20% 40%
Table 3.1b: Measures to be included in analysis – New Buildings – Air-conditioned
Fabric (3 options)
Building elements A B C
Wall U-Value (W/m²K) 0.21 0.18 0.15
Roof U-Value (W/m²K) 0.20 0.15 0.11
Floor U-Value (W/m²K) 0.21 0.15 0.15
Window U-Value (W/m²K) 1.40 0.9 0.90
G-value 0.6 0.4 0.4
Light transmittance 70% 60% 60%
Curtain Wall 1.80 1.40 1.10
Air tightness 5 3 2
Services (3 options)
1 2 3
Lighting luminaire (lm/cW) 65 80 95
Daylight lighting control Yes
(Single zone daylight dimming)
Parasitic Power 0.3W/m²
Yes
(Single zone daylight dimming)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m²
Yes
(Single zone daylight dimming) including back sensor)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m2
Occupancy Lighting Control Yes (manual on auto off)
Parasitic Power 0.3W/m²
Yes (manual on auto off)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m²
Yes (manual on auto off)
Parasitic Power 3% of lighting power or 0.1W/m2 whichever is
lower (note: parasitic power only applied once as sensors
could be combined)
Display Lighting (with time switching)
22 22 65
Heat Recovery No Yes (efficiency of 75%) Yes (efficiency of 80%)
SEER 3.5 4.5 5.5
SSEER based on
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Office Fan Coil Chilled Beam Chilled Beam with Mixed Mode
Hotel Split System Fan Coil Fan Coil with Mixed Mode
Hospital specialist areas Terminal Reheat Terminal Reheat Terminal Reheat
Hospital non-specialist areas Terminal Reheat VAV (Variable Air Volume) Passive Chilled Beam
Retail Warehouse Split System Fan Coil Fan Coil
Mixed Use Retail (only) Split System Split System Fan Coil
AHU SFP (W/l/s) 1.8 1.6 1.6
Terminal Unit SFP (W/l/s) 0.3 0.3 0.3
Demand Control Ventilation Yes
(CO2 sensor speed control)
Yes
(CO2 sensor speed control)
Yes
(CO2 sensor speed control)
Duct Leakage Class C Class C Class D
AHU Leakage Class L2 Class L2 Class L1
Heating (4 options)
Heating Source Gas Boiler
(93% Efficiency)
Gas CHP
(50% heat efficiency; 30% electrical efficiency)
(to provide 60% of space heating demand and 100% of hot water demand)
GSHP (office, hotel, CNU, hospital )
(SCoP 4.5; DHW efficiency 2.2)
ASHP (retail warehouse, mixed use and school)
(SCoP 3.5; DHW efficiency 2.2)
District Heating CHP
(Emission factor 0.11kgCO2/kWhheat; Primary Energy Factor 1.2; Renewable PEF is 0.6)
Controls Variable speed drive with multiple pressure
sensors BACS/ Metering
Variable speed drive with multiple pressure
sensors BACS/ Metering
Variable speed drive with multiple pressure
sensors BACS/ Metering
Variable speed drive with multiple pressure
sensors BACS/ Metering
Hot Water Distribution 8W/m 8W/m 8W/m 8W/m
Hot Water Storage 50mm Factory Insulated
50mm Factory Insulated
50mm Factory Insulated
50mm Factory Insulated
Renewable technologies (3 options)
1 2 3
Photovoltaics (% of building footprint)
0% 20% 40%
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 28
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Table 3.1c: Thermal bridging details – New Buildings
Type of junction Involving metal cladding
(W/mK)
Not involving metal- cladding
(W/mK)
Curtain Walling
Roof to wall 0.28 0.12 0.28
Wall to ground floor 1.0 0.16 1.00
Wall to wall (corner) 0.2 0.09 0.20
Wall to floor (not ground floor) 0.0 0.07 0.00
Lintel above window or door 1.0 0.30 0.00
Sill below window 0.95 0.04 0.00
Jamb at window or door 0.95 0.05 0.00
Table 3.1d: Example compliant specification to meet current national regulations – New Build
Fabric
Wall U-value (W/m²K) 0.18
Roof U-value (W/m²K) 0.15
Floor U-value (W/m²K) 0.15
Window U-value (W/m²K) 1.4 (10% FF) (for side lit or unlit buildings)
1.6 (30% FF) (for top lit buildings)
G-value (%) 40
Light Transmittance (%) 71
Thermal Bridging (W/mK) length x psi value
Involving metal cladding Not involving metal cladding
Roof to wall 0.28 0.12
Wall to ground floor 1.0 0.16
Wall to wall (corner) 0.2 0.09
Wall to floor (not ground floor) 0.0 0.07
Lintel above window or door 1.0 0.30
Sill below window 0.95 0.04
Jamb at window or door 0.95 0.05
Air Tightness (m³/m².hr @ 50 Pa) 5 (Gross internal area < 250 m2)
3((Gross internal area > 250 m2)
Services (including heating)
Lighting (luminaire lm/circuit watt) 65
Daylight Control Yes (photo-electric dimming without back sensor control)
Occupancy Control Yes (Manual-On-Auto-Off)
Maintenance factor for lighting 0.8
Heating system & efficiency (heating and hot water)% Gas boiler; 91
Central ventilation SFP (W/l/s) 1.8
Terminal unit SFP 0.3
Cooling (where applicable; air-conditioned) SEER/SSEER 4.5/3.6
Cooling (where applicable; mixed mode) SEER/SSEER 2.7
Variable speed control of fans & pumps controlled via multiple
sensors Yes
Demand Control (mechanical ventilation only)
Variable speed control of fans via CO2 sensors Yes
PV
Renewable Energy Ratio (RER) provided by photovoltaics 0.2
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 29
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3.2 Existing Buildings – Elemental analysis
A list of potential measures has been compiled using the EU Commission Cost Optimal Guidelines
document and design experience. For the elemental analysis, each measure has been assessed
separately. The measures which have been assessed are listed in Table 3.2. The measures selected
are those most commonly applied when renovating the building. The values selected for each of the
measures (e.g. the fabric u-values and building services efficiencies) have been chosen to give a
spread of primary energy values and lifecycle costs. It includes some fabric options that might perform
more poorly than the limiting standards set for individual elements under the current regulations.
Table 3.2: Measures included in analysis – Existing Buildings
Renovation Building Types EE1 1 2 3 4 5 6
Floors (W/m²K) All 0.60 0.25 0.20 0.15
Cavity Walls (W/m²K) Office (NV), School, Hotel, Mixed-use, CNU
0.60 0.31 0.19 using
EWI 0.14 using
EWI 0.16 using
EWI 0.10 using
EWI 0.21 using
IWI
Metal frame Walls (W/m²K)1
Office (AC) 0.60 PIR cladding system
0.29 mineral
wool cladding system
0.21 PIR cladding system
0.20 PIR cladding system
0.15 PIR cladding system
0.19 mineral
wool cladding system
0.11 PIR cladding system
Metal frame Roof (W/m²K) Office (AC) 0.35 0.25 0.20 0.15
Pitched Roof (W/m²K) Office (NV), Hotel, School, CNU
0.35 0.25 0.20 0.15
Windows(W/m²K) All 2.20 1.60 1.40 1.00 0.80
Heating System All
Gas Boiler
(84% efficiency)
Gas
(93% efficiency)
Biomass Boiler
(84% efficiency)
Gas (93% efficiency)
+ Solar thermal sized to provide 60% DHW demand
Electric ASHP
(SCoP 3.5; DHW efficiency of 2.2)
Gas CHP
(50% heat efficiency; 30% electrical efficiency)
(to provide 60% space heating and 100% hot water demand)
Cooling Efficiency (SSEER)
Office (AC) Terminal Reheat
Fan Coil Chilled Beam
Chilled Beam with
Mixed Mode
AHU SFP (W/l/s) Office(AC) 3.0 1.8 1.6
Lighting All 55 65 80 95
1 To be based on mineral wool.
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 30
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
3.3 Existing Buildings – Analysis of Packages
In addition to the elemental analysis, existing building measures were assessed on a package basis
(i.e. with more than one measure implemented at a time). The analysis of packages is carried out in
order to inform the cost optimal performance levels for Major Renovation works.
The measures, which have been assessed for non-residential buildings, are listed in Tables 3.3a -
3.3e. The measures selected are those most commonly applied when renovating the building. The
values selected for each of the measures (e.g. the fabric u-values and building services efficiencies)
have been chosen to give a spread of primary energy values and lifecycle costs. Fabric, services,
heating and renewable technology packages have been tested in combination.
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 31
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 3.3a: Packages included in analysis – Existing Buildings – Naturally ventilated offices,
Healthcare (CNU)
Fabric (3 options)
Building elements A B C
Wall U-value (W/m²K) 0.31 0.31 0.16
Roof U-value (W/m²K) 0.16 0.12 0.12
Floor U-value (W/m²K) 0.45 (2F) 0.45 (2F) 0.45 (2F)
Window U-value (W/m²K) 1.8
G-value = 0.55
Light Transmittance = 70%
1.4
G-value = 0.4
Light Transmittance = 60%
0.9
G-value = 0.4
Light Transmittance = 60%
Air Tightness 5 3 2 with mechanical ventilation
(fresh air supply and extract with heat recovery efficiency of 75% and SFP of 0.9W/l/s CO2 sensor speed
control)
Services (4 options)
Services EE1 1 2 3
Lighting luminaire (lm/cW) 25 65 80 95
Daylight lighting control None Yes
(Single zone daylight dimming)
Parasitic Power 0.3W/m²
Yes
(Single zone daylight dimming)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m²
Yes
(Single zone daylight dimming including back
sensor)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m2
Occupancy Lighting Control Local Manual Switching
Yes (manual on auto off)
Parasitic Power 0.3W/m²
Yes (manual on auto off)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m²
Yes (manual on auto off)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m2
Heating (4 options)
Heating Source Gas Boiler
(74% Efficiency)
Gas Boiler
(93% Efficiency)
Electric ASHP (incl. replacement of heat emitters)
(SCoP 3.5; DHW efficiency of 2.2)
Gas CHP
(50% heat efficiency; 30% electrical efficiency)
(to provide 60% space heating &100% hot water )
Controls Constant speed
BACS/metering
Variable speed drive with multiple pressure
sensors
BACS/ Metering
Variable speed drive with multiple
pressure sensors
BACS/ Metering
Variable speed drive with multiple pressure sensors
BACS/ Metering
Hot Water Distribution 12W/m 12W/m 12W/m 12W/m
Hot Water Storage 50mm Factory Insulated
50mm Factory Insulated
50mm Factory Insulated
50mm Factory Insulated
Renewable technologies (3 options)
1 2 3
Photovoltaics (% of building footprint)
0% 10% 20%
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 32
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 3.3b: Packages included in analysis – Existing Buildings – Air-conditioned offices
Fabric (3 options)
Building elements A B C
Wall U-value (W/m²K) 0.31 0.31 0.16
Roof U-value (W/m²K) 0.20 0.13 0.13
Floor U-value (W/m²K) 0.45 (2F) 0.45 (2F) 0.45 (2F)
Window U-value (W/m²K) 1.8
G-value = 0.55
Light Transmittance = 70%
1.4
G-value = 0.4
Light Transmittance = 60%
0.9
G-value = 0.4
Light Transmittance = 60%
Air Tightness 5 3 2
Services (4 options)
Services EE1 1 2 3
Lighting luminaire (lm/cW) 45 65 80 95
Daylight lighting control None Yes
(Single zone daylight dimming)
Parasitic Power 0.3W/m²
Yes
(Single zone daylight dimming)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m²
Yes
(Single zone daylight dimming including back
sensor)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m2
Occupancy Lighting Control Local Manual Switching
Yes (manual on auto off)
Parasitic Power 0.3W/m²
Yes (manual on auto
off)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m²
Yes (manual on auto off)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m2
Heat Recovery None No Yes (efficiency of
75%)
Yes (efficiency of 85%)
Chiller Efficiency (SEER) 2.2 3.5 4.5 5.5
Chiller Efficiency (SSEER) 1.452 Fan Coil 3.37 Chilled Beam 3.60 Chilled Beam with Mixed
Mode 2.70
AHU SFP (W/l/s) 3 1.8 1.6 1.6
Terminal Unit SFP (W/l/s) 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3
Demand Control Ventilation None Yes
(CO2 sensor speed control)
Yes
(CO2 sensor speed
control)
Yes
(CO2 sensor speed control)
Duct Leakage Not tested Not tested Class C Class D
AHU Leakage Not tested Class L2 Class L2 Class L1
Heating (4 options)
Heating Source Gas Boiler
(74% Efficiency)
Gas Boiler
(93% Efficiency)
Electric ASHP (incl. replacement of heat emitters)
(SCoP 3.5; DHW efficiency of 2.2)
Gas CHP
(50% heat efficiency; 30% electrical efficiency)
(to provide 60% space heating and 100% hot water demand)
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 33
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Controls Constant speed
BACS/metering
Variable speed drive with multiple pressure
sensors
BACS/ Metering
Variable speed drive with multiple
pressure sensors
BACS/ Metering
Variable speed drive with multiple pressure sensors
BACS/ Metering
Hot Water Distribution 12W/m 12W/m 12W/m 12W/m
Hot Water Storage 50mm Factory Insulated
50mm Factory Insulated
50mm Factory Insulated
50mm Factory Insulated
Renewable technologies (3 options)
1 2 3
Photovoltaics (% of building footprint)
0% 10% 20%
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 34
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 3.3c: Packages included in analysis – Existing Buildings – Primary School
Fabric (3 options)
Building elements A B C
Wall U-value (W/m²K) 0.31 0.31 0.16
Roof U-value (W/m²K) 0.16 0.12 0.12
Floor U-value (W/m²K) 0.45 0.45 0.45
Window U-value (W/m²K) 1.80
G-value = 0.55
Light Transmittance = 70%
1.40
G-value = 0.4
Light Transmittance = 60%
0.90
G-value = 0.4
Light Transmittance = 60%
Air Tightness 5 3 2 with mechanical ventilation
(fresh air supply and extract with heat recovery efficiency of 75% and SFP of
0.9W/l/s with CO2 sensor speed control)
Services (4 options)
Services EE1 1 2 3
Lighting luminaire (lm/cW) 30 65 80 95
Daylight lighting control None Yes
(Single zone daylight dimming)
Parasitic Power 0.3W/m²
Yes
(Single zone daylight dimming)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m²
Yes
(Single zone daylight dimming including back
sensor)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m2
Occupancy Lighting Control Local Manual Switching
Yes (manual on auto off)
Parasitic Power 0.3W/m²
Yes (manual on auto off)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m²
Yes (manual on auto off)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m2
Heating (4 options)
Heating Source Gas Boiler
(74% Efficiency)
Gas Boiler
(93% Efficiency)
Electric ASHP (incl. replacement of heat emitters)
(SCoP 3.5; DHW efficiency of 2.2)
Biomass Boiler
(84% efficiency)
Controls Constant speed
BACS/metering
Variable speed drive with multiple pressure
sensors
BACS/ Metering
Variable speed drive with multiple
pressure sensors
BACS/ Metering
Variable speed drive with multiple pressure sensors
BACS/ Metering
Hot Water Distribution 12W/m 12W/m 12W/m 12W/m
Hot Water Storage 50mm Factory Insulated
50mm Factory Insulated
50mm Factory Insulated
50mm Factory Insulated
Renewable technologies (3 options)
1 2 3
Photovoltaics (% of building footprint)
0% 10% 20%
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 35
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 3.3d: Packages included in analysis – Existing Buildings – Hotel
Fabric (3 options)
Building elements A B C
Wall U-value (W/m²K) 0.45 0.45 0.16
Roof U-value (W/m²K) 0.16 0.12 0.12
Floor U-value (W/m²K) 0.45 0.45 0.45
Window U-value (W/m²K) 1.80
G-value = 0.55
Light Transmittance = 70%
1.40
G-value = 0.40
Light Transmittance = 60%
0.90
G-value = 0.40
Light Transmittance = 60%
Air Tightness 5 3 2
Services (4 options)
EE1 1 2 3
Lighting luminaire (lm/cW) 15 65 80 95
Daylight lighting control None Yes
(Single zone daylight dimming)
Parasitic Power 0.3W/m²
Yes
(Single zone daylight dimming)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m²
Yes
(Single zone daylight dimming including back
sensor)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m2
Occupancy Lighting Control Local manual switching
Yes (manual on auto off)
Parasitic Power 0.3W/m²
Yes (manual on auto
off)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m²
Yes (manual on auto off)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m2
Display Lighting 15 22 (with time switching)
22 (with time
switching)
65 (with time switching)
Heat Recovery None None Yes (efficiency of
75%)
Yes (efficiency of 80%)
Chiller Efficiency (SEER) 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.5
Chiller Efficiency (SSEER) Fan Coil 1.32 Split System 3.20 Fan Coil 3.37 Fan Coil with Mixed Mode
2.70
AHU SFP (W/l/s) 3 1.8 1.6 1.6
Terminal Unit SFP (W/l/s) 0.6 - 0.3 0.3
Demand Control Ventilation None Yes
(CO2 sensor speed control)
Yes
(CO2 sensor speed
control)
Yes
(CO2 sensor speed control)
Duct Leakage Not tested Class C Class C Class D
AHU Leakage Not tested Class L2 Class L2 Class L1
Heating (5 options)
Heating Source Gas Boiler
(80% Efficiency)
Gas Boiler
(93% Efficiency)
Gas Boiler
(91% Efficiency)
+ STHW sized to provide 30% of footprint
Electric ASHP (incl. replacement of heat emitters)
(SCoP 3.5; DHW efficiency of 2.2)
Biomass Boiler
(84% efficiency)
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 36
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Controls Constant speed
BACS/metering
Variable speed drive with multiple pressure sensors
BACS/ Metering
Variable speed drive with multiple pressure sensors
BACS/ Metering
Variable speed drive with multiple pressure sensors
BACS/ Metering
Variable speed drive with multiple pressure sensors
BACS/ Metering
Hot Water Distribution 12W/m 12W/m 12W/m 12W/m 12W/m
Hot Water Storage 50mm Factory Insulated
50mm Factory Insulated
50mm Factory Insulated
50mm Factory Insulated
50mm Factory Insulated
Renewable technologies (3 options)
1
Solar Thermal Hot Water system (% of building footprint)
30%
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 37
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 3.3e: Packages included in analysis – Existing Buildings – Mixed use
Fabric (3 options)
Building elements A B C
Wall U-value (W/m²K) 0.31 0.31 0.16
Roof U-value (W/m²K) 0.25 0.13 0.13
Floor U-value (W/m²K) 0.45 0.45 0.45
Window U-value (W/m²K) 1.80
G-value = 0.55
Light Transmittance = 70%
1.40
G-value = 0.40
Light Transmittance = 60%
0.90
G-value = 0.40
Light Transmittance = 60%
Display Window (W/m2K) 5.60
G-value = 0.87
Light Transmittance 90%
5.60
G-value = 0.87
Light Transmittance 90%
2.20
G-value = 0.55
Light Transmittance 70%
Air tightness 5 3 2 with mechanical ventilation
(fresh air supply and extract with heat recovery efficiency of 75% and
SFP of 0.9W/l/s with CO2 sensor speed control)
Services (4 options)
EE1 1 2 3
Lighting luminaire (lm/cW) 25 65 80 95
Daylight lighting control None Yes
(Single zone daylight dimming)
Parasitic Power 0.3W/m²
Yes
(Single zone daylight dimming)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m²
Yes
(Single zone daylight dimming including back
sensor)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m2
Occupancy Lighting Control Local manual switching
Yes (manual on auto off)
Parasitic Power 0.3W/m²
Yes (manual on auto
off)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m²
Yes (manual on auto off)
Parasitic Power 0.1W/m2
Display Lighting 15 22 (with time switching)
22 (with time
switching)
65 (with time switching)
Heat Recovery None None None Yes (efficiency of 75%)
Chiller Efficiency (SEER) Mixed use retail only
2.0 3.5 4.5 5.5
Chiller Efficiency (SSEER)
Mixed use retail only
Split System Split System Split System (with
fresh air mechanical
supply)
Split System (with fresh air
mechanical supply)
AHU SFP (W/l/s) - - 1.8 1.8
Terminal Unit SFP (W/l/s) - - - -
Demand Control Ventilation None Yes
(CO2 sensor speed control)
Yes
(CO2 sensor speed
control)
Yes
(CO2 sensor speed control)
Duct Leakage n/a n/a Not tested Not tested
AHU Leakage n/a n/a Not tested Not tested
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 38
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Heating (5 options)
Heating Source Gas Boiler
(74% Efficiency)
Gas Boiler
(93% Efficiency)
Electric ASHP (incl. replacement of heat emitters)
(SCoP 3.5; DHW efficiency of 2.2)
Gas CHP
(50% heat efficiency; 30% electrical efficiency)
(to provide 60% space heating and 100% hot water demand)
Controls Constant speed
BACS/metering
Variable speed drive with multiple pressure
sensors
BACS/ Metering
Variable speed drive with multiple
pressure sensors
BACS/ Metering
Variable speed drive with multiple pressure sensors
BACS/ Metering
Hot Water Distribution 12W/m 12W/m 12W/m 12W/m
Hot Water Storage 50mm Factory Insulated
50mm Factory Insulated
50mm Factory Insulated
50mm Factory Insulated
Renewable technologies (3 options)
1 2 3
Photovoltaics (% of building footprint)
0% 10% 20%
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 39
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
4. Calculation of Primary Energy Demand for the
Measures
4.1 New Buildings
4.1.1 Energy Performance Assessment
This section outlines the procedure for determining the primary energy for each package of measures.
Each of the reference buildings was modelled in SBEMie v.5.5.h, the software provided by the
Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) that implements the Non-domestic Energy
Assessment Procedure (NEAP).
NEAP is Ireland’s calculation methodology and software to the requirements of the EPBD (recast)
Annex I and EN 13790 for calculating the energy performance of buildings. The requirements
regarding conservation of fuel and energy for buildings are laid out in Part L of the Second Schedule
to the Building Regulations 1997 (Statutory Instrument No. 497 of 1997) as amended by the Building
Regulations (Part L Amendment) Regulations 2017 (Statutory Instrument No. 538 of 2017). Part L of
the Building Regulations provides that the energy performance of the building is such as to limit the
calculated primary energy consumption and related carbon dioxide emissions insofar as is reasonably
practicable, when both energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions are calculated using
NEAP. NEAP calculates whole building energy and carbon emissions performance compliance for the
Irish Building Regulations Part L.
This cost-optimal study identifies the gap (if any) between current whole building energy performance
as defined in Part L of the Building Regulations and the cost optimal level as calculated using NEAP.
To test each package of measures, the SBEM building model input files were updated accordingly
and run through the SBEM calculation engine. The energy end uses (e.g. heating, cooling) were
recorded directly from the SBEM output files. The end use energies were then summed for each
energy carrier to find the delivered energy requirement. Any on-site generated energy was also
determined at this stage. The primary energy factors were then applied to the delivered energy and
on-site generated energy. The latter was subtracted from the former to give the net primary energy.
The energy needs for cooling were calculated for all Non-Residential air-conditioned reference
buildings. These were calculated using approved NCM (National Calculation Methodology) software
to achieve specific temperature set points. All Non-Residential reference buildings, including naturally
ventilated and air-conditioned typologies, were designed to comply with mandatory overheating/
summer comfort criteria in line with the current version of TGD (Technical Guidance Document) L.
This includes compliance with solar overheating requirements in the NEAP (Non-Domestic Energy
Assessment Procedure) software for Non-Residential buildings in line with Paragraph 1.3.5 of TGD L
2017 Conservation of Fuel and Energy – Building other than Dwellings.
Annex 1 of the Cost Optimal Regulation state that “Member States shall use a calculation period of 30
years for residential and public buildings, and a calculation period of 20 years for commercial, non-
residential buildings”. For the purpose of this work, we have assumed a calculation period of 20 years
for all of the buildings with the exception of 30 years for the primary school, secondary school and the
CNU (healthcare building).
4.1.2 Energy Demand Calculation
Tables 4.1a - 4.1m summarise the results of the energy performance calculation for the most cost-
optimal packages in each of the reference buildings. These tables include the energy breakdown by
end use and the total energy requirement per fuel carrier. The primary energy factors used to
calculate the total primary energy requirement and the primary energy reduction over the reference
case are listed in Tables 2.4a - 2.4j. The delivered energy per carrier has been incorporated into
Tables 4.1a - 4.1m as this allows the values to be seen alongside the primary energy figures rather
than producing separate tables.
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 40
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 4.1a: Energy Demand Output Table - Office 2F NV MCW
Package Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Fabric Services Heating PV Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas
Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total
Reduction
over
Reference
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
B 3 1 3 15 0 3 9 9 25 12 17 17 71%
B 2 1 3 14 0 3 9 11 24 13 17 19 67%
B 2 4 3 13 0 3 9 11 0 13 17 20 66%
A 3 1 3 21 0 3 9 9 30 11 17 22 61%
A 2 1 3 20 0 3 9 10 30 13 17 25 58%
A 1 1 3 19 0 3 9 14 28 17 17 30 48%
A 2 1 2 20 0 3 9 10 30 13 9 40 31%
A 1 1 2 19 0 3 9 14 28 17 9 46 21%
A 2 1 1 20 0 3 9 10 30 13 0 57 2%
A 1 1 1 19 0 3 9 14 28 17 0 62 -7%
Table 4.1b: Energy Demand Output Table - Office 2F AC MCW
Package Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Fabric Services Heating PV Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas
Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total
Reduction
over
Reference
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
B 3 1 3 14 4 13 9 10 24 27 17 44 49%
C 2 1 3 12 7 13 9 12 21 32 17 51 41%
B 2 1 3 13 7 13 9 12 23 32 17 52 40%
A 2 1 3 19 7 15 9 11 28 34 17 63 28%
C 2 1 2 12 7 13 9 12 21 32 9 67 23%
B 2 1 2 13 7 13 9 12 23 32 9 68 22%
A 2 1 2 19 7 15 9 11 28 34 9 78 10%
B 2 1 1 13 7 13 9 12 23 32 0 85 3%
A 2 1 1 19 7 15 9 11 28 34 0 95 -9%
A 1 1 1 17 11 20 9 15 26 45 0 114 -31%
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 41
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 4.1c: Energy Demand Output Table - Office 6F NV LMF
Package Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Fabric Services Heating PV Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas
Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total
Reduction
over
Reference
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
LMFA 2 3a 3 6 0 2 2 13 0 23 5 34 24%
LMFB 3 1 3 27 0 2 4 12 31 14 5 50 -15%
LMFA 3 1 3 30 0 2 4 11 33 13 5 52 -19%
LMFB 2 1 3 26 0 2 4 14 30 16 5 53 -21%
LMFA 2 1 3 29 0 2 4 13 33 15 5 55 -26%
LMFA 3 1 2 30 0 2 4 11 33 13 3 57 -29%
LMFB 2 1 2 26 0 2 4 14 30 16 3 58 -31%
LMFA 2 1 2 29 0 2 4 13 33 15 3 60 -36%
LMFA 2 1 1 29 0 2 4 13 33 15 0 64 -47%
LMFA 1 1 1 27 0 2 4 17 31 19 0 70 -60%
Table 4.1d: Energy Demand Output Table - Office 6F NV CW
Package Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Fabric Services Heating PV Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas
Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total
Reduction
over
Reference
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
CWB 2 3a 3 9 0 2 2 13 0 26 5 40 10%
CWA 2 3a 1 12 0 2 2 13 0 28 0 53 -21%
CWB 3 1 3 45 0 2 4 11 49 13 5 70 -59%
CWB 2 1 3 44 0 2 4 13 48 15 5 72 -65%
CWB 2 1 2 44 0 2 4 13 48 15 3 77 -75%
CWB 2 1 1 44 0 2 4 13 48 15 0 82 -86%
CWA 2 1 3 56 0 2 4 13 60 15 5 85 -93%
CWA 2 1 2 56 0 2 4 13 60 15 3 89 -103%
CWA 2 1 1 56 0 2 4 13 60 15 0 94 -114%
CWA 1 1 1 54 0 2 4 17 57 19 0 99 -125%
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 42
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 4.1e: Energy Demand Output Table - Office 6F AC LMF
Package Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Fabric Services Heating PV Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas
Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total
Reduction
over
Reference
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
LMFB 2 3a 3 4 4 9 2 14 0 32 3a 51 28%
LMFC 3 1 3 17 2 9 4 12 20 23 1 56 21%
LMFC 2 1 3 17 4 9 4 14 20 27 1 64 10%
LMFB 2 1 3 18 4 9 4 14 21 27 1 65 9%
LMFC 2 1 2 17 4 9 4 14 20 27 1 68 4%
LMFB 2 1 2 18 4 9 4 14 21 27 1 69 2%
LMFA 2 1 3 20 5 11 4 13 24 29 1 72 -2%
LMFA 2 1 2 20 5 11 4 13 24 29 1 77 -8%
LMFA 2 1 1 20 5 11 4 13 24 29 1 81 -15%
LMFA 1 1 1 26 8 15 4 17 30 40 1 108 -52%
Table 4.1f: Energy Demand Output Table - Office 6F AC CW
Package Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Fabric Services Heating PV Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas
Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total
Reduction
over
Reference
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
CWB 2 3a 3 7 5 11 2 13 0 38 5 62 12%
CWC 2 1 3 33 4 9 4 14 37 27 5 82 -15%
CWB 2 1 3 36 5 11 4 13 40 29 5 89 -26%
CWB 2 1 2 36 5 11 4 13 40 29 3 94 -32%
CWB 2 1 1 36 5 11 4 13 40 29 0 99 -39%
CWA 2 1 3 48 5 11 4 13 52 29 5 102 -43%
CWA 2 1 2 48 5 11 4 13 52 29 3 106 -50%
CWA 2 1 1 48 5 11 4 13 52 29 0 111 -56%
CWA 1 1 2 51 6 16 4 17 55 40 3 130 -84%
CWA 1 1 1 51 6 16 4 17 55 40 0 135 -90%
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 43
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 4.1g: Energy Demand Output Table - Primary School NV MCW
Package Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Fabric Services Heating PV Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas
Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total
Reduction
over
Reference
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
A 2 3b 3 13 0 1 9 4 0 28 20 15 67%
A 2 3b 2 13 0 1 9 4 0 28 10 33 24%
A 2 2 3 73 0 1 35 4 108 6 45 46 -7%
A 3 1 3 48 0 1 22 4 70 5 20 50 -15%
A 2 1 3 48 0 1 22 4 70 6 20 50 -16%
A 1 1 3 46 0 1 22 6 68 8 20 52 -20%
A 2 1 2 48 0 1 22 4 70 6 10 69 -58%
A 1 1 2 46 0 1 22 6 68 8 10 71 -63%
A 2 1 1 48 0 1 22 4 70 6 0 88 -101%
A 1 1 1 46 0 1 22 6 68 8 0 89 -105%
Table 4.1h: Energy Demand Output Table - Secondary School NV MCW
Package Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Fabric Services Heating PV Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas
Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total
Reduction
over
Reference
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
A 2 3b 3 5 0 1 10 7 0 23 16 12 73%
A 1 3b 3 5 0 1 10 9 0 24 16 15 67%
B 3 1 3 16 0 1 23 6 39 7 16 26 42%
B 2 1 3 16 0 1 23 7 38 8 16 27 39%
A 2 1 3 18 0 1 23 7 41 8 16 30 33%
A 1 1 3 17 0 1 23 9 40 10 16 33 27%
A 2 1 2 18 0 1 23 7 41 8 8 45 0%
A 1 1 2 17 0 1 23 9 40 10 8 48 -6%
A 2 1 1 18 0 1 23 7 41 8 0 60 -33%
A 1 1 1 17 0 1 23 9 40 10 0 63 -39%
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 44
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 4.1i: Energy Demand Output Table - Hotel AC MCW
Package Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Fabric Services Heating PV Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas
Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total
Reduction
over
Reference
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
A 1 3a 3 38 3 4 96 15 0 156 7 280 8%
A 1 2 3 45 3 4 413 15 420 59 129 330 -8%
A 1 2 2 45 3 4 413 15 420 59 126 337 -10%
A 1 2 1 45 3 4 413 15 420 59 122 343 -12%
C 2 2 3 166 2 30 413 12 579 44 164 410 -34%
B 2 2 3 170 2 30 413 12 583 44 165 413 -35%
A 2 2 3 173 2 32 413 12 586 46 166 420 -38%
A 2 2 2 173 2 32 413 12 586 46 162 426 -40%
A 2 2 1 173 2 32 413 12 586 46 159 433 -42%
A 2 1 1 114 2 32 226 12 340 46 0 461 -51%
Table 4.1j: Energy Demand Output Table - Hotel AC LMF
Package Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Fabric Services Heating PV Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas
Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total
Reduction
over
Reference
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
LMFA 1 3a 3 57 2 4 96 15 0 175 7 315 -3%
LMFA 1 3a 1 57 2 4 96 15 0 175 0 328 -8%
LMFC 1 2 3 71 2 4 413 16 430 75 131 367 -20%
LMFA 1 2 3 72 2 4 413 15 430 77 131 370 -21%
LMFA 1 2 2 72 2 4 413 15 430 77 128 376 -23%
LMFA 1 2 1 72 2 4 413 15 430 77 125 383 -26%
LMFA 2 2 3 281 2 36 413 12 693 50 189 500 -64%
LMFA 2 2 2 281 2 36 413 12 693 50 186 506 -66%
LMFA 2 2 1 281 2 36 413 12 693 50 183 513 -68%
LMFA 2 1 1 185 2 36 226 12 411 50 0 546 -79%
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 45
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 4.1k: Energy Demand Output Table - Retail Warehouse AC LMF
Package Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Fabric Services Heating PV Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas
Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total
Reduction
over
Reference
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
LMFB 3 1 3 26 7 15 12 16 37 38 34 49 66%
LMFA 3 1 3 31 9 17 12 14 43 40 34 59 59%
LMFB 1 1 3 18 16 4 12 30 23 57 34 69 52%
LMFA 1 1 3 20 19 4 12 29 24 60 34 74 48%
LMFC 1 1 2 17 16 4 12 30 22 57 17 99 31%
LMFB 1 1 2 18 16 4 12 30 23 57 17 100 30%
LMFA 1 1 2 20 19 4 12 29 24 60 17 106 26%
LMFB 1 1 1 18 16 4 12 30 23 57 0 133 7%
LMFA 1 1 1 20 19 4 12 29 24 60 0 138 3%
LMFA 2 1 1 30 13 18 12 25 42 56 0 151 -6%
Table 4.1l: Energy Demand Output Table - Mixed Use AC LMF
Package Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Fabric Services Heating PV Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas
Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total
Reduction
over
Reference
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
LMFA 3 3b 3 17 2 12 5 22 0 58 18 75 27%
LMFB 2 3b 3 15 3 6 5 32 0 61 18 81 22%
LMFA 2 3b 3 16 3 6 5 31 0 62 18 81 21%
LMFA 2 1 3 45 3 6 12 31 51 46 18 109 -5%
LMFA 2 4 3 42 3 6 11 31 0 46 18 109 -6%
LMFA 2 1 2 45 3 6 12 31 51 46 9 126 -22%
LMFA 2 4 2 42 3 6 11 31 0 46 9 127 -23%
LMFA 2 1 1 45 3 6 12 31 51 46 0 143 -38%
LMFA 2 4 1 42 3 6 11 31 0 46 0 144 -39%
LMFA 1 1 1 44 5 6 12 37 49 56 0 159 -54%
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 46
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 4.1m: Energy Demand Output Table - Health - CNU NV MCW
Package Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Fabric Services Heating PV Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas
Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total
Reduction
over
Reference
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
A 3 3a 3 17 1 7 19 36 0 80 13 124 30%
A 2 3a 3 16 1 7 19 43 0 86 13 135 23%
C 2 1 3 12 1 15 45 43 57 59 13 148 16%
B 3 1 3 76 1 7 45 37 121 44 13 191 -9%
A 3 1 3 81 1 7 45 36 127 44 13 196 -12%
B 2 1 3 73 1 7 45 43 118 51 13 200 -14%
A 2 1 3 78 1 7 45 43 124 51 13 206 -17%
A 2 1 2 78 1 7 45 43 124 51 7 218 -24%
A 2 1 1 78 1 7 45 43 124 51 0 231 -31%
A 1 1 1 74 1 7 45 53 119 61 0 245 -39%
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 47
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
4.2 Existing Buildings
4.2.1 Energy Performance Assessment
The same process was followed as for new non-residential buildings outlined in section 4.1.
4.2.2 Energy Demand Calculation – Elemental Analysis
Tables 4.2a - 4.2f summarise the results of the energy performance calculation for the most cost-
optimal packages in each of the reference buildings. These tables include the energy breakdown by
end use and the total energy requirement per fuel carrier. The primary energy factors used to
calculate the total primary energy requirement and the primary energy reduction over the reference
cases are listed in Tables 2.4a - 2.4j. The delivered energy per carrier has been incorporated into
Tables 4.2a - 4.2f as this allows the values to be seen alongside the primary energy figures rather
than producing separate tables.
Table 4.2a: Existing Elemental Energy Demand Output Table - Office 2F NV
Measure Value
Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total Reduction
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
Floor U-value 0.25 50 0 3 21 68 71 71 0 211 -70%
Floor U-value 0.2 50 0 3 21 68 71 71 0 210 -70%
Floor U-value 0.15 49 0 3 21 68 70 71 0 210 -69%
Wall U-value 0.1 45 0 3 21 68 66 71 0 205 -65%
Wall U-value 0.14 45 0 3 21 68 66 71 0 206 -66%
Wall U-value 0.16 46 0 3 21 68 67 71 0 206 -66%
Wall U-value 0.19 46 0 3 21 68 67 71 0 207 -67%
Wall U-value 0.21 46 0 3 21 68 67 71 0 207 -67%
Wall U-value 0.31 48 0 3 21 68 69 71 0 209 -68%
Roof U-value 0.25 44 0 3 21 68 65 71 0 205 -65%
Roof U-value 0.2 43 0 3 21 68 64 71 0 203 -64%
Roof U-value 0.15 42 0 3 21 68 63 71 0 202 -63%
Window U-value 1.6 30 0 3 21 68 51 71 0 189 -52%
Window U-value 1.4 28 0 3 21 68 49 71 0 186 -50%
Window U-value 1 24 0 3 21 68 45 71 0 182 -47%
Window U-value 0.8 22 0 3 21 68 43 71 0 180 -46%
Heat source ASHP 11 0 3 5 68 0 87 H4 163 -31%
Heat source CHP 63 0 3 14 68 77 71 H5 189 -52%
Heat source Gas boiler +
STHW 42 0 3 10 68 52 71 H3 190 -53%
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 42 0 3 11 68 53 71 H1 191 -54%
Heat source Biomass boiler 49 0 3 12 68 0 71 H2 200 -62%
Lighting efficacy 65 75 0 3 21 26 96 29 0 160 -29%
Lighting efficacy 80 79 0 3 21 21 100 24 0 155 -25%
Lighting efficacy 95 82 0 3 21 18 103 20 0 152 -22%
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 48
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 4.2b: Existing Elemental Energy Demand Output Table - Office 2F AC
Measure Value
Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total Reduction
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
Floor U-value 0.25 57 20 39 17 38 74 97 0 263 -46%
Floor U-value 0.2 56 20 39 17 38 74 97 0 263 -46%
Floor U-value 0.15 56 21 39 17 38 73 97 0 263 -46%
Wall U-value 0.11 54 20 39 17 38 71 96 0 259 -44%
Wall U-value 0.15 54 20 39 17 38 72 96 0 260 -44%
Wall U-value 0.19 55 20 39 17 38 73 96 0 260 -45%
Wall U-value 0.2 55 20 39 17 38 73 96 0 261 -45%
Wall U-value 0.21 55 19 39 17 38 73 96 0 261 -45%
Wall U-value 0.29 57 19 39 17 38 74 96 0 262 -46%
Roof U-value 0.25 59 19 39 17 38 77 96 0 265 -47%
Roof U-value 0.2 58 19 39 17 38 76 96 0 264 -46%
Roof U-value 0.15 57 19 39 17 38 75 96 0 262 -46%
Window U-value 1.6 52 21 39 17 38 70 97 0 259 -44%
Window U-value 1.4 50 21 39 17 38 67 98 0 258 -43%
Window U-value 1 46 22 39 17 38 63 99 0 255 -41%
Window U-value 0.8 43 23 38 17 38 61 99 0 253 -41%
Heat source ASHP 13 19 39 5 38 0 114 H4 214 -19%
Heat source CHP 76 19 39 14 38 90 96 H5 245 -36%
Heat source Gas boiler +
STHW 50 19 39 10 38 61 96 H3 247 -37%
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 50 19 39 11 38 61 96 H1 248 -38%
Heat source Biomass boiler 58 19 39 12 38 0 96 H2 258 -44%
Lighting efficacy 65 64 16 38 17 26 82 81 0 242 -35%
Lighting efficacy 80 67 15 38 17 21 84 74 0 233 -29%
Lighting efficacy 95 69 14 38 17 18 86 70 0 227 -26%
Chiller Efficiency 5.5 59 10 39 17 38 77 87 0 248 -38%
Chiller Efficiency 4.5 59 7 34 17 38 76 78 0 231 -28%
Chiller Efficiency 3.5 59 4 34 17 38 76 76 0 227 -26%
AHU SFP 1.8 59 19 35 17 38 77 92 0 257 -43%
AHU SFP 1.6 59 19 34 17 38 77 91 0 256 -42%
Table 4.2c: Existing Elemental Energy Demand Output Table – Primary School NV
Measure Value
Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total Reduction
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
Floor U-value 0.25 70 0 1 41 17 111 18 0 156 -160%
Floor U-value 0.2 70 0 1 41 17 110 18 0 155 -159%
Floor U-value 0.15 69 0 1 41 17 110 18 0 155 -158%
Wall U-value 0.1 66 0 1 41 17 107 18 0 151 -152%
Wall U-value 0.14 67 0 1 41 17 107 18 0 152 -154%
Wall U-value 0.16 67 0 1 41 17 108 18 0 153 -154%
Wall U-value 0.19 68 0 1 41 17 108 18 0 153 -155%
Wall U-value 0.21 68 0 1 41 17 109 18 0 153 -156%
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 49
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Wall U-value 0.31 70 0 1 41 17 110 18 0 155 -159%
Roof U-value 0.25 71 0 1 41 17 111 18 0 156 -160%
Roof U-value 0.2 70 0 1 41 17 111 18 0 156 -160%
Roof U-value 0.15 70 0 1 41 17 111 18 0 156 -159%
Window U-value 1.6 59 0 1 41 17 100 18 0 144 -140%
Window U-value 1.4 58 0 1 41 17 99 18 0 142 -137%
Window U-value 1 56 0 1 41 17 96 18 0 140 -133%
Window U-value 0.8 54 0 1 41 17 95 18 0 139 -131%
Heat source ASHP 15 0 1 9 17 0 43 H4 80 -33%
Heat source CHP 88 0 1 35 17 123 18 H5 117 -95%
Heat source Gas boiler +
STHW 58 0 1 18 17 76 18 H3 117 -95%
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 58 0 1 22 17 80 18 H1 122 -103%
Heat source Biomass boiler 67 0 1 24 17 0 18 H2 135 -125%
Lighting efficacy 65 83 0 1 41 8 123 9 0 153 -155%
Lighting efficacy 80 84 0 1 41 6 125 8 0 152 -154%
Lighting efficacy 95 86 0 1 41 5 126 7 0 152 -153%
Table 4.2d: Existing Elemental Energy Demand Output Table – Hotel AC
Measure Value
Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total Reduction
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
Floor U-value 0.25 183 13 70 355 62 538 145 0 865 -153%
Floor U-value 0.2 183 13 70 355 62 538 145 0 865 -153%
Floor U-value 0.15 183 13 70 355 62 538 145 0 864 -153%
Wall U-value 0.1 168 13 69 355 62 523 144 0 845 -147%
Wall U-value 0.14 170 13 69 355 62 525 144 0 848 -148%
Wall U-value 0.16 171 13 69 355 62 526 144 0 849 -148%
Wall U-value 0.19 172 13 69 355 62 527 144 0 850 -149%
Wall U-value 0.21 173 13 69 355 62 528 144 0 852 -149%
Wall U-value 0.31 178 13 70 355 62 532 144 0 857 -151%
Roof U-value 0.25 184 13 70 355 62 539 145 0 865 -153%
Roof U-value 0.2 183 13 70 355 62 538 145 0 864 -153%
Roof U-value 0.15 183 13 70 355 62 537 145 0 863 -152%
Window U-value 1.6 153 15 68 355 62 508 144 0 830 -143%
Window U-value 1.4 149 15 68 355 62 504 144 0 826 -141%
Window U-value 1 141 16 67 355 62 496 144 0 817 -139%
Window U-value 0.8 138 16 67 355 62 492 145 0 813 -138%
Heat source ASHP 43 13 70 97 62 0 284 H4 534 -56%
Heat source CHP 243 13 70 415 62 658 145 H5 669 -96%
Heat source Gas boiler +
STHW 160 13 70 207 62 367 145 H3 676 -98%
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 160 13 70 229 62 389 145 H1 700 -105%
Heat source Biomass boiler 187 13 70 253 62 0 145 H2 756 -121%
Lighting efficacy 65 210 6 70 355 17 565 93 0 797 -133%
Lighting efficacy 80 212 6 70 355 14 567 90 0 793 -132%
Lighting efficacy 95 213 6 70 355 13 568 88 0 791 -131%
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 50
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 4.2e: Existing Elemental Energy Demand Output Table – Mixed Use
Measure Value
Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total Reduction
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
Floor U-value 0.25 10 32 2 29 121 37 157 0 337 0%
Floor U-value 0.2 10 33 2 29 121 37 158 0 337 0%
Floor U-value 0.15 10 33 2 29 121 37 158 0 338 0%
Wall U-value 0.19 7 33 2 29 121 34 158 0 334 1%
Wall U-value 0.14 7 33 2 29 121 33 158 0 334 1%
Wall U-value 0.1 7 34 2 29 121 33 158 0 335 1%
Wall U-value 0.31 8 33 2 29 121 34 158 0 335 1%
Wall U-value 0.16 6 34 2 29 121 33 159 0 335 1%
Wall U-value 0.21 6 34 2 29 121 33 159 0 335 1%
Roof U-value 0.25 9 32 2 29 121 35 157 0 334 1%
Roof U-value 0.2 9 32 2 29 121 35 157 0 334 1%
Roof U-value 0.15 8 32 2 29 121 35 157 0 334 1%
Window U-value 1.6 12 31 2 29 121 38 157 0 336 1%
Window U-value 1.4 11 31 2 29 121 37 157 0 335 1%
Window U-value 1.0 10 31 2 29 121 36 157 0 334 1%
Window U-value 0.8 9 31 2 29 121 35 157 0 333 1%
Heat source ASHP 4 31 2 7 121 0 165 0 310 8%
Heat source CHP 13 31 2 17 121 28 157 3 318 6%
Heat source Gas boiler +
STHW 9 31 2 15 121 22 157 0 319 6%
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 9 31 2 15 121 22 157 0 319 6%
Heat source Biomass boiler 11 31 2 17 121 0 157 0 322 5%
Lighting efficacy 65 24 15 2 29 56 48 78 0 199 41%
Lighting efficacy 80 26 14 2 29 49 50 69 0 185 45%
Lighting efficacy 95 28 13 2 29 43 52 64 0 176 48%
Table 4.2f: Existing Elemental Energy Demand Output Table – CNU (Health) NV
Measure Value
Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total Reduction
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
Floor U-value 0.25 89 1 7 70 174 160 182 0 514 -314%
Floor U-value 0.2 89 1 7 70 174 159 182 0 513 -314%
Floor U-value 0.15 89 1 7 70 174 159 182 0 513 -314%
Wall U-value 0.1 79 1 7 70 174 150 182 0 502 -305%
Wall U-value 0.14 80 1 7 70 174 151 182 0 504 -306%
Wall U-value 0.16 81 1 7 70 174 151 182 0 504 -307%
Wall U-value 0.19 81 1 7 70 174 152 182 0 505 -307%
Wall U-value 0.21 82 1 7 70 174 152 182 0 505 -308%
Wall U-value 0.31 84 1 7 70 174 155 182 0 508 -310%
Roof U-value 0.25 82 1 7 70 174 152 182 0 506 -308%
Roof U-value 0.2 81 1 7 70 174 151 182 0 504 -307%
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 51
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Roof U-value 0.15 80 1 7 70 174 150 182 0 503 -306%
Window U-value 1.6 76 1 7 70 174 146 182 0 499 -302%
Window U-value 1.4 74 1 7 70 174 145 182 0 497 -301%
Window U-value 1 72 1 7 70 174 142 182 0 494 -298%
Window U-value 0.8 70 1 7 70 174 141 182 0 493 -297%
Heat source ASHP 19 1 7 19 174 0 220 H4 410 -230%
Heat source Gas boiler +
STHW 73 1 7 34 174 107 182 H3 455 -267%
Heat source CHP 111 1 7 76 174 187 182 H5 461 -272%
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 73 1 7 45 174 118 182 H1 468 -278%
Heat source Biomass boiler 85 1 7 50 174 0 182 H2 487 -293%
Lighting efficacy 65 136 1 7 70 67 207 75 0 366 -195%
Lighting efficacy 80 144 1 7 70 54 214 62 0 351 -183%
Lighting efficacy 95 150 1 7 70 46 220 54 0 342 -175%
4.2.3 Energy Demand Calculation – Analysis of Packages
Tables 4.3a - 4.3f summarise the results of the energy performance calculation for the most cost-
optimal packages in each of the reference buildings. It includes the energy breakdown by end use
and the total energy requirement per fuel carrier. The primary energy factors used to calculate the
total primary energy requirement are listed in Tables 2.4a - 2.4j.
In response to the requirement to set a minimum energy performance level, as outlined under Article
7 of the EPBD Recast Directive 2010/31/EU of 19th May 2010 for buildings which undergo Major
Renovation, the energy performance levels and improvement measures identified in the 2013 Cost
Optimal Study were given due regard in the Part L 2017 Regulations for Major Renovation in setting
the minimum energy performance levels and the package of improvement measures outlined. It is
against these Part L 2017 performance levels that the results of the 2019 cost optimal study have
been compared.
Table 4.3a: Energy Demand Output Table - Office 2F NV MCW
Package Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Fabric Services Heating PV Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas
Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total
Reduction
over
Reference
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
A1 2a 1 3 29 0 3 8 11 37 14 9 51 59%
B1 2a EE1 3 31 0 3 21 12 52 14 9 68 45%
A1 3a EE1 3 37 0 3 21 9 58 11 9 69 44%
A1 2a EE1 3 36 0 3 21 11 57 14 9 72 42%
A1 2a EE1 2 36 0 3 21 11 57 14 4 81 35%
A1 2a EE1 1 36 0 3 21 11 57 14 0 89 28%
A1 1a EE1 1 34 0 3 21 16 55 18 0 94 24%
A1 EE1 EE1 3 16 0 3 21 68 37 71 9 158 -27%
A1 EE1 EE1 2 16 0 3 21 68 37 71 4 166 -34%
A1 EE1 EE1 1 16 0 3 21 68 37 71 0 174 -40%
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 52
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 4.3b: Energy Demand Output Table - Office 2F AC LMF
Package Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Fabric Services Heating PV Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas
Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total
Reduction
over
Reference
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
C2 2b 1 3 31 4 11 8 12 40 27 9 79 56%
A2 2b 1 3 43 4 13 8 12 52 29 9 95 47%
B2 EE1 2 3 10 16 34 4 38 0 102 9 175 3%
C2 EE1 1 3 31 18 33 8 38 39 89 9 194 -8%
B2 EE1 1 3 38 16 34 8 38 47 88 9 201 -11%
C2 EE1 EE1 3 36 18 33 17 38 53 89 9 210 -16%
B2 EE1 EE1 3 44 16 34 17 38 62 88 9 217 -21%
A2 EE1 EE1 3 48 18 36 17 38 66 92 9 229 -27%
A2 EE1 EE1 2 48 18 36 17 38 66 92 4 238 -32%
A2 EE1 EE1 1 48 18 36 17 38 66 92 0 246 -37%
Table 4.3c: Energy Demand Output Table - School - Primary NV MCW
Package Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Fabric Services Heating PV Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas
Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total
Reduction
over
Reference
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
A1 2a 2 3 15 0 1 8 5 0 28 10 34 44%
A1 EE1 2 3 12 0 1 8 17 0 38 10 52 14%
A1 EE1 2 2 12 0 1 8 17 0 38 5 61 -2%
A1 EE1 2 1 12 0 1 8 17 0 38 0 70 -17%
A1 EE1 1 3 44 0 1 18 17 62 18 10 84 -40%
A1 EE1 1 2 44 0 1 18 17 62 18 5 94 -56%
A1 EE1 1 1 44 0 1 18 17 62 18 0 103 -71%
A1 EE1 EE1 3 55 0 1 41 17 96 18 10 121 -101%
A1 EE1 EE1 2 55 0 1 41 17 96 18 5 130 -117%
A1 EE1 EE1 1 55 0 1 41 17 96 18 0 139 -132%
Table 4.3d: Energy Demand Output Table - Hotel AC MCW
Package Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Fabric Services Heating PV Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas
Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total
Reduction
over
Reference
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
A1 1b 2 1 42 3 5 95 16 0 161 0 302 12%
A1 1b 4 1 47 3 5 213 16 219 64 0 362 -6%
B1 1b 1 1 46 2 5 225 16 231 64 0 374 -9%
A1 1b 1 1 47 3 5 225 16 231 64 0 375 -10%
A1 EE1 2 1 35 13 64 95 62 0 269 0 506 -48%
C1 EE1 1 1 114 13 60 225 62 339 135 0 626 -83%
B1 EE1 1 1 130 12 62 225 62 355 136 0 646 -89%
A1 EE1 1 1 131 13 64 225 62 356 139 0 653 -91%
B1 EE1 EE1 1 147 12 62 355 62 502 136 0 808 -136%
A1 EE1 EE1 1 149 13 64 355 62 504 139 0 815 -138%
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 53
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 4.3e: Energy Demand Output Table - Mixed Use AC LMF
Package Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Fabric Services Heating PV Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas
Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total
Reduction
over
Reference
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
A1 3c 1 3 21 3 6 11 22 25 39 9 82 76%
A1 3c EE1 3 25 3 6 29 22 45 39 9 107 68%
A1 3c EE1 2 25 3 6 29 22 45 39 4 116 66%
A1 2c EE1 3 23 4 6 29 31 44 49 9 124 63%
A1 3c EE1 1 25 3 6 29 22 45 39 0 124 63%
A1 2c EE1 2 23 4 6 29 31 44 49 4 133 61%
A1 2c EE1 1 23 4 6 29 31 44 49 0 141 58%
A1 1c EE1 1 20 6 3 29 38 42 54 0 147 56%
A1 EE1 EE1 2 8 31 2 29 121 33 158 4 325 4%
A1 EE1 EE1 1 8 31 2 29 121 33 158 0 333 2%
Table 4.3f: Energy Demand Output Table - Health - CNU NV MCW
Package Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Fabric Services Heating PV Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas
Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total
Reduction
over
Reference
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
A1 3a 1 3 89 1 7 41 36 130 44 7 213 -72%
A1 2a 1 3 85 1 7 41 45 126 53 7 224 -81%
A1 2a 1 2 85 1 7 41 45 126 53 3 231 -86%
A1 2a 1 1 85 1 7 41 45 126 53 0 237 -91%
A1 2a EE1 3 105 1 7 70 45 176 53 7 279 -125%
A1 2a EE1 2 105 1 7 70 45 176 53 3 285 -130%
A1 2a EE1 1 105 1 7 70 45 176 53 0 291 -135%
A1 1a EE1 1 99 1 7 70 56 170 64 0 306 -147%
A1 EE1 EE1 2 57 1 7 70 175 127 183 3 474 -282%
A1 EE1 EE1 1 57 1 7 70 175 127 183 0 480 -287%
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 54
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
5. Global Cost Calculation
5.1 New Buildings
The following cost data and modelling variables have been used for the analysis.
The capital and maintenance cost data is based on 2019 prices. The costs for the various
measures considered to improve building energy performance are shown in Tables 5.1a - 5.1c.
The costs for each measure include both material and labour costs. For the purpose of this
work, no learning rates have been applied when any of the measures are replaced over the 20
or 30 year analysis period. In practice, some of the newer technologies will reduce in cost over
time. However, given that the calculation period being considered is similar to the lifetime of the
technologies, replacements are limited and any benefits from learning are uncertain and will be
significantly discounted in the Net Present Value (NPV) calculations. Where components have
a lifetime of less than 30 years their replacement costs are included in the global cost
calculation. Residual values are accounted for in accordance with the Cost Optimal Guidance.
A social discount rate of 5% has been assumed for the macroeconomics calculation (as used
for Government policy Impact Assessments in Ireland). A figure of 3% has been used for the
sensitivity analysis as required by the Commission.
A real discount rate of 7% has been used for the financial calculation with 10% for the
sensitivity analysis.
Energy prices used in the analysis are as shown in Table 5.2a. Sensitivity analysis has been
carried out using low and high values of +/- 30% of these prices for gas, biomass and district
heating, and +/- 20% for electricity. As gas is the most significant primary energy source for
electricity, the low scenario has been modelled to include both the low gas and electricity prices
and the high scenario to include both the high gas and electricity prices.
o The central energy prices for electricity and gas are derived from wholesale electricity
prices forecasted for the next 30 years by SEAI using the difference between the
retail price (SEAI, 2018) and the wholesale price in 2018. Current information on retail
energy prices for non-domestic buildings indicates that retail prices vary depending
on consumption bands. The retail prices are set out for six different consumption
bands for electricity and four different bands for gas. For each building, the electricity
and gas retail prices used for the analysis differ depending on the relevant
consumption band.
o The levelised cost of energy (LCOE) is used as proxy to reflect the infrastructure
investment costs and ongoing annual energy costs for district heating. The levelised
costs are taken from UK-specific analysis carried out by Element Energy for the
Committee on Climate Change2. It gives the LCOE for different district heating
generation technologies in 2020. The LCOE associated with low temperature waste
heat and biomass technologies has been used for the analysis, assuming a heat
density of 45GWh/km2. The undiscounted value of the LCOE is assumed to be the
same in future years.
o The biomass price has been provided by SEAI based on a range of prices identified
in a study on the cost benefit analysis of district heating (AECOM and SEAI, 20153).
This is assumed as a fixed price over 30 years.
The primary energy (PE) and CO2 factors for grid supplied electricity are based on projections
provided by SEAI (SEAI, 2016). This gives an average PE factor of 1.88 over the next 20 years
and 1.86 over the next 30 years. This has been developed based on future scenarios of
electricity generation mix. A figure of 1.62 and 1.60 has been used for the sensitivity analysis
for the 20 years and 30 year analysis period respectively. This assumes a move away from
fossil fuel generation in future years. For district heating, a PE factor of 1.2 and a CO2 factor of
0.11kgCO2/kWh have been used as provided by DHPLG.
2 Element Energy; Research on district heating and local approaches to heat decarbonisation – A study for Committee on Climate Change; Nov 2015 3 SEAI, AECOM; Cost Benefit Analysis of the potential for High-Efficiency Cogeneration and Efficient District Heating & Cooling in Ireland; Dec 2015
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 55
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
The social cost of carbon for the macroeconomic calculations is shown in Table 5.2b. These
values have been provided by SEAI and are based on projected emissions trading system
(ETS) carbon prices for the traded sector and on carbon taxes for the non-traded sector.
Sensitivity analysis assumes a 2% increase in carbon prices year on year.
In accordance with Annex I of Commission Delegated Regulation No. 244/2012 the global cost
for the macroeconomic calculation of a measure/ package/ variant, i.e. the relevant prices
which have been taken into account, exclude all applicable taxes, VAT, charges and subsidies.
The following tables summarise the results of the cost calculations for the most cost-optimal packages
in each of the reference buildings. Tables 5.3a - 5.3f relate to the macroeconomic calculations and
Tables 5.4a - 5.4d relate to the financial calculations.
Tables 5.3a/ Table 5.4a: Central energy price, central discount factors
Tables 5.3b/ Table 5.4b: Low energy price, central discount factors
Tables 5.3c/ Table 5.4c: High energy price, central discount factors
Table 5.3d: Central energy price, low discount factors.
Table 5.4d: Central energy price, high discount factors.
Table 5.3e: Central energy price, central discount factors, alternative primary emission factors
(macro-economic calculation only)
Table 5.3f: Central energy price, central discount factors, alternative carbon price (macro-
economic calculation only)
The sensitivity analysis shows the following.
Discount rate and Energy Price: Low energy prices and increasing the discount rate, reduce
the cost of energy over the calculation period. The main impact of this is that it makes
solutions with higher primary energy demand relatively more attractive. The reverse is true
when increasing the energy prices and reducing the discount rate. A key impact of this
sensitivity analysis is that, in some cases, it changes the amount of PV in the cost optimal
solution and the curtain wall fabric options for the 6 storey office buildings.
Primary emission factor (PEF): The reduced PEF in the sensitivity case changes the cost
optimum primary energy without changing the optimum technology for the lowest cost
solution.
Price of carbon: The sensitivity case for the price of carbon has minimal impact on the overall
macroeconomic costs and does not impact on the cost optimal level.
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 56
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.1a: Elemental capital costs per m² of fabric – New build (varying components only)
Building Part Value Cost (EUR/m²)
Roof 0.2 € 143
Roof 0.15 € 147
Roof 0.11 € 157
Masonry cavity wall 0.21 € 146
Masonry cavity wall 0.18 € 149
Masonry cavity wall 0.15 € 158
Metal frame wall 0.21 € 316
Metal frame wall 0.18 € 325
Metal frame wall 0.15 € 333
Solid Floor 1 Retail 0.21 € 71
Solid Floor 2 Hotel 0.21 € 77
Solid Floor 3
Primary
School 0.21 € 79
Solid Floor 4
Secondary
School 0.21 € 73
Solid Floor 5 Office - 2F 0.21 € 74
Solid Floor 6 Office - 6F 0.21 € 48
Solid Floor 7 Mixed-Use 0.21 € 74
Solid Floor 8 Hospital 0.21 € 71
Solid Floor 9 CNU 0.21 € 71
Solid Floor 1 Retail 0.15 € 78
Solid Floor 2 Hotel 0.15 € 83
Solid Floor 3
Primary
School 0.15 € 86
Solid Floor 4
Secondary
School 0.15 € 80
Solid Floor 5 Office - 2F 0.15 € 81
Solid Floor 6 Office - 6F 0.15 € 52
Solid Floor 7 Mixed-Use 0.15 € 81
Solid Floor 8 Hospital 0.15 € 79
Solid Floor 9 CNU 0.15 € 79
Window 1.4 € 350
Window 0.9 € 410
Curtain Wall 1.8 € 450
Curtain Wall 1.4 € 450
Curtain Wall 1.1 € 510
Air Permeability (m³/m².hr) @50Pa
EUR/m2 floor area
5 3 1
- €8.5 €10.0
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 57
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.1b: Elemental Capital Costs for building services – Varying Elements Only (EUR)
Heating system and controls
Gas Boiler
(€/m² floor
area)
Gas CHP + gas
boilers
(€/m² floor)
GSHP
(€/m² floor
area)
ASHP
(€/m² floor
area)
District heating
(€/m² floor
area)
Building Type Package 1 Package 2 Package 3 Package 3 Package 4
Office 2F Nat .Vent € 99 € 144 € 181 € 79
Office 2F AC € 71 € 112 € 173 € 65
Office 6F Nat .Vent € 92 € 125 € 227 € 85
Office 6F AC € 65 € 96 € 176 € 58
Primary School € 90 € 122 € 112 € 86
Secondary School € 85 € 110 € 102 € 80
Hotel € 69 € 104 € 196 € 61
Retail Warehouse € 68 € 112 € 80 € 62
Mixed Use € 89 € 140 € 99 € 78
Health - CNU € 107 € 137 € 247 € 101
Ventilation
Building Type
Package 1
(€/m² floor area)
Package 2
(€/m² floor area)
Package 3
(€/m² floor area)
Office 2F Nat .Vent MVHR € 204
Office 2F AC AHU € 248 € 256 € 303
Office 6F Nat .Vent MVHR € 204
Office 6F AC AHU € 249 € 256 € 303
Primary School MVHR € 38
Secondary School MVHR € 50
Hotel AHU € 247 € 266 € 321
Retail Warehouse AHU € 227 € 265 € 275
Mixed Use (retail space only) AHU € 225 € 228 € 279
Mixed Use (office space only) MVHR € 240
Health - CNU MVHR € 178
Lighting
Package 1
(€/m² floor area)
Package 2
(€/m² floor area)
Package 3
(€/m² floor area)
General lighting
Luminaire efficacy
65 lm/cW
Luminaire efficacy
80 lm/cW
Luminaire efficacy
95 lm/cW
€ 40.2 € 54.9 € 67.1
Daylight controls € 20.8 € 20.8 € 25.0
Occupancy controls € 30.6 € 30.6 € 30.6
Photovoltaics
PV
Package 1
(€/m² floor area)
Package 2
(€/m² floor area)
Package 3
(€/m² floor area)
Building Type 0% 20% 40%
Office 2F Nat .Vent € 23.6 € 45.7
Office 2F AC € 23.6 € 45.7
Office 6F Nat .Vent € 7.9 € 15.2
Office 6F AC € 7.9 € 15.2
Primary School € 17.9 € 35.5
Secondary School € 21.1 € 41.9
Hotel € 9.4 € 18.2
Retail Warehouse € 47.4 € 91.8
Mixed Use € 25.4 € 49.3
Health - CNU € 17.6 € 34.7
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 58
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.1c: Elemental servicing and maintenance costs (€/ annum)
Heating systems
Size (kWth)
Gas Boiler GSHP ASHP Gas CHP Biomass
boiler
District heating (PHEX)
600 € 3,200 € 3,200 € 3,400 € 34,650 € 6,100 € 120
500 € 2,800 € 2,800 € 2,900 € 31,900 € 5,100 € 100
400 € 2,300 € 2,300 € 2,400 € 30,250 € 4,100 € 80
300 € 1,800 € 1,800 € 1,900 € 28,050 € 3,000 € 60
250 € 1,600 €1,600 € 1,700 € 25,850 € 2,500 € 50
200 € 1,300 € 1,300 € 1,400 € 22,000 € 2,000 € 40
175 € 1,200 €1,200 € 1,200 € 20,350 € 1,800 € 35
150 € 1,000 € 1,000 € 1,000 € 18,150 € 1,500 € 30
125 € 800 € 800 € 900 € 16,500 € 1,300 € 25
100 € 700 € 700 € 700 € 14,850 € 1,000 € 20
75 € 500 € 500 € 500 € 12,650 € 1,100 € 15
50 € 300 € 300 € 300 € 10,450 € 900 € 10
25 € 200 € 200 € 200 € 7,700 € 600 € 5
Chiller plant
Standard
Chiller
HE
Standard
Chiller
Turbocor
Chiller
per kW € 2.1 € 2.4 € 2.6
Air handling units
AHU 1.8 AHU 1.6 AHU 1.6 DX AHU
per m3/s € 70.0 € 80.0 € 90.0 € 320.0
Terminal units
FCU VAV Terminal
reheat
Chilled beams
(passive) MVHR
per unit € 75.0 € 75.0 € 75.0 € 3.7 € 75.0
Lighting
Fluorescent
/ halogen
LED
c.50,000
hours
Controls
per fitting € 15.0 € 8.25 € 30.0
Photovoltaic panels (incl. allowance for new inverters)
per kWp € 11.0
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 59
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.2a: Retail energy Prices
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028
Low Electricity Band 1 c/kWh 18.5 18.6 18.3 17.4 18.5 19.1 20.5 22.3 20.0 22.7
Low Electricity Band 2 c/kWh 14.2 14.3 14.0 13.4 14.2 14.7 15.7 17.1 15.3 17.4
Low Electricity Band 3 c/kWh 12.0 12.0 11.8 11.3 12.0 12.3 13.2 14.4 12.9 14.7
Low Electricity Band 4 c/kWh 9.6 9.6 9.5 9.0 9.6 9.9 10.6 11.5 10.3 11.7
Low Electricity Band 5 c/kWh 9.0 9.0 8.9 8.4 9.0 9.2 9.9 10.8 9.7 11.0
Low Electricity Band 6 c/kWh 8.1 8.1 8.0 7.6 8.1 8.4 9.0 9.8 8.8 9.9
Low Gas Band 1 c/kWh 3.0 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2
Low Gas Band 2 c/kWh 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7
Low Gas Band 3 c/kWh 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4
Low Gas band 4 c/kWh 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8
Low Biomass c/kWh 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9
Low District heating c/kWh 7.3 7.5 7.8 8.1 8.4 8.7 9.0 9.3 9.6 9.9
Central Electricity Band 1 c/kWh 23.1 23.2 22.9 21.8 23.1 23.9 25.6 27.8 25.0 28.4
Central Electricity Band 2 c/kWh 17.8 17.8 17.6 16.7 17.8 18.3 19.6 21.4 19.2 21.8
Central Electricity Band 3 c/kWh 14.9 15.0 14.8 14.1 14.9 15.4 16.5 18.0 16.1 18.3
Central Electricity Band 4 c/kWh 12.0 12.0 11.8 11.3 12.0 12.3 13.2 14.4 12.9 14.7
Central Electricity Band 5 c/kWh 11.2 11.2 11.1 10.5 11.2 11.6 12.4 13.5 12.1 13.7
Central Electricity Band 6 c/kWh 10.1 10.2 10.0 9.5 10.1 10.5 11.2 12.2 10.9 12.4
Central Gas Band 1 c/kWh 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.5
Central Gas Band 2 c/kWh 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.9
Central Gas Band 3 c/kWh 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.4
Central Gas band 4 c/kWh 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6
Central Biomass c/kWh 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
Central District heating c/kWh 10.4 10.8 11.2 11.5 12.0 12.4 12.8 13.3 13.7 14.2
High Electricity Band 1 c/kWh 27.7 27.9 27.4 26.1 27.7 28.6 30.7 33.4 30.0 34.0
High Electricity Band 2 c/kWh 21.3 21.4 21.1 20.1 21.3 22.0 23.6 25.7 23.0 26.1
High Electricity Band 3 c/kWh 17.9 18.0 17.7 16.9 17.9 18.5 19.8 21.6 19.4 22.0
High Electricity Band 4 c/kWh 14.3 14.4 14.2 13.5 14.3 14.8 15.9 17.3 15.5 17.6
High Electricity Band 5 c/kWh 13.4 13.5 13.3 12.7 13.4 13.9 14.9 16.2 14.5 16.5
High Electricity Band 6 c/kWh 12.2 12.2 12.0 11.5 12.2 12.6 13.4 14.6 13.1 14.9
High Gas Band 1 c/kWh 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.9
High Gas Band 2 c/kWh 4.8 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.1
High Gas Band 3 c/kWh 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.4
High Gas band 4 c/kWh 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.4
High Biomass c/kWh 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2
High District heating c/kWh 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.1 16.6 17.2 17.8 18.5
2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038
Low Electricity Band 1 c/kWh 24.4 25.0 23.7 22.5 23.5 22.0 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5
Low Electricity Band 2 c/kWh 18.7 19.2 18.2 17.3 18.1 16.9 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5
Low Electricity Band 3 c/kWh 15.8 16.1 15.3 14.6 15.2 14.2 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9
Low Electricity Band 4 c/kWh 12.6 12.9 12.2 11.7 12.2 11.4 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1
Low Electricity Band 5 c/kWh 11.8 12.1 11.5 10.9 11.4 10.6 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4
Low Electricity Band 6 c/kWh 10.7 10.9 10.4 9.9 10.3 9.6 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4
Low Gas Band 1 c/kWh 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1
Low Gas Band 2 c/kWh 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7
Low Gas Band 3 c/kWh 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3
Low Gas band 4 c/kWh 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8
Low Biomass c/kWh 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9
Low District heating c/kWh 10.3 10.6 11.0 11.4 11.8 12.2 12.6 13.1 13.5 14.0
Central Electricity Band 1 c/kWh 30.5 31.2 29.6 28.2 29.4 27.5 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.8
Central Electricity Band 2 c/kWh 23.4 24.0 22.7 21.6 22.6 21.1 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.6
Central Electricity Band 3 c/kWh 19.7 20.2 19.1 18.2 19.0 17.8 17.3 17.3 17.3 17.3
Central Electricity Band 4 c/kWh 15.8 16.1 15.3 14.6 15.2 14.2 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9
Central Electricity Band 5 c/kWh 14.8 15.1 14.3 13.6 14.2 13.3 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0
Central Electricity Band 6 c/kWh 13.4 13.7 13.0 12.3 12.9 12.0 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 60
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Central Gas Band 1 c/kWh 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4
Central Gas Band 2 c/kWh 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8
Central Gas Band 3 c/kWh 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4
Central Gas band 4 c/kWh 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Central Biomass c/kWh 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
Central District heating c/kWh 14.7 15.2 15.7 16.3 16.9 17.5 18.1 18.7 19.3 20.0
High Electricity Band 1 c/kWh 36.6 37.5 35.5 33.8 35.3 33.0 32.2 32.2 32.2 32.2
High Electricity Band 2 c/kWh 28.1 28.8 27.3 26.0 27.1 25.3 24.7 24.7 24.7 24.7
High Electricity Band 3 c/kWh 23.7 24.2 22.9 21.8 22.8 21.3 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8
High Electricity Band 4 c/kWh 18.9 19.4 18.4 17.5 18.2 17.1 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7
High Electricity Band 5 c/kWh 17.7 18.1 17.2 16.4 17.1 16.0 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.6
High Electricity Band 6 c/kWh 16.0 16.4 15.6 14.8 15.5 14.5 14.1 14.1 14.1 14.1
High Gas Band 1 c/kWh 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8
High Gas Band 2 c/kWh 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
High Gas Band 3 c/kWh 4.5 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4
High Gas band 4 c/kWh 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3
High Biomass c/kWh 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2
High District heating c/kWh 19.1 19.8 20.5 21.2 21.9 22.7 23.5 24.3 25.2 26.0
2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048
Low Electricity Band 1 c/kWh 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5
Low Electricity Band 2 c/kWh 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5
Low Electricity Band 3 c/kWh 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9
Low Electricity Band 4 c/kWh 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1
Low Electricity Band 5 c/kWh 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4
Low Electricity Band 6 c/kWh 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4
Low Gas Band 1 c/kWh 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1
Low Gas Band 2 c/kWh 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7
Low Gas Band 3 c/kWh 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3
Low Gas band 4 c/kWh 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8
Low Biomass c/kWh 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9
Low District heating c/kWh 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.1 16.6 17.2 17.8 18.5 19.1 19.8
Central Electricity Band 1 c/kWh 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.8 26.8
Central Electricity Band 2 c/kWh 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.6
Central Electricity Band 3 c/kWh 17.3 17.3 17.3 17.3 17.3 17.3 17.3 17.3 17.3 17.3
Central Electricity Band 4 c/kWh 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9 13.9
Central Electricity Band 5 c/kWh 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.0
Central Electricity Band 6 c/kWh 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8
Central Gas Band 1 c/kWh 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4
Central Gas Band 2 c/kWh 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8
Central Gas Band 3 c/kWh 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4
Central Gas band 4 c/kWh 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
Central Biomass c/kWh 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
Central District heating c/kWh 20.7 21.5 22.2 23.0 23.8 24.6 25.5 26.4 27.3 28.2
High Electricity Band 1 c/kWh 32.2 32.2 32.2 32.2 32.2 32.2 32.2 32.2 32.2 32.2
High Electricity Band 2 c/kWh 24.7 24.7 24.7 24.7 24.7 24.7 24.7 24.7 24.7 24.7
High Electricity Band 3 c/kWh 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8 20.8
High Electricity Band 4 c/kWh 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7
High Electricity Band 5 c/kWh 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.6
High Electricity Band 6 c/kWh 14.1 14.1 14.1 14.1 14.1 14.1 14.1 14.1 14.1 14.1
High Gas Band 1 c/kWh 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8
High Gas Band 2 c/kWh 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
High Gas Band 3 c/kWh 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4
High Gas band 4 c/kWh 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3
High Biomass c/kWh 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2
High District heating c/kWh 26.9 27.9 28.9 29.9 30.9 32.0 33.1 34.3 35.5 36.7
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 61
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Table 5.2b: Cost of carbon and sensitivity
Year 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028
Traded sector 13.5 15 16.5 18 19.5 21 22.5 24.7 26.9 29.1
Non-traded sector 18.0 15 16.5 18 19.5 21 22.5 24.7 26.9 29.1
Uplift in cost for sensitivity analysis (applied to values in row above)
2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% 16% 18% 20%
Year 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038
Traded sector 31.3 33.5 35.2 36.9 38.6 40.3 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0
Non-traded sector 31.3 33.5 35.2 36.9 38.6 40.3 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0
Uplift in cost for sensitivity analysis (applied to values in row above)
22% 24% 26% 28% 30% 32% 34% 36% 38% 40%
Year 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048
Traded sector 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0
Non-traded sector 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0 42.0
Uplift in cost for sensitivity analysis (applied to values in row above)
42% 44% 46% 48% 50% 52% 54% 56% 58% 60%
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 62
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Table 5.3a: New build Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, EUR/m²)
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV MCW - 20 year calc
B 3 1 3 17 598 47 13 2 -84 575
B 2 1 3 19 573 43 19 2 -80 556
B 2 4 3 20 554 33 59 1 -86 560
A 3 1 3 22 569 47 15 2 -78 555
A 2 1 3 25* 545 43 21 2 -74 536
A 1 1 3 30 523 66 32 3 -70 554
A 2 1 2 40 523 41 48 3 -72 543
A 1 1 2 46 501 64 52 4 -67 554
A 2 1 1 57 499 39 75 5 -68 549
A 1 1 1 62 478 62 74 5 -64 554
Office 2F AC MCW - 20 year calc
B 3 1 3 44 873 62 62 4 -84 916
C 2 1 3 51 811 57 76 4 -83 866
B 2 1 3 52 802 57 77 4 -80 859
A 2 1 3 63* 773 57 88 5 -74 849
C 2 1 2 67 789 55 97 5 -80 866
B 2 1 2 68 780 55 97 5 -77 860
A 2 1 2 78 751 55 108 6 -72 849
B 2 1 1 85 756 53 118 7 -74 860
A 2 1 1 95 728 53 129 7 -68 849
A 1 1 1 114 698 90 165 9 -64 898
Office 6F NV LMF - 20 year calc
LMFA 2 3a 3 34 623 61 62 2 -65 683
LMFB 3 1 3 50 539 43 54 4 -74 566
LMFA 3 1 3 52 513 43 54 4 -69 546
LMFB 2 1 3 53 515 39 60 4 -71 547
LMFA 2 1 3 55 488 39 60 5 -65 526
LMFA 3 1 2 57 505 43 60 5 -68 545
LMFB 2 1 2 58 507 38 65 5 -70 546
LMFA 2 1 2 60 481 38 66 5 -64 526
LMFA 2 1 1 64* 473 38 72 5 -63 524
LMFA 1 1 1 70 452 61 84 6 -59 543
Office 6F NV CW - 20 year
calc
CWB 2 3a 3 40 701 61 72 3 -83 754
CWA 2 3a 1 53 676 59 91 4 -78 752
CWB 3 1 3 70 590 43 66 6 -86 619
CWB 2 1 3 72 566 39 71 6 -83 599
CWB 2 1 2 77 558 38 77 6 -82 598
CWB 2 1 1 82* 551 38 83 7 -81 597
CWA 2 1 3 85 556 39 79 7 -80 601
CWA 2 1 2 89 549 38 85 8 -79 600
CWA 2 1 1 94 541 38 91 8 -78 599
CWA 1 1 1 99 520 61 102 8 -74 617
Office 6F AC LMF - 20 year calc
LMFB 2 3a 3 51 855 72 92 4 -71 953
LMFC 3 1 3 56 820 58 76 4 -76 884
LMFC 2 1 3 64 749 53 90 5 -72 825
LMFB 2 1 3 65 743 53 90 5 -71 822
LMFC 2 1 2 68 742 53 95 5 -71 824
LMFB 2 1 2 69 736 53 96 5 -70 821
LMFA 2 1 3 72 717 53 99 6 -65 810
LMFA 2 1 2 77 710 53 105 6 -64 809
LMFA 2 1 1 81* 702 52 111 6 -63 808
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 63
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
LMFA 1 1 1 108 674 89 150 8 -59 863
Office 6F AC CW - 20 year
calc
CWB 2 3a 3 62 906 72 111 5 -83 1011
CWC 2 1 3 82 832 53 101 7 -91 902
CWB 2 1 3 89 795 53 110 7 -83 882
CWB 2 1 2 94 787 53 116 8 -82 882
CWB 2 1 1 99* 779 52 122 8 -81 881
CWA 2 1 3 102 785 53 118 8 -80 884
CWA 2 1 2 106 778 53 124 9 -79 883
CWA 2 1 1 111 770 52 130 9 -78 882
CWA 1 1 2 130 749 90 161 10 -75 936
CWA 1 1 1 135 742 89 167 11 -74 935
School - Primary NV MCW - 30 year calc
A 2 3b 3 15 539 77 41 1 -23 635
A 2 3b 2 33 521 75 66 2 -23 641
A 2 2 3 46 553 114 -51 5 -23 599
A 3 1 3 50 522 58 9 5 -35 558
A 2 1 3 50* 497 52 11 5 -34 531
A 1 1 3 52 477 82 25 5 -32 557
A 2 1 2 69 479 50 42 6 -34 544
A 1 1 2 71 459 80 49 6 -32 563
A 2 1 1 88 461 48 74 8 -34 557
A 1 1 1 89 441 78 73 8 -32 569
School - Secondary NV MCW -
30 year calc
A 2 3b 3 12 613 75 34 1 -29 694
A 1 3b 3 15 593 105 39 1 -27 711
B 3 1 3 26 631 57 8 3 -42 657
B 2 1 3 27 606 52 11 3 -41 631
A 2 1 3 30 579 52 12 3 -39 607
A 1 1 3 33 559 81 18 3 -37 625
A 2 1 2 45 558 49 32 4 -39 604
A 1 1 2 48 538 79 37 4 -37 622
A 2 1 1 60* 537 47 51 5 -39 602
A 1 1 1 63 517 77 57 5 -37 619
Hotel AC MCW - 20 year calc
A 1 3a 3 280 779 120 409 20 -46 1282
A 1 2 3 330 738 148 133 32 -74 977
A 1 2 2 337 729 147 141 32 -73 977
A 1 2 1 343 720 146 150 33 -71 977
C 2 2 3 410 805 122 95 40 -82 982
B 2 2 3 413 797 122 96 41 -79 977
A 2 2 3 420* 772 122 105 41 -75 966
A 2 2 2 426 764 122 113 42 -73 967
A 2 2 1 433 754 121 121 42 -72 967
A 2 1 1 461 669 71 357 40 -45 1092
Hotel AC LMF - 20 year calc
LMFA 1 3a 3 315 869 120 460 23 -70 1402
LMFA 1 3a 1 328 851 118 474 24 -68 1400
LMFC 1 2 3 367 864 148 187 35 -105 1128
LMFA 1 2 3 370 828 148 191 35 -98 1104
LMFA 1 2 2 376 820 147 199 35 -96 1104
LMFA 1 2 1 383 810 146 207 36 -95 1104
LMFA 2 2 3 500* 863 122 123 49 -98 1059
LMFA 2 2 2 506 854 122 131 50 -97 1059
LMFA 2 2 1 513 844 121 140 50 -96 1059
LMFA 2 1 1 546 759 71 411 47 -68 1219
Retail Warehouse AC LMF - 20
year calc
LMFB 3 1 3 49 1023 127 67 4 -110 1112
LMFA 3 1 3 59 997 127 78 5 -103 1104
LMFB 1 1 3 69 920 150 119 5 -110 1084
LMFA 1 1 3 74* 893 150 127 6 -103 1072
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 64
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
LMFC 1 1 2 99 889 146 158 8 -107 1093
LMFB 1 1 2 100 875 146 159 8 -104 1085
LMFA 1 1 2 106 849 146 167 8 -97 1073
LMFB 1 1 1 133 828 142 201 10 -98 1084
LMFA 1 1 1 138 802 142 210 10 -91 1073
LMFA 2 1 1 151 863 114 210 12 -91 1108
Mixed Use AC LMF - 20
year calc
LMFA 3 3b 3 75 913 127 145 5 -135 1055
LMFB 2 3b 3 81 889 123 153 6 -140 1032
LMFA 2 3b 3 81 858 123 155 6 -133 1009
LMFA 2 1 3 109 800 96 140 9 -107 938
LMFA 2 4 3 109 789 82 226 6 -113 991
LMFA 2 1 2 126 776 94 163 10 -104 939
LMFA 2 4 2 127 765 80 249 8 -110 991
LMFA 2 1 1 143* 751 92 185 11 -100 938
LMFA 2 4 1 144 740 78 271 9 -106 991
LMFA 1 1 1 159 727 115 216 12 -98 973
Health - CNU NV MCW -
30 year calc
A 3 3a 3 124 884 105 190 9 -48 1140
A 2 3a 3 135 839 100 206 10 -48 1107
C 2 1 3 148 855 83 193 12 -56 1087
B 3 1 3 191 714 63 185 16 -33 945
A 3 1 3 196 691 63 187 17 -31 925
B 2 1 3 200 669 58 205 17 -33 915
A 2 1 3 206 645 58 207 17 -31 896
A 2 1 2 218 628 56 223 18 -31 894
A 2 1 1 231* 611 54 239 19 -31 892
A 1 1 1 245 566 81 271 20 -31 906
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 65
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.3b: New build Macroeconomic Costs (Low energy price, 5% discount rate, EUR/m²)
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV MCW - 20 year calc
B 3 4 3 17 578 37 37 0 -90 563
B 2 4 3 20 554 33 42 1 -86 542
A 2 1 3 25 545 43 15 2 -74 530
A 2 4 3 25* 525 33 49 1 -81 527
A 1 4 3 30 504 56 57 1 -76 541
B 2 4 2 35 531 31 63 2 -84 543
A 2 1 2 40 523 41 36 3 -72 531
A 1 4 2 46 482 54 73 2 -73 538
A 2 4 1 57 479 29 93 3 -75 530
A 1 4 1 63 458 52 90 4 -70 534
Office 2F AC MCW - 20 year calc
C 2 1 3 51 811 57 60 4 -83 849
B 2 1 3 52 802 57 60 4 -80 843
A 2 1 3 63 773 57 68 5 -74 829
A 2 4 3 63 766 47 102 4 -80 839
B 2 1 2 68 780 55 76 5 -77 839
A 2 1 2 78 751 55 85 6 -72 826
A 2 4 2 79 744 45 118 5 -77 836
B 2 1 1 85 756 53 93 7 -74 835
A 2 1 1 95* 728 53 102 7 -68 821
A 1 1 1 114 698 90 130 9 -64 863
Office 6F NV LMF - 20 year calc
LMFA 2 3a 3 34 623 61 49 2 -65 670
LMFB 3 1 3 50 539 43 41 4 -74 553
LMFA 3 1 3 52 513 43 41 4 -69 533
LMFB 2 1 3 53 515 39 46 4 -71 533
LMFA 2 1 3 55 488 39 46 5 -65 512
LMFA 2 4 3 56 481 30 84 3 -72 526
LMFA 2 1 2 60 481 38 51 5 -64 510
LMFA 2 4 2 60 474 30 89 3 -71 524
LMFA 2 1 1 64* 473 38 55 5 -63 508
LMFA 1 1 1 70 452 61 65 6 -59 524
Office 6F NV CW - 20 year
calc
CWB 2 3a 3 40 701 61 58 3 -83 739
CWA 2 3a 1 53 676 59 73 4 -78 734
CWB 3 1 3 70 590 43 49 6 -86 602
CWB 2 1 3 72 566 39 54 6 -83 582
CWB 2 1 2 77 558 38 58 6 -82 580
CWB 2 1 1 82 551 38 63 7 -81 577
CWA 2 1 3 85 556 39 59 7 -80 581
CWA 2 1 2 89 549 38 64 8 -79 579
CWA 2 1 1 94* 541 38 69 8 -78 577
CWA 1 1 1 99 520 61 78 8 -74 593
Office 6F AC LMF - 20 year calc
LMFC 3 1 3 56 820 58 60 4 -76 867
LMFC 2 1 3 64 749 53 70 5 -72 806
LMFB 2 1 3 65 743 53 71 5 -71 802
LMFB 2 4 3 65 737 45 96 4 -75 806
LMFA 2 1 3 72 717 53 78 6 -65 788
LMFA 2 1 2 77 710 53 82 6 -64 786
LMFA 2 1 1 81* 702 52 87 6 -63 784
LMFA 2 4 1 82 695 43 116 5 -68 791
LMFA 1 1 2 103 681 90 113 8 -60 833
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 66
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
LMFA 1 1 1 108 674 89 118 8 -59 831
Office 6F AC CW - 20 year
calc
CWB 2 3a 3 62 906 72 89 5 -83 989
CWC 2 1 3 82 832 53 78 7 -91 879
CWC 2 1 2 86 824 53 83 7 -90 877
CWB 2 1 3 89 795 53 85 7 -83 858
CWB 2 1 2 94 787 53 90 8 -82 856
CWB 2 1 1 99 779 52 95 8 -81 853
CWA 2 1 3 102 785 53 91 8 -80 857
CWA 2 1 2 106 778 53 96 9 -79 855
CWA 2 1 1 111* 770 52 100 9 -78 853
CWA 1 1 1 135 742 89 130 11 -74 898
School - Primary NV MCW - 30 year calc
A 2 3b 3 15 539 77 33 1 -23 627
A 2 3b 2 33 521 75 52 2 -23 628
A 2 2 3 46 553 114 -47 5 -23 603
A 3 1 3 50 522 58 2 5 -35 551
A 2 1 3 50* 497 52 4 5 -34 524
A 1 1 3 52 477 82 15 5 -32 548
A 2 1 2 69 479 50 29 6 -34 531
A 1 1 2 71 459 80 35 6 -32 549
A 2 1 1 88 461 48 54 8 -34 538
A 1 1 1 89 441 78 54 8 -32 550
School - Secondary NV MCW -
30 year calc
A 2 3b 3 12 613 75 27 1 -29 687
B 3 1 3 26 631 57 4 3 -42 653
B 2 1 3 27 606 52 6 3 -41 627
A 2 1 3 30 579 52 7 3 -39 602
A 2 4 3 31 566 41 58 1 -44 621
A 1 1 3 33 559 81 12 3 -37 619
A 2 1 2 45 558 49 23 4 -39 596
A 1 1 2 48 538 79 28 4 -37 612
A 2 1 1 60* 537 47 39 5 -39 589
A 1 1 1 63 517 77 43 5 -37 606
Hotel AC MCW - 20 year calc
A 1 3a 3 280 779 120 328 20 -46 1201
A 1 2 3 330 738 148 82 32 -74 926
A 1 2 2 337 729 147 89 32 -73 925
A 1 2 1 343 720 146 95 33 -71 923
C 2 2 3 410 805 122 43 40 -82 929
B 2 2 3 413 797 122 43 41 -79 924
A 2 2 3 420 772 122 50 41 -75 912
A 2 2 2 426 764 122 57 42 -73 910
A 2 2 1 433* 754 121 63 42 -72 908
A 2 1 1 461 669 71 266 40 -45 1001
Hotel AC LMF - 20 year calc
LMFA 1 3a 3 315 869 120 369 23 -70 1311
LMFA 1 3a 1 328 851 118 380 24 -68 1306
LMFC 1 2 3 367 864 148 124 35 -105 1066
LMFA 1 2 3 370 828 148 128 35 -98 1041
LMFA 1 2 2 376 820 147 134 35 -96 1040
LMFA 1 2 1 383 810 146 141 36 -95 1038
LMFA 2 2 3 500 863 122 58 49 -98 994
LMFA 2 2 2 506 854 122 65 50 -97 993
LMFA 2 2 1 513* 844 121 72 50 -96 991
LMFA 2 1 1 546 759 71 305 47 -68 1113
Retail Warehouse AC LMF - 20
year calc
LMFA 3 1 3 59 997 127 60 5 -103 1086
LMFB 1 1 3 69 920 150 93 5 -110 1058
LMFA 1 1 3 74 893 150 100 6 -103 1046
LMFA 1 4 3 74 887 139 128 5 -108 1050
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 67
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
LMFB 1 4 2 101 869 135 153 7 -109 1054
LMFA 1 1 2 106 849 146 132 8 -97 1038
LMFA 1 4 2 106 843 135 160 7 -102 1043
LMFA 1 1 1 138* 802 142 166 10 -91 1029
LMFA 1 4 1 139 795 131 194 9 -96 1034
LMFA 2 1 1 151 863 114 165 12 -91 1064
Mixed Use AC LMF - 20
year calc
LMFA 2 3b 3 81 858 123 124 6 -133 978
LMFA 2 3b 2 99 834 121 141 7 -130 974
LMFB 2 1 3 107 830 96 108 9 -113 930
LMFA 2 1 3 109 800 96 109 9 -107 907
LMFA 2 4 3 109 789 82 169 6 -113 933
LMFA 2 1 2 126 776 94 127 10 -104 903
LMFA 2 4 2 127 765 80 187 8 -110 929
LMFA 2 1 1 143* 751 92 144 11 -100 898
LMFA 2 4 1 144 740 78 204 9 -106 924
LMFA 1 1 1 159 727 115 169 12 -98 926
Health - CNU NV MCW -
30 year calc
A 2 3a 3 135 839 100 166 10 -48 1066
C 2 1 3 148 855 83 151 12 -56 1045
C 2 1 2 160 838 81 164 13 -56 1040
B 3 1 3 191 714 63 141 16 -33 901
A 3 1 3 196 691 63 142 17 -31 881
B 2 1 3 200 669 58 157 17 -33 867
A 2 1 3 206 645 58 158 17 -31 847
A 2 1 2 218 628 56 171 18 -31 842
A 2 1 1 231* 611 54 184 19 -31 837
A 1 1 1 245 566 81 210 20 -31 845
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 68
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.3c: New build Macroeconomic Costs (High energy price, 5% discount rate, EUR/m²)
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV MCW - 20 year calc
A 2 3a 3 7 627 64 32 1 -74 648
B 3 1 3 17 598 47 17 2 -84 580
B 2 1 3 19 573 43 25 2 -80 562
A 2 1 3 25* 545 43 28 2 -74 543
A 1 1 3 30 523 66 41 3 -70 563
B 2 1 2 35 551 41 56 3 -77 574
A 2 1 2 40 523 41 59 3 -72 554
A 1 1 2 46 501 64 65 4 -67 567
A 2 1 1 57 499 39 92 5 -68 566
A 1 1 1 62 478 62 91 5 -64 571
Office 2F AC MCW - 20 year calc
C 3 1 3 43 882 62 75 3 -86 936
C 2 1 3 51 811 57 93 4 -83 883
B 2 1 3 52 802 57 94 4 -80 877
A 2 1 3 63* 773 57 108 5 -74 868
C 2 1 2 67 789 55 117 5 -80 887
B 2 1 2 68 780 55 118 5 -77 881
A 2 1 2 78 751 55 132 6 -72 873
B 2 1 1 85 756 53 144 7 -74 885
A 2 1 1 95 728 53 157 7 -68 877
A 1 1 1 114 698 90 200 9 -64 933
Office 6F NV LMF - 20 year calc
LMFA 2 3a 3 34 623 61 74 2 -65 695
LMFB 3 1 3 50 539 43 67 4 -74 579
LMFA 3 1 3 52 513 43 68 4 -69 559
LMFB 2 1 3 53 515 39 74 4 -71 561
LMFA 2 1 3 55* 488 39 75 5 -65 541
LMFA 3 1 2 57 505 43 75 5 -68 559
LMFA 2 1 2 60 481 38 82 5 -64 541
LMFA 2 1 1 64 473 38 89 5 -63 541
LMFA 1 1 2 66 459 62 96 5 -60 562
LMFA 1 1 1 70 452 61 103 6 -59 562
Office 6F NV CW - 20 year
calc
CWB 2 3a 3 40 701 61 87 3 -83 768
CWA 2 3a 1 53 676 59 110 4 -78 771
CWB 3 1 3 70 590 43 82 6 -86 635
CWB 2 1 3 72* 566 39 89 6 -83 617
CWB 2 1 2 77 558 38 96 6 -82 617
CWB 2 1 1 82 551 38 103 7 -81 617
CWA 2 1 3 85 556 39 99 7 -80 621
CWA 2 1 2 89 549 38 106 8 -79 622
CWA 2 1 1 94 541 38 114 8 -78 622
CWA 1 1 1 99 520 61 127 8 -74 642
Office 6F AC LMF - 20 year calc
LMFB 2 3a 3 51 855 72 111 4 -71 971
LMFC 3 1 3 56 820 58 93 4 -76 901
LMFC 2 1 3 64 749 53 109 5 -72 845
LMFB 2 1 3 65 743 53 110 5 -71 841
LMFC 2 1 2 68 742 53 116 5 -71 845
LMFB 2 1 2 69 736 53 117 5 -70 841
LMFA 2 1 3 72* 717 53 121 6 -65 831
LMFA 2 1 2 77 710 53 128 6 -64 832
LMFA 2 1 1 81 702 52 135 6 -63 832
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 69
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
LMFA 1 1 1 108 674 89 183 8 -59 895
Office 6F AC CW - 20 year
calc
CWC 2 3a 3 57 943 72 123 4 -91 1052
CWC 3 1 3 75 903 58 109 6 -94 982
CWC 2 1 3 82 832 53 124 7 -91 925
CWB 2 1 3 89* 795 53 135 7 -83 908
CWB 2 1 2 94 787 53 142 8 -82 908
CWB 2 1 1 99 779 52 149 8 -81 908
CWA 2 1 3 102 785 53 145 8 -80 912
CWA 2 1 2 106 778 53 152 9 -79 912
CWA 2 1 1 111 770 52 160 9 -78 912
CWA 1 1 1 135 742 89 205 11 -74 972
School - Primary NV MCW - 30 year calc
A 2 3b 3 15 539 77 50 1 -23 644
A 2 3b 2 33 521 75 79 2 -23 655
A 2 2 3 46 553 114 -54 5 -23 596
A 3 1 3 50 522 58 16 5 -35 565
A 2 1 3 50* 497 52 18 5 -34 539
A 1 1 3 52 477 82 35 5 -32 567
A 2 1 2 69 479 50 56 6 -34 558
A 1 1 2 71 459 80 64 6 -32 578
A 2 1 1 88 461 48 94 8 -34 577
A 1 1 1 89 441 78 93 8 -32 589
School - Secondary NV MCW -
30 year calc
A 2 3b 3 12 613 75 41 1 -29 700
B 3 1 3 26 631 57 12 3 -42 661
B 2 1 3 27 606 52 15 3 -41 636
A 3 1 3 29 604 57 14 3 -41 637
A 2 1 3 30* 579 52 17 3 -39 612
A 1 1 3 33 559 81 24 3 -37 631
A 2 1 2 45 558 49 41 4 -39 613
A 1 1 2 48 538 79 47 4 -37 632
A 2 1 1 60 537 47 64 5 -39 615
A 1 1 1 63 517 77 71 5 -37 633
Hotel AC MCW - 20 year calc
A 1 3a 3 280 779 120 491 20 -46 1364
A 1 2 3 330 738 148 187 32 -74 1031
A 1 2 2 337 729 147 196 32 -73 1033
A 1 2 1 343 720 146 207 33 -71 1034
C 2 2 3 410 805 122 152 40 -82 1038
B 2 2 3 413 797 122 153 41 -79 1034
A 2 2 3 420* 772 122 164 41 -75 1025
A 2 2 2 426 764 122 173 42 -73 1027
A 2 2 1 433 754 121 183 42 -72 1029
A 2 1 1 461 669 71 450 40 -45 1185
Hotel AC LMF - 20 year calc
LMFA 1 3a 3 315 869 120 553 23 -70 1494
LMFA 1 3a 1 328 851 118 569 24 -68 1495
LMFC 1 2 3 367 864 148 252 35 -105 1193
LMFA 1 2 3 370 828 148 257 35 -98 1170
LMFA 1 2 2 376 820 147 266 35 -96 1172
LMFA 1 2 1 383 810 146 276 36 -95 1174
LMFA 2 2 3 500* 863 122 193 49 -98 1128
LMFA 2 2 2 506 854 122 202 50 -97 1130
LMFA 2 2 1 513 844 121 212 50 -96 1132
LMFA 2 1 1 546 759 71 519 47 -68 1328
Retail Warehouse AC LMF - 20
year calc
LMFB 3 1 3 49 1023 127 84 4 -110 1128
LMFA 3 1 3 59 997 127 97 5 -103 1123
LMFC 1 1 3 67 933 150 142 5 -113 1117
LMFB 1 1 3 69 920 150 144 5 -110 1109
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 70
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
LMFA 1 1 3 74* 893 150 154 6 -103 1100
LMFC 1 1 2 99 889 146 191 8 -107 1126
LMFB 1 1 2 100 875 146 193 8 -104 1118
LMFA 1 1 2 106 849 146 203 8 -97 1109
LMFA 1 1 1 138 802 142 253 10 -91 1116
LMFA 2 1 1 151 863 114 255 12 -91 1154
Mixed Use AC LMF - 20
year calc
LMFA 3 3b 3 75 913 127 173 5 -135 1084
LMFA 2 3b 3 81 858 123 186 6 -133 1040
LMFB 2 1 3 107 830 96 171 9 -113 993
LMFA 2 1 3 109* 800 96 172 9 -107 970
LMFB 2 1 2 124 807 94 198 10 -110 998
LMFA 2 1 2 126 776 94 199 10 -104 975
LMFB 2 1 1 142 781 92 224 11 -107 1002
LMFA 2 1 1 143 751 92 226 11 -100 979
LMFA 1 1 1 159 727 115 262 12 -98 1019
LMFA 1 4 1 160 716 101 369 10 -104 1092
Health - CNU NV MCW -
30 year calc
A 3 3a 3 124 884 105 228 9 -48 1178
A 2 3a 3 135 839 100 248 10 -48 1149
C 2 1 3 148 855 83 235 12 -56 1129
B 3 1 3 191 714 63 230 16 -33 989
A 3 1 3 196 691 63 232 17 -31 971
B 2 1 3 200 669 58 254 17 -33 964
A 2 1 3 206* 645 58 256 17 -31 945
A 2 1 2 218 628 56 276 18 -31 947
A 2 1 1 231 611 54 295 19 -31 948
A 1 1 1 245 566 81 333 20 -31 968
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 71
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.3d: New build Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 3% discount rate, EUR/m²)
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV MCW - 20 year calc
B 3 1 3 17 616 55 16 2 -121 569
B 2 1 3 19 589 50 24 2 -116 550
A 3 1 3 22 587 55 19 3 -112 552
A 2 1 3 25* 560 50 26 3 -107 533
A 1 1 3 30 537 78 40 4 -101 557
B 2 1 2 35 567 48 57 4 -111 565
A 2 1 2 40 538 48 60 5 -103 548
A 1 1 2 46 515 76 66 5 -97 564
A 2 1 1 57 515 46 95 6 -99 563
A 1 1 1 62 491 73 93 7 -92 571
Office 2F AC MCW - 20 year calc
C 3 1 3 43 901 73 77 5 -124 931
C 2 1 3 51 827 67 96 5 -119 876
B 2 1 3 52 818 67 97 6 -116 871
A 2 1 3 63* 789 67 111 7 -107 866
C 2 1 2 67 805 65 122 7 -115 883
B 2 1 2 68 795 65 122 7 -111 878
A 2 1 2 78 767 65 136 8 -103 873
B 2 1 1 85 772 63 149 9 -107 885
A 2 1 1 95 743 63 163 10 -99 880
A 1 1 1 114 712 107 208 11 -92 945
Office 6F NV LMF - 20 year calc
LMFA 2 3a 3 34 639 72 78 3 -94 698
LMFB 3 1 3 50 557 51 68 6 -107 575
LMFA 3 1 3 52 531 51 69 6 -99 557
LMFB 2 1 3 53 530 46 75 6 -102 556
LMFA 2 1 3 55* 504 46 76 6 -94 537
LMFA 3 1 2 57 524 50 76 6 -98 558
LMFB 2 1 2 58 523 45 82 6 -100 557
LMFA 2 1 2 60 496 45 83 6 -93 538
LMFA 2 1 1 64 489 44 91 7 -91 539
LMFA 1 1 1 70 465 72 106 7 -85 565
Office 6F NV CW - 20 year
calc
CWB 2 3a 3 40 717 72 91 4 -119 764
CWA 2 3a 1 53 692 70 115 5 -113 770
CWB 3 1 3 70 609 51 83 8 -125 625
CWB 2 1 3 72* 582 46 90 8 -119 606
CWB 2 1 2 77 574 45 97 8 -118 607
CWB 2 1 1 82 566 44 105 9 -116 608
CWA 2 1 3 85 572 46 99 10 -116 611
CWA 2 1 2 89 564 45 107 10 -114 612
CWA 2 1 1 94 557 44 114 10 -113 613
CWA 1 1 1 99 533 72 129 11 -107 638
Office 6F AC LMF - 20 year calc
LMFB 2 3a 3 51 871 86 116 5 -102 976
LMFC 3 1 3 56 839 69 96 6 -109 901
LMFC 2 1 3 64 765 63 113 7 -104 844
LMFB 2 1 3 65 759 63 114 7 -102 841
LMFC 2 1 2 68 758 62 120 7 -102 845
LMFB 2 1 2 69 752 62 121 7 -100 842
LMFA 2 1 3 72* 733 63 125 7 -94 834
LMFA 2 1 2 77 725 62 132 8 -93 835
LMFA 2 1 1 81 717 62 140 8 -91 836
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 72
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
LMFA 1 1 1 108 687 106 189 11 -85 908
Office 6F AC CW - 20 year
calc
CWC 2 3a 3 57 959 86 129 5 -131 1048
CWC 3 1 3 75 921 69 111 8 -136 973
CWC 2 1 3 82 847 63 127 9 -131 915
CWB 2 1 3 89* 810 63 139 9 -119 902
CWB 2 1 2 94 803 62 146 10 -118 903
CWB 2 1 1 99 795 62 154 10 -116 904
CWA 2 1 3 102 801 63 148 11 -116 907
CWA 2 1 2 106 793 62 156 11 -114 909
CWA 2 1 1 111 785 62 163 12 -113 909
CWA 1 1 1 135 755 106 210 14 -107 979
School - Primary NV MCW - 30 year calc
A 2 3b 3 15 583 97 52 1 -39 694
A 2 3b 2 33 565 94 83 3 -39 706
A 2 2 3 46 599 144 -65 7 -39 645
A 3 1 3 50 567 73 10 6 -62 595
A 2 1 3 50* 538 66 13 6 -59 565
A 1 1 3 52 516 104 31 7 -55 602
A 2 1 2 69 521 64 53 8 -59 587
A 1 1 2 71 498 101 61 8 -55 614
A 2 1 1 88 503 61 92 10 -59 608
A 1 1 1 89 480 99 92 10 -55 626
School - Secondary NV MCW -
30 year calc
A 2 3b 3 12 655 95 43 1 -50 743
B 3 1 3 26 675 72 10 3 -74 687
B 2 1 3 27 647 65 13 4 -71 658
A 2 1 3 30* 620 65 15 4 -68 636
A 1 1 3 33 597 103 22 4 -64 662
B 2 1 2 42 626 62 38 5 -71 661
A 2 1 2 45 599 62 40 5 -68 638
A 1 1 2 48 576 100 47 6 -64 664
A 2 1 1 60 578 60 64 7 -68 641
A 1 4 1 63 542 84 166 4 -74 722
Hotel AC MCW - 20 year calc
B 1 3a 3 278 810 142 512 26 -74 1417
A 1 2 3 330 762 175 166 42 -106 1038
A 1 2 2 337 753 174 176 42 -105 1041
B 1 2 1 341 768 173 183 43 -110 1057
C 2 2 3 410 828 145 118 53 -118 1027
B 2 2 3 413 821 145 119 54 -114 1023
A 2 2 3 420* 796 145 130 54 -108 1017
B 2 2 1 426 802 143 140 55 -111 1029
A 2 2 1 433 778 143 151 56 -104 1023
A 2 1 1 461 675 84 449 52 -64 1196
Hotel AC LMF - 20 year calc
LMFA 1 3a 3 315 876 142 580 30 -101 1527
LMFA 1 3a 2 321 867 141 589 30 -99 1528
LMFC 1 2 3 367 888 175 234 45 -152 1190
LMFA 1 2 3 370 852 175 239 46 -141 1171
LMFA 1 2 2 376 843 174 249 46 -139 1174
LMFA 1 2 1 383 834 173 260 47 -137 1176
LMFA 2 2 3 500* 886 145 153 65 -142 1106
LMFA 2 2 2 506 877 144 163 65 -140 1109
LMFA 2 2 1 513 868 143 174 66 -138 1112
LMFA 2 1 1 546 766 84 516 62 -99 1329
Retail Warehouse AC LMF - 20
year calc
LMFB 3 1 3 49 1039 150 85 6 -158 1122
LMFA 3 1 3 59 1013 150 98 7 -149 1120
LMFC 1 1 3 67 945 177 147 7 -163 1114
LMFB 1 1 3 69 931 177 149 7 -158 1107
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 73
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
LMFA 1 1 3 74* 905 177 160 8 -149 1101
LMFB 1 1 2 100 887 173 201 10 -150 1122
LMFA 1 1 2 106 861 173 211 11 -140 1115
LMFC 1 1 1 131 853 168 252 13 -146 1141
LMFA 1 1 1 138 814 168 264 14 -131 1129
LMFA 2 1 1 151 877 136 265 15 -131 1161
Mixed Use AC LMF - 20
year calc
LMFA 2 3b 3 81 889 146 195 8 -192 1046
LMFA 2 3b 2 99 865 143 223 9 -187 1054
LMFA 2 1 3 109* 815 114 177 12 -154 963
LMFA 2 4 3 109 804 97 292 8 -163 1038
LMFA 2 1 2 126 791 111 205 13 -149 971
LMFA 2 4 2 127 780 95 320 10 -158 1046
LMFA 2 1 1 143 766 109 233 15 -144 978
LMFA 2 4 1 144 755 92 348 12 -153 1053
LMFA 3 1 1 153 823 113 215 16 -148 1020
LMFA 1 1 1 159 740 136 272 16 -141 1023
Health - CNU NV MCW -
30 year calc
A 3 3a 3 124 985 133 240 12 -85 1284
C 3 1 3 136 975 111 216 14 -98 1220
C 2 1 3 148 922 105 243 16 -98 1188
B 3 1 3 191 790 79 233 21 -58 1065
A 3 1 3 196 766 79 235 22 -55 1047
B 2 1 3 200 736 73 258 22 -58 1031
A 2 1 3 206* 712 73 260 23 -55 1013
A 2 1 2 218 695 71 281 24 -55 1016
A 2 1 1 231 678 68 301 25 -55 1017
A 1 1 1 245 625 102 341 26 -55 1039
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 74
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.3e: New build Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, Alternative PEF,
EUR/m²)
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV MCW - 20 year calc
B 3 1 3 18 598 47 13 2 -84 575
B 2 1 3 20 573 43 19 2 -80 557
A 2 1 3 26* 545 43 21 2 -74 536
A 2 4 3 26 525 33 70 1 -81 549
A 1 1 3 30 523 66 32 3 -70 554
B 2 1 2 34 551 41 45 3 -77 563
A 2 1 2 39 523 41 48 3 -72 543
A 1 1 2 44 501 64 52 4 -67 554
A 2 1 1 53 499 39 75 4 -68 549
A 1 1 1 58 478 62 74 5 -64 554
Office 2F AC MCW - 20 year calc
C 3 1 3 40 882 62 61 3 -86 922
C 2 1 3 47 811 57 76 4 -83 865
B 2 1 3 49 802 57 77 4 -80 859
A 2 1 3 58* 773 57 88 5 -74 848
C 2 1 2 61 789 55 97 5 -80 866
B 2 1 2 62 780 55 97 5 -77 859
A 2 1 2 72 751 55 108 6 -72 849
B 2 1 1 76 756 53 118 6 -74 859
A 2 1 1 86 728 53 129 7 -68 848
A 1 1 1 102 698 90 165 8 -64 897
Office 6F NV LMF - 20 year calc
LMFA 2 3a 3 29 623 61 62 2 -65 682
LMFB 3 1 3 48 539 43 54 4 -74 566
LMFA 3 1 3 50 513 43 54 4 -69 546
LMFB 2 1 3 51 515 39 60 4 -71 547
LMFA 2 1 3 53 488 39 60 4 -65 526
LMFA 3 1 2 54 505 43 60 5 -68 545
LMFA 2 1 2 56 481 38 66 5 -64 525
LMFA 2 1 1 60* 473 38 72 5 -63 524
LMFA 1 1 2 61 459 62 78 5 -60 544
LMFA 1 1 1 65 452 61 84 5 -59 543
Office 6F NV CW - 20 year
calc
CWB 2 3a 3 34 701 61 72 2 -83 753
CWA 2 3a 1 46 676 59 91 3 -78 752
CWB 3 1 3 68 590 43 66 6 -86 618
CWB 2 1 3 70 566 39 71 6 -83 599
CWB 2 1 2 74 558 38 77 6 -82 598
CWB 2 1 1 78* 551 38 83 7 -81 597
CWA 2 1 3 82 556 39 79 7 -80 601
CWA 2 1 2 86 549 38 85 7 -79 600
CWA 2 1 1 90 541 38 91 8 -78 599
CWA 1 1 1 94 520 61 102 8 -74 617
Office 6F AC LMF - 20 year calc
LMFB 2 3a 3 44 855 72 92 3 -71 952
LMFC 3 1 3 52 820 58 76 4 -76 883
LMFC 2 1 3 58 749 53 90 5 -72 825
LMFB 2 1 3 59 743 53 90 5 -71 821
LMFC 2 1 2 62 742 53 95 5 -71 824
LMFB 2 1 2 63 736 53 96 5 -70 820
LMFA 2 1 3 66 717 53 99 5 -65 809
LMFA 2 1 2 70 710 53 105 5 -64 808
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 75
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
LMFA 2 1 1 74* 702 52 111 6 -63 807
LMFA 1 1 1 97 674 89 150 8 -59 862
Office 6F AC CW - 20 year
calc
CWB 2 3a 3 54 906 72 111 4 -83 1011
CWC 3 1 3 70 903 58 88 6 -94 961
CWC 2 1 3 76 832 53 101 6 -91 901
CWC 2 1 2 80 824 53 107 6 -90 900
CWB 2 1 3 83 795 53 110 7 -83 882
CWB 2 1 2 87 787 53 116 7 -82 881
CWB 2 1 1 91* 779 52 122 7 -81 880
CWA 2 1 2 99 778 53 124 8 -79 883
CWA 2 1 1 103 770 52 130 8 -78 882
CWA 1 1 1 125 742 89 167 10 -74 934
School - Primary NV MCW - 30 year calc
A 2 3b 3 13 539 77 41 1 -23 635
A 2 3b 2 28 521 75 66 2 -23 641
A 2 3b 1 44 503 73 90 3 -23 647
A 3 1 3 54 522 58 9 5 -35 558
A 2 1 3 54* 497 52 11 5 -34 531
A 1 1 3 55 477 82 25 5 -32 558
A 2 1 2 70 479 50 42 6 -34 544
A 1 1 2 71 459 80 49 6 -32 563
A 2 1 1 86 461 48 74 8 -34 557
A 1 1 1 87 441 78 73 8 -32 569
School - Secondary NV MCW -
30 year calc
A 2 3b 3 10 613 75 34 1 -29 693
A 2 3b 2 23 592 73 53 2 -29 691
B 3 1 3 29 631 57 8 3 -42 657
B 2 1 3 30 606 52 11 3 -41 631
A 2 1 3 32 579 52 12 3 -39 607
A 1 1 3 34 559 81 18 3 -37 625
A 2 1 2 45 558 49 32 4 -39 604
A 1 1 2 47 538 79 37 4 -37 622
A 2 1 1 58* 537 47 51 5 -39 602
A 1 1 1 60 517 77 57 5 -37 619
Hotel AC MCW - 20 year calc
A 1 3a 3 240 779 120 409 17 -46 1279
A 1 1 3 339 653 98 315 29 -46 1048
A 1 2 3 349 738 148 133 33 -74 978
A 1 2 2 354 729 147 141 33 -73 979
A 1 2 1 360 720 146 150 34 -71 978
C 2 2 3 442 805 122 95 43 -82 984
B 2 2 3 445 797 122 96 43 -79 979
A 2 2 3 451* 772 122 105 44 -75 969
A 2 2 2 457 764 122 113 44 -73 969
A 2 2 1 462 754 121 121 44 -72 969
Hotel AC LMF - 20 year calc
LMFA 1 3a 3 271 869 120 460 20 -70 1399
LMFA 1 3a 2 276 861 119 467 20 -69 1398
LMFA 1 3a 1 282 851 118 474 20 -68 1396
LMFC 1 2 3 382 864 148 187 36 -105 1129
LMFA 1 2 3 384 828 148 191 36 -98 1105
LMFA 1 2 2 390 820 147 199 36 -96 1105
LMFA 1 2 1 395 810 146 207 37 -95 1105
LMFA 2 2 3 537* 863 122 123 52 -98 1062
LMFA 2 2 2 542 854 122 131 52 -97 1062
LMFA 2 2 1 548 844 121 140 53 -96 1062
Retail Warehouse
LMFB 3 1 3 48 1023 127 67 4 -110 1112
LMFA 3 1 3 57 997 127 78 5 -103 1104
LMFC 1 1 3 61 933 150 117 5 -113 1091
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 76
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
AC LMF - 20 year calc
LMFB 1 1 3 62 920 150 119 5 -110 1083
LMFA 1 1 3 67 893 150 127 5 -103 1072
LMFB 1 1 2 90 875 146 159 7 -104 1084
LMFA 1 1 2 95 849 146 167 7 -97 1073
LMFB 1 1 1 118 828 142 201 9 -98 1083
LMFA 1 1 1 123* 802 142 210 9 -91 1072
LMFA 2 1 1 136 863 114 210 11 -91 1107
Mixed Use AC LMF - 20
year calc
LMFA 2 3b 3 70 858 123 155 5 -133 1008
LMFA 2 3b 2 85 834 121 177 6 -130 1009
LMFA 2 1 3 101 800 96 140 8 -107 938
LMFA 2 4 3 102 789 82 226 6 -113 990
LMFA 2 1 2 116 776 94 163 9 -104 938
LMFA 2 4 2 117 765 80 249 7 -110 991
LMFA 2 1 1 131* 751 92 185 10 -100 938
LMFA 2 4 1 132 740 78 271 8 -106 990
LMFA 1 1 1 144 727 115 216 11 -98 972
LMFA 1 4 1 145 716 101 297 9 -104 1020
Health - CNU NV MCW -
30 year calc
A 3 3a 3 107 884 105 190 8 -48 1139
A 2 3a 3 116 839 100 206 8 -48 1106
C 2 1 3 136 855 83 193 11 -56 1086
C 2 1 2 147 838 81 209 12 -56 1084
A 3 1 3 188 691 63 187 16 -31 925
B 2 1 3 191 669 58 205 16 -33 915
A 2 1 3 196 645 58 207 17 -31 895
A 2 1 2 207 628 56 223 17 -31 893
A 2 1 1 217* 611 54 239 18 -31 891
A 1 1 1 229 566 81 271 19 -31 905
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 77
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.3f: New build Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, Alternative Cost of
Carbon, EUR/m²)
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV MCW - 20 year calc
B 2 1 3 19 573 43 19 2 -80 557
A 3 1 3 22 569 47 15 3 -78 556
A 2 1 3 25* 545 43 21 3 -74 537
A 1 1 3 30 523 66 32 3 -70 555
B 2 1 2 35 551 41 45 4 -77 564
A 2 1 2 40 523 41 48 4 -72 544
A 1 1 2 46 501 64 52 5 -67 555
B 2 1 1 52 527 39 73 5 -74 571
A 2 1 1 57 499 39 75 6 -68 550
A 1 1 1 62 478 62 74 6 -64 556
Office 2F AC MCW - 20 year calc
C 3 1 3 43 882 62 61 4 -86 923
C 2 1 3 51 811 57 76 5 -83 867
B 2 1 3 52 802 57 77 5 -80 861
A 2 1 3 63* 773 57 88 7 -74 850
B 2 1 2 68 780 55 97 7 -77 861
A 2 1 2 78 751 55 108 8 -72 851
C 2 1 1 83 765 53 118 8 -77 868
B 2 1 1 85 756 53 118 8 -74 862
A 2 1 1 95 728 53 129 10 -68 851
A 1 1 1 114 698 90 165 11 -64 901
Office 6F NV LMF - 20 year calc
LMFA 2 3a 3 34 623 61 62 3 -65 683
LMFB 3 1 3 50 539 43 54 5 -74 567
LMFA 3 1 3 52 513 43 54 6 -69 547
LMFA 2 1 3 55 488 39 60 6 -65 528
LMFA 2 4 3 56 481 30 115 4 -72 558
LMFA 2 1 2 60 481 38 66 6 -64 527
LMFA 2 4 2 60 474 30 121 4 -71 557
LMFA 2 1 1 64* 473 38 72 7 -63 526
LMFA 1 1 1 70 452 61 84 7 -59 545
LMFA 1 4 1 71 444 52 136 5 -66 572
Office 6F NV CW - 20 year
calc
CWB 2 3a 3 40 701 61 72 4 -83 755
CWA 2 3a 1 53 676 59 91 5 -78 754
CWB 3 1 3 70 590 43 66 8 -86 620
CWB 2 1 3 72 566 39 71 8 -83 601
CWB 2 1 2 77 558 38 77 8 -82 600
CWB 2 1 1 82* 551 38 83 9 -81 599
CWA 2 1 3 85 556 39 79 9 -80 603
CWA 2 1 2 89 549 38 85 10 -79 602
CWA 2 1 1 94 541 38 91 10 -78 601
CWA 1 1 1 99 520 61 102 11 -74 620
Office 6F AC LMF - 20 year calc
LMFB 2 3a 3 51 855 72 92 5 -71 954
LMFC 3 1 3 56 820 58 76 6 -76 885
LMFC 2 1 3 64 749 53 90 6 -72 827
LMFB 2 1 3 65 743 53 90 7 -71 823
LMFC 2 4 2 69 735 44 130 6 -76 839
LMFB 2 1 2 69 736 53 96 7 -70 822
LMFA 2 1 3 72 717 53 99 7 -65 811
LMFA 2 1 2 77 710 53 105 8 -64 811
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 78
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
LMFA 2 1 1 81* 702 52 111 8 -63 810
LMFA 1 1 1 108 674 89 150 11 -59 865
Office 6F AC CW - 20 year
calc
CWC 2 3a 3 57 943 72 102 5 -91 1032
CWB 2 3a 3 62 906 72 111 6 -83 1013
CWC 2 1 3 82 832 53 101 9 -91 904
CWC 2 1 2 86 824 53 107 9 -90 903
CWB 2 1 3 89 795 53 110 9 -83 885
CWB 2 1 2 94 787 53 116 10 -82 884
CWB 2 1 1 99* 779 52 122 10 -81 883
CWA 2 1 2 106 778 53 124 11 -79 886
CWA 2 1 1 111 770 52 130 12 -78 885
CWA 1 1 1 135 742 89 167 14 -74 938
School - Primary NV MCW - 30 year calc
A 2 3b 3 15 539 77 41 1 -23 636
A 2 3b 2 33 521 75 66 3 -23 642
A 2 2 3 46 553 114 -51 7 -23 601
A 3 1 3 50 522 58 9 6 -35 559
A 2 1 3 50* 497 52 11 6 -34 533
A 1 1 3 52 477 82 25 7 -32 559
A 2 1 2 69 479 50 42 8 -34 546
A 1 1 2 71 459 80 49 8 -32 565
A 2 1 1 88 461 48 74 10 -34 560
A 1 1 1 89 441 78 73 10 -32 571
School - Secondary NV MCW -
30 year calc
A 2 3b 3 12 613 75 34 1 -29 694
B 3 1 3 26 631 57 8 3 -42 657
B 2 1 3 27 606 52 11 3 -41 632
A 2 1 3 30 579 52 12 4 -39 608
A 1 1 3 33 559 81 18 4 -37 625
B 2 1 2 42 586 49 30 5 -41 630
A 2 1 2 45 558 49 32 5 -39 606
A 1 1 2 48 538 79 37 5 -37 623
A 2 1 1 60* 537 47 51 7 -39 603
A 1 1 1 63 517 77 57 7 -37 621
Hotel AC MCW - 20 year calc
A 1 3a 3 280 779 120 409 26 -46 1288
C 1 2 3 327 771 148 128 41 -81 1007
A 1 2 3 330 738 148 133 41 -74 986
A 1 2 2 337 729 147 141 42 -73 987
A 1 2 1 343 720 146 150 42 -71 987
C 2 2 3 410 805 122 95 52 -82 993
A 2 2 3 420* 772 122 105 53 -75 979
A 2 2 2 426 764 122 113 54 -73 979
A 2 2 1 433 754 121 121 55 -72 979
A 2 1 1 461 669 71 357 51 -45 1103
Hotel AC LMF - 20 year calc
LMFA 1 3a 3 315 869 120 460 29 -70 1409
LMFA 1 3a 1 328 851 118 474 31 -68 1407
LMFA 1 2 3 370 828 148 191 45 -98 1114
LMFA 1 2 2 376 820 147 199 46 -96 1115
LMFA 1 2 1 383 810 146 207 46 -95 1115
LMFA 2 2 3 500* 863 122 123 63 -98 1073
LMFB 2 2 2 503 882 122 127 64 -103 1091
LMFA 2 2 1 513 844 121 140 65 -96 1074
LMFA 2 1 3 533 777 73 394 60 -71 1233
LMFA 2 1 1 546 759 71 411 61 -68 1233
Retail Warehouse
LMFB 3 1 3 49 1023 127 67 5 -110 1113
LMFA 3 1 3 59 997 127 78 7 -103 1106
LMFC 1 1 3 67 933 150 117 7 -113 1093
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 79
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
AC LMF - 20 year calc
LMFB 1 1 3 69 920 150 119 7 -110 1085
LMFA 1 1 3 74* 893 150 127 7 -103 1074
LMFC 1 1 2 99 889 146 158 10 -107 1095
LMFB 1 1 2 100 875 146 159 10 -104 1087
LMFA 1 1 2 106 849 146 167 10 -97 1076
LMFB 1 1 1 133 828 142 201 13 -98 1087
LMFA 1 1 1 138 802 142 210 13 -91 1076
Mixed Use AC LMF - 20
year calc
LMFA 2 3b 3 81 858 123 155 8 -133 1011
LMFA 2 3b 2 99 834 121 177 9 -130 1012
LMFB 2 1 3 107 830 96 139 11 -113 964
LMFA 2 1 3 109* 800 96 140 11 -107 941
LMFA 2 4 3 109 789 82 226 8 -113 993
LMFA 2 1 2 126 776 94 163 13 -104 942
LMFA 2 4 2 127 765 80 249 10 -110 994
LMFA 2 1 1 143 751 92 185 15 -100 942
LMFA 2 4 1 144 740 78 271 11 -106 993
LMFA 1 1 1 159 727 115 216 16 -98 976
Health - CNU NV MCW -
30 year calc
A 3 3a 3 124 884 105 190 12 -48 1142
A 2 3a 3 135 839 100 206 13 -48 1110
C 2 1 3 148 855 83 193 15 -56 1090
B 3 1 3 191 714 63 185 21 -33 949
A 3 1 3 196 691 63 187 21 -31 930
B 2 1 3 200 669 58 205 22 -33 920
A 2 1 3 206 645 58 207 22 -31 901
A 2 1 2 218 628 56 223 23 -31 899
A 2 1 1 231* 611 54 239 25 -31 897
A 1 1 1 245 566 81 271 26 -31 912
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 80
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.4a: New build Financial Costs (Central energy price, 7% discount rate, EUR/m²)
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV MCW - 20 year calc
B 3 1 3 17 663 40 12 - -66 648
B 2 4 3 20 615 28 53 - -69 627
A 3 1 3 22 630 40 14 - -62 623
A 2 1 3 25 605 36 20 - -59 602
A 1 1 3 30 582 57 30 - -56 613
B 2 4 2 35 590 27 77 - -66 627
A 2 1 2 40 579 35 44 - -57 602
A 1 1 2 46 557 55 49 - -53 608
A 2 1 1 57 553 33 70 - -54 601
A 1 1 1 62* 530 53 68 - -51 601
Office 2F AC MCW - 20 year calc
C 3 1 3 43 986 53 57 - -68 1027
C 2 1 3 51 907 49 71 - -66 961
C 2 4 3 51 899 40 102 - -70 972
B 2 1 3 52 896 49 71 - -64 953
B 2 4 3 53 889 40 105 - -68 966
A 2 1 3 63 864 49 81 - -59 935
A 2 4 3 63 856 40 123 - -63 957
A 2 1 2 78 839 47 100 - -57 930
A 2 1 1 95* 812 46 120 - -54 923
A 1 1 1 114 781 77 153 - -51 960
Office 6F NV LMF - 20 year
calc
LMFA 2 3a 3 34 694 52 57 - -52 751
LMFB 3 1 3 50 596 37 50 - -59 624
LMFA 3 1 3 52 566 37 51 - -55 599
LMFB 2 1 3 53 570 33 55 - -56 603
LMFA 2 1 3 55 540 33 56 - -52 578
LMFA 3 1 2 57 558 37 56 - -54 596
LMFA 2 1 2 60 532 33 61 - -51 575
LMFA 2 1 1 64* 523 32 67 - -50 572
LMFA 1 1 2 66 510 53 72 - -48 587
LMFA 1 1 1 70 501 52 78 - -47 584
Office 6F NV CW - 20 year
calc
CWB 2 3a 3 40 782 52 67 - -66 835
CWA 2 3a 1 53 753 51 85 - -62 827
CWB 3 1 3 70 654 37 61 - -69 684
CWB 2 1 3 72 629 33 66 - -66 662
CWB 2 1 2 77 620 33 71 - -65 660
CWB 2 1 1 82 611 32 77 - -64 657
CWA 2 1 3 85 618 33 73 - -64 661
CWA 2 1 2 89 609 33 79 - -63 658
CWA 2 1 1 94* 600 32 84 - -62 655
CWA 1 1 1 99 578 52 95 - -59 667
Office 6F AC LMF - 20 year
calc
LMFB 2 3a 3 51 957 62 85 - -56 1048
LMFC 3 1 3 56 915 50 71 - -60 976
LMFC 2 1 3 64 837 46 83 - -57 908
LMFB 2 1 3 65 830 46 84 - -56 904
LMFC 2 1 2 68 828 45 88 - -56 906
LMFB 2 1 2 69 822 45 89 - -55 901
LMFA 2 1 3 72 800 46 92 - -52 886
LMFA 2 1 2 77 792 45 97 - -51 883
LMFA 2 1 1 81* 783 45 103 - -50 880
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 81
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
LMFA 1 1 1 108 753 77 139 - -47 922
Office 6F AC CW - 20 year
calc
CWB 2 3a 3 62 1015 62 103 - -66 1114
CWC 2 1 3 82 930 46 94 - -72 998
CWC 2 1 2 86 922 45 99 - -71 995
CWB 2 1 3 89 888 46 102 - -66 970
CWB 2 1 2 94 880 45 107 - -65 968
CWB 2 1 1 99 871 45 113 - -64 965
CWA 2 1 3 102 877 46 109 - -64 969
CWA 2 1 2 106 869 45 115 - -63 966
CWA 2 1 1 111* 860 45 120 - -62 963
CWA 1 1 1 135 830 77 155 - -59 1003
School - Primary NV MCW - 30 year calc
A 2 3b 3 15 576 62 38 - -15 662
A 2 3b 2 33 556 61 61 - -15 663
A 2 2 3 46 591 92 -47 - -15 622
A 3 1 3 50 557 47 8 - -23 589
A 2 1 3 50* 531 43 10 - -22 562
A 1 1 3 52 511 67 23 - -21 580
A 2 1 2 69 511 41 39 - -22 570
A 1 1 2 71 491 65 46 - -21 581
A 2 1 1 88 491 39 68 - -22 577
A 1 1 1 89 470 64 68 - -21 581
School - Secondary NV
MCW - 30 year calc
A 2 3b 3 12 661 61 31 - -19 735
B 2 1 3 27 657 42 10 - -27 682
A 3 1 3 29 651 46 9 - -27 679
A 2 1 3 30 625 42 11 - -26 653
A 1 1 3 33 605 66 17 - -24 663
A 3 1 2 44 627 45 27 - -27 672
A 2 1 2 45 602 40 29 - -26 646
A 1 1 2 48 581 64 35 - -24 656
A 2 1 1 60* 578 38 48 - -26 638
A 1 1 1 63 557 63 53 - -24 648
Hotel AC MCW - 20 year calc
A 1 3a 3 280 878 102 378 - -37 1322
C 1 2 3 327 855 127 120 - -64 1037
A 1 2 3 330 818 127 125 - -59 1010
A 1 2 2 337 808 126 132 - -58 1008
A 1 2 1 343 797 126 140 - -57 1006
A 2 2 3 420 856 105 99 - -59 1001
B 2 2 1 426 864 104 106 - -61 1013
A 2 2 2 426 847 104 106 - -58 999
A 2 2 1 433* 836 104 114 - -57 997
A 2 1 1 461 753 61 332 - -35 1110
Hotel AC LMF - 20 year calc
LMFA 1 3a 3 315 981 102 426 - -56 1453
LMFC 1 2 3 367 960 127 174 - -84 1178
LMFA 1 2 3 370 920 127 178 - -77 1147
LMFA 1 2 2 376 910 126 185 - -77 1145
LMFA 1 2 1 383 899 126 193 - -76 1143
LMFA 2 2 3 500 959 105 116 - -78 1102
LMFA 2 2 2 506 949 104 124 - -77 1100
LMFA 2 2 1 513* 938 104 132 - -76 1097
LMFA 2 1 3 533 876 62 366 - -56 1248
LMFA 2 1 1 546 855 61 382 - -54 1243
Retail Warehouse
AC LMF - 20 year calc
LMFB 3 1 3 49 1147 109 62 - -87 1231
LMFA 3 1 3 59 1117 109 72 - -82 1216
LMFC 1 1 3 67 1048 128 108 - -90 1195
LMFB 1 1 3 69 1033 128 110 - -87 1184
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 82
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
LMFA 1 1 3 74 1003 128 117 - -82 1167
LMFB 1 1 2 100 982 125 148 - -82 1173
LMFA 1 1 2 106 953 125 155 - -77 1156
LMFB 1 1 1 133 929 122 187 - -77 1159
LMFA 1 1 1 138* 899 122 194 - -72 1142
LMFA 2 1 1 151 967 98 194 - -72 1187
Mixed Use AC LMF - 20 year
calc
LMFA 2 3b 3 81 947 106 143 - -105 1091
LMFA 2 3b 2 99 920 104 164 - -103 1085
LMFB 2 1 3 107 929 82 129 - -90 1051
LMFA 2 1 3 109 895 82 130 - -85 1022
LMFA 2 4 3 109 882 70 205 - -90 1068
LMFA 2 1 2 126 867 81 151 - -82 1016
LMFA 2 4 2 127 855 68 226 - -87 1062
LMFA 2 1 1 143* 839 79 171 - -80 1009
LMFA 2 4 1 144 826 67 247 - -84 1055
LMFA 1 1 1 159 814 99 200 - -77 1035
Health - CNU NV MCW - 30
year calc
A 3 3a 3 124 924 85 176 - -32 1153
A 2 3a 3 135 879 82 191 - -32 1120
A 2 3a 2 148 860 80 204 - -32 1112
B 3 1 3 191 750 51 172 - -22 950
A 3 1 3 196 723 51 173 - -21 927
B 2 1 3 200 705 47 190 - -22 921
A 2 1 3 206 679 47 192 - -21 897
A 2 1 2 218 659 46 207 - -21 891
A 2 1 1 231* 639 44 222 - -21 884
A 1 1 1 245 596 66 251 - -21 892
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 83
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.4b: New build Financial Costs (Low energy price, 7% discount rate, EUR/m²)
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV MCW - 20 year calc
B 3 4 3 17 640 32 33 - -71 634
B 2 4 3 20 615 28 37 - -69 611
A 2 4 3 25 582 28 44 - -64 590
A 1 4 3 30 560 48 51 - -61 599
B 2 4 2 35 590 27 57 - -66 607
A 2 4 2 41 557 27 64 - -62 586
A 1 4 2 46 535 47 66 - -58 589
B 2 4 1 52 563 25 77 - -64 601
A 2 4 1 57 530 25 84 - -59 580
A 1 4 1 63* 508 45 82 - -56 579
Office 2F AC MCW - 20 year calc
C 3 4 3 43 978 45 66 - -72 1016
C 2 1 3 51 907 49 55 - -66 945
C 2 4 3 51 899 40 77 - -70 947
B 2 1 3 52 896 49 55 - -64 937
B 2 4 3 53 889 40 79 - -68 940
A 2 1 3 63 864 49 63 - -59 917
A 2 1 2 78 839 47 78 - -57 908
A 2 4 2 79 831 39 107 - -61 917
A 2 1 1 95* 812 46 94 - -54 898
A 1 4 1 115 773 69 148 - -55 935
Office 6F NV LMF - 20 year calc
LMFA 2 3a 3 34 694 52 46 - -52 740
LMFB 3 1 3 50 596 37 38 - -59 612
LMFA 3 1 3 52 566 37 38 - -55 587
LMFB 2 1 3 53 570 33 42 - -56 590
LMFA 2 1 3 55 540 33 43 - -52 565
LMFA 2 1 2 60 532 33 47 - -51 561
LMFA 1 1 3 61 518 53 51 - -48 575
LMFA 2 1 1 64* 523 32 51 - -50 557
LMFA 2 4 1 65 515 25 85 - -56 569
LMFA 1 1 1 70 501 52 60 - -47 567
Office 6F NV CW - 20 year
calc
CWB 2 3a 3 40 782 52 53 - -66 822
CWA 2 3a 1 53 753 51 68 - -62 810
CWB 3 1 3 70 654 37 46 - -69 668
CWB 2 1 3 72 629 33 50 - -66 646
CWB 2 1 2 77 620 33 54 - -65 642
CWB 2 1 1 82 611 32 59 - -64 638
CWA 2 1 3 85 618 33 55 - -64 642
CWA 2 1 2 89 609 33 59 - -63 638
CWA 2 1 1 94* 600 32 64 - -62 634
CWA 1 1 1 99 578 52 72 - -59 644
Office 6F AC LMF - 20 year calc
LMFC 2 3a 3 51 963 62 68 - -57 1036
LMFC 3 1 3 56 915 50 55 - -60 961
LMFC 2 1 3 64 837 46 65 - -57 890
LMFB 2 1 3 65 830 46 66 - -56 885
LMFA 2 1 3 72 800 46 72 - -52 866
LMFA 2 1 2 77 792 45 76 - -51 862
LMFA 2 4 2 77 784 38 101 - -55 868
LMFA 2 1 1 81* 783 45 81 - -50 858
LMFA 2 4 1 82 775 37 106 - -54 864
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 84
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
LMFA 1 1 1 108 753 77 110 - -47 892
Office 6F AC CW - 20 year
calc
CWB 2 3a 3 62 1015 62 82 - -66 1094
CWC 2 1 3 82 930 46 73 - -72 977
CWB 2 1 3 89 888 46 79 - -66 947
CWB 2 1 2 94 880 45 83 - -65 944
CWB 2 1 1 99 871 45 88 - -64 939
CWA 2 1 3 102 877 46 84 - -64 944
CWA 2 1 2 106 869 45 89 - -63 940
CWA 2 1 1 111* 860 45 93 - -62 936
CWA 1 1 2 130 839 77 116 - -59 973
CWA 1 1 1 135 830 77 120 - -59 968
School - Primary NV MCW - 30 year calc
A 2 3b 3 15 576 62 31 - -15 654
A 2 3b 2 33 556 61 49 - -15 651
A 2 2 3 46 591 92 -43 - -15 626
A 3 1 3 50 557 47 2 - -23 583
A 2 1 3 50* 531 43 4 - -22 556
A 1 1 3 52 511 67 14 - -21 571
A 2 1 2 69 511 41 27 - -22 557
A 1 1 2 71 491 65 32 - -21 567
A 2 1 1 88 491 39 50 - -22 559
A 1 1 1 89 470 64 50 - -21 564
School - Secondary NV MCW -
30 year calc
A 2 3b 3 12 661 61 25 - -19 728
A 1 3b 3 15 641 85 29 - -17 737
B 2 1 3 27 657 42 6 - -27 678
A 3 1 3 29 651 46 5 - -27 675
A 2 1 3 30 625 42 7 - -26 649
A 1 1 3 33 605 66 11 - -24 658
A 2 1 2 45 602 40 21 - -26 638
A 1 1 2 48 581 64 26 - -24 647
A 2 1 1 60* 578 38 36 - -26 627
A 1 1 1 63 557 63 40 - -24 636
Hotel AC MCW - 20 year calc
A 1 3a 3 280 878 102 303 - -37 1247
A 1 2 3 330 818 127 77 - -59 963
A 1 2 2 337 808 126 83 - -58 959
A 1 2 1 343 797 126 89 - -57 955
C 2 2 3 410 893 105 41 - -65 974
B 2 2 3 413 884 105 41 - -63 968
A 2 2 3 420 856 105 48 - -59 950
A 2 2 2 426 847 104 54 - -58 946
A 2 2 1 433* 836 104 60 - -57 942
A 2 1 1 461 753 61 247 - -35 1025
Hotel AC LMF - 20 year calc
LMFA 1 3a 3 315 981 102 342 - -56 1369
LMFC 1 2 3 367 960 127 116 - -84 1120
LMFA 1 2 3 370 920 127 119 - -77 1089
LMFA 1 2 2 376 910 126 125 - -77 1085
LMFA 1 2 1 383 899 126 131 - -76 1081
LMFA 2 2 3 500 959 105 56 - -78 1041
LMFA 2 2 2 506 949 104 62 - -77 1038
LMFA 2 2 1 513* 938 104 68 - -76 1034
LMFA 2 1 3 533 876 62 271 - -56 1152
LMFA 2 1 1 546 855 61 283 - -54 1145
Retail Warehouse AC LMF - 20
year calc
LMFB 3 1 3 49 1147 109 48 - -87 1216
LMFA 3 1 3 59 1117 109 55 - -82 1199
LMFC 1 1 3 67 1048 128 85 - -90 1172
LMFB 1 1 3 69 1033 128 86 - -87 1160
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 85
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
LMFB 1 4 3 69 1025 119 110 - -91 1163
LMFA 1 1 3 74 1003 128 92 - -82 1142
LMFA 1 4 3 74 996 119 117 - -86 1145
LMFA 1 1 2 106 953 125 123 - -77 1123
LMFA 1 4 1 139* 892 112 178 - -76 1106
LMFA 2 1 1 151 967 98 153 - -72 1146
Mixed Use AC LMF - 20
year calc
LMFA 2 3b 3 81 947 106 115 - -105 1062
LMFA 2 3b 2 99 920 104 131 - -103 1052
LMFB 2 1 3 107 929 82 100 - -90 1022
LMFA 2 1 3 109 895 82 101 - -85 993
LMFA 2 4 3 109 882 70 154 - -90 1016
LMFA 2 1 2 126 867 81 117 - -82 983
LMFA 2 4 2 127 855 68 170 - -87 1006
LMFA 2 1 1 143* 839 79 134 - -80 972
LMFA 2 4 1 144 826 67 186 - -84 995
LMFA 1 1 1 159 814 99 157 - -77 992
Health - CNU NV MCW -
30 year calc
A 3 3a 3 124 924 85 141 - -32 1118
A 2 3a 3 135 879 82 153 - -32 1082
A 2 3a 2 148 860 80 163 - -32 1072
B 3 1 3 191 750 51 131 - -22 910
A 3 1 3 196 723 51 132 - -21 885
B 2 1 3 200 705 47 146 - -22 876
A 2 1 3 206 679 47 147 - -21 852
A 2 1 2 218 659 46 159 - -21 843
A 2 1 1 231* 639 44 171 - -21 833
A 1 1 1 245 596 66 194 - -21 835
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 86
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.4c: New build Financial Costs (High energy price, 7% discount rate, EUR/m²)
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV MCW - 20 year calc
B 2 1 3 19 637 36 23 - -64 633
A 3 1 3 22 630 40 19 - -62 628
A 2 1 3 25* 605 36 26 - -59 608
A 1 1 3 30 582 57 38 - -56 621
B 2 1 2 35 612 35 52 - -61 638
A 2 1 2 40 579 35 55 - -57 613
A 1 1 2 46 557 55 60 - -53 619
B 2 1 1 52 585 33 83 - -59 643
A 2 1 1 57 553 33 86 - -54 617
A 1 1 1 62 530 53 84 - -51 617
Office 2F AC MCW - 20 year calc
B 3 1 3 44 975 53 70 - -66 1032
C 2 1 3 51 907 49 86 - -66 976
B 2 1 3 52 896 49 87 - -64 969
A 2 1 3 63 864 49 100 - -59 953
C 2 1 2 67 882 47 109 - -63 975
B 2 1 2 68 871 47 109 - -61 967
A 2 1 2 78 839 47 122 - -57 952
B 2 1 1 85 845 46 133 - -59 964
A 2 1 1 95* 812 46 146 - -54 949
A 1 1 1 114 781 77 185 - -51 993
Office 6F NV LMF - 20 year calc
LMFA 3 3a 3 30 719 56 62 - -55 782
LMFA 2 3a 3 34 694 52 68 - -52 762
LMFB 3 1 3 50 596 37 62 - -59 636
LMFA 3 1 3 52 566 37 63 - -55 611
LMFB 2 1 3 53 570 33 69 - -56 616
LMFA 2 1 3 55 540 33 69 - -52 591
LMFA 2 1 2 60 532 33 76 - -51 590
LMFA 2 1 1 64* 523 32 82 - -50 588
LMFA 1 1 1 70 501 52 95 - -47 602
LMFA 1 4 1 71 493 45 155 - -52 640
Office 6F NV CW - 20 year
calc
CWB 2 3a 3 40 782 52 80 - -66 848
CWA 2 3a 1 53 753 51 102 - -62 844
CWB 3 1 3 70 654 37 77 - -69 699
CWB 2 1 3 72 629 33 83 - -66 679
CWB 2 1 2 77 620 33 89 - -65 677
CWB 2 1 1 82* 611 32 96 - -64 675
CWA 2 1 3 85 618 33 92 - -64 679
CWA 2 1 2 89 609 33 99 - -63 678
CWA 2 1 1 94 600 32 105 - -62 676
CWA 1 1 1 99 578 52 118 - -59 690
Office 6F AC LMF - 20 year calc
LMFB 2 3a 3 51 957 62 102 - -56 1065
LMFC 3 1 3 56 915 50 86 - -60 992
LMFC 2 1 3 64 837 46 101 - -57 926
LMFB 2 1 3 65 830 46 102 - -56 922
LMFC 2 1 2 68 828 45 108 - -56 925
LMFB 2 1 2 69 822 45 108 - -55 920
LMFA 2 1 3 72 800 46 112 - -52 906
LMFA 2 1 2 77 792 45 118 - -51 904
LMFA 2 1 1 81* 783 45 125 - -50 902
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 87
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
LMFA 1 1 1 108 753 77 169 - -47 952
Office 6F AC CW - 20 year
calc
CWB 2 3a 3 62 1015 62 124 - -66 1135
CWC 3 1 3 75 1009 50 101 - -75 1085
CWC 2 1 3 82 930 46 115 - -72 1019
CWB 2 1 3 89 888 46 125 - -66 994
CWB 2 1 2 94 880 45 132 - -65 992
CWB 2 1 1 99* 871 45 138 - -64 990
CWA 2 1 2 106 869 45 141 - -63 992
CWA 2 1 1 111 860 45 148 - -62 991
CWA 1 1 2 130 839 77 183 - -59 1040
CWA 1 1 1 135 830 77 190 - -59 1038
School - Primary NV MCW - 30 year calc
A 2 3b 3 15 576 62 46 - -15 670
A 2 3b 2 33 556 61 73 - -15 675
A 2 2 3 46 591 92 -50 - -15 619
A 3 1 3 50 557 47 15 - -23 595
A 2 1 3 50* 531 43 17 - -22 569
A 1 1 3 52 511 67 33 - -21 589
A 2 1 2 69 511 41 52 - -22 582
A 1 1 2 71 491 65 59 - -21 595
A 2 1 1 88 491 39 87 - -22 595
A 1 1 1 89 470 64 86 - -21 600
School - Secondary NV MCW -
30 year calc
A 2 3b 3 12 661 61 38 - -19 741
B 3 1 3 26 682 46 11 - -28 712
B 2 1 3 27 657 42 14 - -27 686
A 3 1 3 29 651 46 13 - -27 684
A 2 1 3 30 625 42 16 - -26 658
A 1 1 3 33 605 66 22 - -24 669
A 2 1 2 45 602 40 38 - -26 654
A 1 1 2 48 581 64 44 - -24 665
A 2 1 1 60* 578 38 59 - -26 650
A 1 1 1 63 557 63 66 - -24 661
Hotel AC MCW - 20 year calc
A 1 3a 3 280 878 102 454 - -37 1398
A 1 2 3 330 818 127 174 - -59 1060
A 1 2 2 337 808 126 183 - -58 1060
A 1 2 1 343 797 126 193 - -57 1059
C 2 2 3 410 893 105 143 - -65 1076
B 2 2 3 413 884 105 144 - -63 1070
A 2 2 3 420 856 105 154 - -59 1056
A 2 2 2 426 847 104 163 - -58 1055
A 2 2 1 433* 836 104 172 - -57 1054
A 2 1 1 461 753 61 418 - -35 1196
Hotel AC LMF - 20 year calc
LMFA 1 3a 3 315 981 102 512 - -56 1539
LMFC 1 2 3 367 960 127 234 - -84 1238
LMFA 1 2 3 370 920 127 239 - -77 1209
LMFA 1 2 2 376 910 126 248 - -77 1208
LMFA 1 2 1 383 899 126 258 - -76 1207
LMFA 2 2 3 500 959 105 181 - -78 1167
LMFA 2 2 2 506 949 104 190 - -77 1166
LMFA 2 2 1 513* 938 104 199 - -76 1165
LMFA 2 1 3 533 876 62 464 - -56 1345
LMFA 2 1 1 546 855 61 482 - -54 1344
Retail Warehouse AC LMF - 20
year calc
LMFB 3 1 3 49 1147 109 77 - -87 1246
LMFA 3 1 3 59 1117 109 90 - -82 1234
LMFC 1 1 3 67 1048 128 131 - -90 1218
LMFB 1 1 3 69 1033 128 133 - -87 1207
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 88
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
LMFA 1 1 3 74 1003 128 142 - -82 1192
LMFB 1 1 2 100 982 125 179 - -82 1204
LMFA 1 1 2 106 953 125 188 - -77 1188
LMFB 1 1 1 133 929 122 225 - -77 1198
LMFA 1 1 1 138* 899 122 234 - -72 1183
LMFA 2 1 1 151 967 98 236 - -72 1229
Mixed Use AC LMF - 20
year calc
LMFA 2 3b 3 81 947 106 172 - -105 1119
LMFA 2 3b 2 99 920 104 196 - -103 1118
LMFA 2 1 3 109 895 82 160 - -85 1052
LMFA 2 4 3 109 882 70 257 - -90 1120
LMFA 2 1 2 126 867 81 184 - -82 1050
LMFA 2 4 2 127 855 68 282 - -87 1119
LMFA 2 1 1 143* 839 79 209 - -80 1047
LMFA 2 4 1 144 826 67 307 - -84 1115
LMFA 3 1 1 153 899 81 195 - -81 1095
LMFA 1 1 1 159 814 99 243 - -77 1078
Health - CNU NV MCW -
30 year calc
A 3 3a 3 124 924 85 211 - -32 1189
A 2 3a 3 135 879 82 229 - -32 1159
A 2 3a 2 148 860 80 245 - -32 1153
B 3 2 3 184 809 100 143 - -13 1039
A 3 2 3 189 782 100 143 - -12 1013
A 3 1 3 196 723 51 216 - -21 969
A 2 1 3 206 679 47 237 - -21 942
A 2 1 2 218 659 46 256 - -21 940
A 2 1 1 231* 639 44 274 - -21 936
A 1 1 1 245 596 66 308 - -21 949
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 89
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.4d: New build Financial Costs (Central energy price, 10% discount rate, EUR/m²)
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV MCW - 20 year calc
B 2 4 3 20 600 23 39 - -41 621
A 2 1 3 25 590 30 15 - -35 600
A 2 4 3 25 568 23 46 - -38 599
A 1 4 3 30 547 39 53 - -36 603
B 2 4 2 35 575 22 58 - -39 615
A 2 1 2 40 565 28 34 - -34 594
A 2 4 2 41 543 22 65 - -36 593
A 1 4 2 46 522 38 67 - -34 593
A 2 1 1 57 538 27 54 - -32 587
A 1 4 1 63* 495 37 82 - -33 582
Office 2F AC MCW - 20 year calc
B 3 1 3 44 958 43 44 - -39 1006
C 2 1 3 51 892 40 55 - -39 948
C 2 4 3 51 885 33 77 - -41 953
B 2 1 3 52 882 40 55 - -38 939
B 2 4 3 53 874 33 79 - -40 946
A 2 1 3 63 849 40 63 - -35 917
A 2 1 2 78 824 38 77 - -34 906
B 2 1 1 85 830 37 85 - -35 917
A 2 1 1 95* 797 37 93 - -32 895
A 1 1 1 114 768 63 118 - -30 919
Office 6F NV LMF - 20 year calc
LMFA 2 3a 3 34 679 42 44 - -31 734
LMFB 3 1 3 50 579 30 39 - -35 613
LMFA 3 1 3 52 549 30 39 - -32 586
LMFA 2 1 3 55 526 27 43 - -31 565
LMFA 2 1 2 60 517 27 47 - -30 561
LMFA 2 4 2 60 509 21 82 - -33 578
LMFA 2 1 1 64* 508 26 52 - -30 557
LMFA 2 4 1 65 500 20 86 - -33 574
LMFA 1 1 1 70 488 43 60 - -28 563
LMFA 1 4 1 71 480 37 93 - -31 579
Office 6F NV CW - 20 year
calc
CWB 2 3a 3 40 767 42 51 - -39 822
CWA 2 3a 1 53 739 41 65 - -37 809
CWB 3 1 3 70 637 30 47 - -41 674
CWB 2 1 3 72 614 27 51 - -39 653
CWB 2 1 2 77 606 27 55 - -38 649
CWB 2 1 1 82 597 26 60 - -38 645
CWB 1 1 1 87 576 43 68 - -36 651
CWA 2 1 2 89 595 27 61 - -37 645
CWA 2 1 1 94* 586 26 65 - -37 640
CWA 1 1 1 99 565 43 73 - -35 647
Office 6F AC LMF - 20 year calc
LMFC 2 3a 3 51 948 50 65 - -34 1030
LMFB 3 1 3 57 892 40 55 - -35 953
LMFC 2 1 3 64 822 37 64 - -34 889
LMFB 2 1 3 65 815 37 64 - -33 884
LMFB 2 4 3 65 808 31 87 - -35 891
LMFC 2 1 2 68 814 37 68 - -33 885
LMFB 2 1 2 69 807 37 69 - -33 880
LMFA 2 1 3 72 785 37 71 - -31 863
LMFA 2 1 2 77 777 37 75 - -30 859
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 90
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
LMFA 2 1 1 81* 768 36 79 - -30 854
Office 6F AC CW - 20 year
calc
CWB 2 3a 3 62 1000 50 79 - -39 1091
CWC 2 1 3 82 916 37 72 - -43 982
CWB 2 1 3 89 874 37 79 - -39 951
CWB 2 1 2 94 865 37 83 - -38 947
CWB 2 1 1 99 856 36 87 - -38 942
CWA 2 1 3 102 863 37 85 - -38 947
CWA 2 1 2 106 854 37 89 - -37 942
CWA 2 1 1 111* 845 36 93 - -37 938
CWA 1 1 2 130 826 63 115 - -35 969
CWA 1 1 1 135 817 62 120 - -35 964
School - Primary NV MCW - 30 year calc
A 2 3b 3 15 540 48 30 - -7 611
A 2 3b 2 33 520 47 47 - -7 607
A 2 2 3 46 554 71 -36 - -7 583
A 3 1 3 50 523 36 7 - -10 555
A 2 1 3 50* 500 33 8 - -10 531
A 1 1 3 52 481 51 18 - -9 541
A 2 1 2 69 480 31 31 - -10 532
A 1 1 2 71 461 50 35 - -9 537
A 2 1 1 88 460 30 53 - -10 533
A 1 1 1 89 441 49 53 - -9 533
School - Secondary NV MCW -
30 year calc
A 2 3b 3 12 627 47 24 - -8 689
A 1 3b 3 15 608 65 28 - -8 693
B 2 1 3 27 626 32 8 - -12 654
A 2 1 3 30 594 32 9 - -11 624
A 1 1 3 33 576 51 13 - -11 629
A 2 1 2 45 571 31 23 - -11 613
A 1 1 2 48 552 49 27 - -11 618
A 1 4 2 48 541 43 72 - -12 643
A 2 1 1 60* 547 30 37 - -11 602
A 1 1 1 63 528 48 41 - -11 606
Hotel AC MCW - 20 year calc
A 1 3a 3 280 871 83 292 - -22 1224
B 1 2 3 328 824 103 95 - -37 985
A 1 2 3 330 796 103 98 - -35 962
A 1 2 2 337 786 102 103 - -34 958
A 1 2 1 343* 775 102 109 - -34 953
B 2 2 3 413 863 85 72 - -37 983
A 2 2 3 420 835 85 78 - -35 963
A 2 2 2 426 825 85 84 - -34 959
A 2 2 1 433 814 84 90 - -34 955
A 2 1 1 461 746 49 257 - -21 1031
Hotel AC LMF - 20 year calc
LMFA 1 3a 3 315 973 83 328 - -33 1352
LMFC 1 2 3 367 939 103 136 - -49 1128
LMFA 1 2 3 370 898 103 139 - -46 1094
LMFA 1 2 2 376 888 102 144 - -45 1090
LMFA 1 2 1 383 878 102 151 - -45 1085
LMFA 2 2 3 500 937 85 92 - -46 1068
LMFA 2 2 2 506 927 85 98 - -46 1064
LMFA 2 2 1 513* 916 84 104 - -45 1060
LMFA 2 1 3 533 868 50 284 - -33 1169
LMFA 2 1 1 546 848 49 296 - -32 1160
Retail Warehouse AC LMF - 20
year calc
LMFC 3 1 3 46 1145 88 47 - -53 1227
LMFB 3 1 3 49 1130 88 48 - -51 1214
LMFA 3 1 3 59 1100 88 56 - -48 1196
LMFA 1 3b 3 63 1025 115 97 - -58 1179
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 91
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Building Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of Emissions
Residual Value
Macro Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
LMFC 1 1 3 67 1036 104 83 - -53 1170
LMFB 1 1 3 69 1020 104 85 - -51 1157
LMFA 1 1 3 74 990 104 90 - -48 1136
LMFA 1 1 2 106 940 101 120 - -46 1115
LMFA 1 1 1 138* 886 99 150 - -43 1092
LMFA 2 1 1 151 952 79 150 - -43 1139
Mixed Use AC LMF - 20
year calc
LMFA 2 3b 3 81 918 86 110 - -62 1052
LMFB 2 3b 2 98 926 84 125 - -64 1072
LMFA 2 3b 2 99 891 84 126 - -61 1041
LMFB 2 1 3 107 914 67 100 - -53 1028
LMFA 2 1 3 109 880 67 101 - -50 997
LMFB 2 1 2 124 887 65 116 - -52 1016
LMFA 2 1 2 126 852 65 116 - -49 985
LMFB 2 1 1 142 858 64 131 - -50 1004
LMFA 2 1 1 143* 824 64 132 - -47 973
LMFA 1 1 1 159 801 80 154 - -46 989
Health - CNU NV MCW -
30 year calc
B 3 3a 3 123 872 66 134 - -15 1057
A 3 3a 3 124 845 66 136 - -14 1032
A 2 3a 3 135 808 63 147 - -14 1003
A 2 3a 2 148 788 61 157 - -14 993
B 3 1 3 191 688 39 133 - -10 850
A 3 1 3 196 662 39 134 - -9 826
A 2 1 3 206 624 36 148 - -9 799
A 2 1 2 218 605 35 160 - -9 791
A 2 1 1 231* 585 34 171 - -9 781
A 1 1 1 245 549 50 194 - -9 784
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 92
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5.2 Existing Buildings – Elemental Analysis
The capital costs for the various measures that we have considered in this work are shown in Tables
5.5a - 5.5b. Maintenance costs are as set out in Table 5.1c. As for new build, the costs for each
measure include both material and labour costs. For the purpose of this work, no learning rates have
been applied when any of the measures are replaced. In practice, some of the newer technologies will
reduce in cost over time. However, given that the calculation period being considered is similar to the
lifetime of the technologies, replacements are limited and any benefits from learning are uncertain and
will be significantly discounted in the calculated Net Present Value (NPV). Note that these costs do
not include the total costs of measures, only the cost of the elements that vary between
measures/packages.
The energy prices, cost of carbon, discount rates and other variables are the same as for new
buildings, as set out in Section 5.1.
Table 5.5a: Elemental capital costs per m² of fabric – Existing build (varying components only)
Building Part Value Cost (EUR/m²)
Pitched roof 0.25 € 16.4
Pitched roof 0.2 € 20.6
Pitched roof 0.15 € 21.2
Pitched roof 0.16 € 30.9
Pitched roof 0.12 € 35.0
Profiled metal roof 0.25 € 133.9
Profiled metal roof 0.2 € 138.1
Profiled metal roof 0.15 € 151.0
Profiled metal roof 0.13 € 153.8
Flat roof 0.25 € 115.9
Flat roof 0.13 € 131.6
Masonry cavity wall 0.31 € 9.0
Masonry cavity wall 0.19 € 132.3
Masonry cavity wall 0.16 € 136.7
Masonry cavity wall 0.14 € 141.5
Masonry cavity wall 0.1 € 150.3
Masonry cavity wall 0.21 € 89.6
Metal frame wall 0.31 € 419.8
Metal frame wall 0.29 € 419.8
Metal frame wall 0.21 € 413.9
Metal frame wall 0.2 € 415.3
Metal frame wall 0.19 € 428.5
Metal frame wall 0.15 € 418.4
Metal frame wall 0.11 € 421.9
Solid Floor 0.34 € 67.6
Solid Floor 0.25 € 69.4
Solid Floor 0.2 € 73.7
Solid Floor 0.15 € 76.8
Window 1.8 € 319.4
Window 1.6 € 335.0
Window 1.4 € 405.0
Window 1 € 455.0
Window 0.9 € 465.0
Window 0.8 € 470.0
Air Permeability (m³/m².hr) @50Pa
EUR/m2 floor area
5 3 1
- €8.5 €10.0
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 93
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Table 5.5b: Elemental Capital Costs for building services – Varying Elements Only (EUR)
Heating system and controls
Gas Boiler
(€/m² floor
area)
ASHP
(€/m² floor
area)
Gas CHP +
gas boilers
(€/m² floor
area)
Biomass boiler
(€/m² floor
area)
Gas boiler +
solar thermal
(€/m² floor
area)
Building Type
Office 2F Nat .Vent € 49 € 113 € 104 € 73 € 44
Office 2F AC € 22 € 53 € 76 € 46 € 19
Primary School € 28 € 91 € 65 € 49 € 26
Hotel € 21 € 56 € 61 € 46 € 86
Mixed Use € 46 € 106 € 116 € 77 € 46
Health - CNU € 27 € 71 € 66 € 56 € 64
Ventilation
Building Type
Package 1
(€/m² floor area)
Package 2
(€/m² floor area)
Package 3
(€/m² floor area)
Office 2F Nat .Vent MVHR € 230
Office 2F AC AHU € 279 € 309 € 371
Primary School MVHR € 42
Hotel AHU € 255 € 271 € 326
Mixed Use (retail space only) AHU € 166 € 248 € 248
Mixed Use (office space only) MVHR € 249
Health - CNU MVHR € 202
Lighting
Package 1
(€/m² floor area)
Package 2
(€/m² floor area)
Package 3
(€/m² floor area)
General lighting
Luminaire efficacy
65 lm/cW
Luminaire efficacy
80 lm/cW
Luminaire efficacy
95 lm/cW
€ 43.5 € 58.1 € 70.3
Daylight controls € 20.8 € 20.8 € 25.0
Occupancy controls € 30.6 € 30.6 € 30.6
Photovoltaics
PV
Package 1
(€/m² floor area)
Package 2
(€/m² floor area)
Package 3
(€/m² floor area)
Building Type 0% 10% 20%
Office 2F Nat .Vent € 12.7 € 24.9
Office 2F AC € 12.7 € 24.9
Primary School € 9.7 € 19.6
Hotel
Mixed Use € 14.2 € 26.5
Health - CNU € 9.2 € 18.4
The following tables summarise the results of the cost calculations for the most cost-optimal packages
in each of the six reference buildings. Tables 5.6a - 5.6f relates to the macroeconomic calculations
and Tables 5.7a - 5.7d relate to the financial calculations.
Table 5.6a/ Table 5.7a: Central energy price, central discount factors
Table 5.6b/ Table 5.7b: Low energy price, central discount factors
Table 5.6c/ Table 5.7c: High energy price, central discount factors
Table 5.6d/ Table 5.7d: Central energy price, alternative discount factors
Table 5.6e: Central energy price, central discount factor, alternative primary energy factor
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Table 5.6f: Central energy price, central discount factor, alternative cost of carbon
The sensitivity analysis showed that lower energy prices improved the relative cost-effectiveness of
less energy efficient products and higher energy prices improved the relative cost-effectiveness of
more energy efficient products. Higher discount rates devalued (and thus effectively lowered) the
price of energy over the calculation period and thus tended to favour less energy efficient products.
Table 5.6a: Existing Elemental Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate,
€/m²)
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV
Floor U-value 0.25 211* 35 0 279 17 -9 321
Floor U-value 0.2 210 37 0 278 17 -10 322
Floor U-value 0.15 210 38 0 278 16 -10 323
Wall U-value 0.1 205 51 0 275 16 -13 328
Wall U-value 0.14 206 48 0 275 16 -13 327
Wall U-value 0.16 206 46 0 275 16 -12 326
Wall U-value 0.19 207 45 0 276 16 -12 325
Wall U-value 0.21 207 30 0 276 16 -8 315
Wall U-value 0.31 209* 3 0 277 16 -1 296
Roof U-value 0.25 205* 8 0 274 16 -2 296
Roof U-value 0.2 203 10 0 274 16 -3 297
Roof U-value 0.15 202 11 0 273 16 -3 297
Window U-value 1.6 189* 76 0 264 15 -10 344
Window U-value 1.4 186 91 0 263 14 -12 357
Window U-value 1.0 182 103 0 260 14 -14 363
Window U-value 0.8 180 106 0 259 14 -14 365
Heat source ASHP 163 167 34 280 12 -30 464
Heat source CHP 189 154 91 245 15 -27 478
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 190 57 10 265 15 0 347
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 191* 49 10 266 15 0 340
Heat source Biomass
boiler 200 73 20 283 10 0 387
Lighting efficacy 65 160 63 43 161 13 -13 267
Lighting efficacy 80 155* 85 19 148 13 -17 247
Lighting efficacy 95 152 103 23 139 13 -21 257
Office 2F AC
Floor U-value 0.25 263* 35 0 364 20 -9 410
Floor U-value 0.2 263 37 0 365 20 -10 412
Floor U-value 0.15 263 38 0 365 20 -10 414
Wall U-value 0.11 259 143 0 361 20 -38 486
Wall U-value 0.15 260 141 0 361 20 -37 486
Wall U-value 0.19 260 145 0 362 20 -38 489
Wall U-value 0.2 261 140 0 362 20 -37 486
Wall U-value 0.21 261* 140 0 362 20 -37 485
Wall U-value 0.29 262 142 0 363 20 -37 487
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Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Roof U-value 0.25 265* 67 0 364 21 -18 434
Roof U-value 0.2 264 69 0 363 20 -18 435
Roof U-value 0.15 262 76 0 363 20 -20 439
Window U-value 1.6 259* 76 0 363 20 -10 449
Window U-value 1.4 258 91 0 363 20 -12 462
Window U-value 1.0 255 103 0 363 20 -14 472
Window U-value 0.8 253 106 0 363 19 -14 474
Heat source ASHP 214 78 34 369 15 -14 482
Heat source CHP 245 113 91 329 19 -20 532
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 247 32 10 353 19 0 414
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 248* 22 10 353 19 0 404
Heat source Biomass
boiler 258 46 20 373 14 0 453
Lighting efficacy 65 242 63 43 319 19 -13 431
Lighting efficacy 80 233* 85 19 300 18 -17 405
Lighting efficacy 95 227 103 23 288 18 -21 411
Chiller Efficiency 5.5 248 279 30 335 19 0 663
Chiller Efficiency 4.5 231* 309 16 307 18 0 650
Chiller Efficiency 3.5 227 371 17 299 18 0 705
AHU SFP 1.8 257 20 1 351 20 -4 389
AHU SFP 1.6 256* 23 2 348 20 -4 389
Primary School
Floor U-value 0.25 156* 28 0 126 13 -3 164
Floor U-value 0.2 155 30 0 126 13 -4 166
Floor U-value 0.15 155 31 0 126 13 -4 166
Wall U-value 0.1 151 50 0 124 13 -6 181
Wall U-value 0.14 152 47 0 124 13 -6 179
Wall U-value 0.16 153 46 0 125 13 -6 178
Wall U-value 0.19 153 44 0 125 13 -5 177
Wall U-value 0.21 153 30 0 125 13 -4 165
Wall U-value 0.31 155* 3 0 126 13 0 142
Roof U-value 0.25 156* 5 0 127 13 -1 144
Roof U-value 0.2 156 6 0 127 13 -1 145
Roof U-value 0.15 156 6 0 126 13 -1 145
Window U-value 1.6 144* 35 0 120 12 0 168
Window U-value 1.4 142 43 0 119 12 0 174
Window U-value 1.0 140 48 0 118 12 0 178
Window U-value 0.8 139 50 0 117 12 0 178
Heat source ASHP 80 135 44 139 6 0 324
Heat source CHP 117 96 82 66 11 0 255
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 117 67 14 112 10 -6 197
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 122* 38 14 115 10 -3 174
Heat source Biomass
boiler 135 68 19 140 4 -6 225
Lighting efficacy 65 153 59 54 105 13 -6 225
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 96
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Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Lighting efficacy 80 152* 79 24 101 13 -8 210
Lighting efficacy 95 152 96 30 99 13 -10 228
Hotel AC
Floor U-value 0.25 865* 14 0 722 73 -4 805
Floor U-value 0.2 865 15 0 722 72 -4 805
Floor U-value 0.15 864 15 0 722 72 -4 806
Wall U-value 0.1 845 80 0 709 71 -21 839
Wall U-value 0.14 848 75 0 710 71 -20 837
Wall U-value 0.16 849 73 0 711 71 -19 836
Wall U-value 0.19 850 71 0 712 71 -19 835
Wall U-value 0.21 852 48 0 713 71 -13 819
Wall U-value 0.31 857* 5 0 716 72 -1 792
Roof U-value 0.25 865 3 0 722 73 -1 797
Roof U-value 0.2 864 4 0 721 72 -1 797
Roof U-value 0.15 863* 4 0 720 72 -1 796
Window U-value 1.6 830* 70 0 701 69 -9 832
Window U-value 1.4 826 85 0 699 69 -11 841
Window U-value 1.0 817 95 0 694 68 -13 845
Window U-value 0.8 813 98 0 692 68 -13 845
Heat source ASHP 534 83 39 772 39 -15 918
Heat source CHP 669* 90 68 440 61 -16 642
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 676 108 14 617 56 0 795
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 700 21 13 631 58 0 723
Heat source Biomass
boiler 756 46 18 784 25 0 874
Lighting efficacy 65 797 43 44 645 68 -2 799
Lighting efficacy 80 793* 58 20 637 68 -3 780
Lighting efficacy 95 791 70 24 632 68 -4 790
Mixed-use
Floor U-value 0.25 337* 37 0 535 25 -10 587
Floor U-value 0.2 337 39 0 536 25 -10 589
Floor U-value 0.15 338 40 0 537 25 -11 592
Wall U-value 0.19 334 83 0 535 25 -22 621
Wall U-value 0.14 334 89 0 535 25 -23 626
Wall U-value 0.1 335 94 0 536 25 -25 630
Wall U-value 0.31 335* 6 0 535 25 -1 564
Wall U-value 0.16 335 86 0 536 25 -23 624
Wall U-value 0.21 335 56 0 537 25 -15 603
Roof U-value 0.25 334* 9 0 533 25 -2 564
Roof U-value 0.2 334 11 0 533 25 -3 566
Roof U-value 0.15 334 11 0 533 25 -3 566
Window U-value 1.6 336* 57 0 533 25 -8 608
Window U-value 1.4 335 69 0 533 25 -9 618
Window U-value 1.0 334 78 0 532 25 -10 624
Window U-value 0.8 333 80 0 531 25 -11 626
Heat source ASHP 310 157 35 533 22 -28 720
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Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Heat source CHP 318 172 133 518 24 -31 816
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 319 63 15 522 23 0 623
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 319* 46 15 522 23 0 607
Heat source Biomass
boiler 322 77 22 529 22 0 649
Lighting efficacy 65 199 69 39 286 15 -3 407
Lighting efficacy 80 185* 92 19 260 14 -4 381
Lighting efficacy 95 176 111 23 242 14 -5 385
CNU (health)
Floor U-value 0.25 514* 44 0 591 40 -5 670
Floor U-value 0.2 513 47 0 591 40 -6 672
Floor U-value 0.15 513 48 0 590 40 -6 673
Wall U-value 0.1 502 56 0 585 39 -7 673
Wall U-value 0.14 504 52 0 585 39 -6 671
Wall U-value 0.16 504 51 0 586 39 -6 670
Wall U-value 0.19 505 49 0 586 40 -6 669
Wall U-value 0.21 505 33 0 586 40 -4 655
Wall U-value 0.31 508* 3 0 588 40 0 631
Roof U-value 0.25 506 6 0 586 40 -1 631
Roof U-value 0.2 504 8 0 586 40 -1 632
Roof U-value 0.15 503* 8 0 585 39 -1 631
Window U-value 1.6 499* 42 0 582 39 0 663
Window U-value 1.4 497 50 0 582 39 0 671
Window U-value 1.0 494 56 0 580 39 0 675
Window U-value 0.8 493 58 0 579 38 0 676
Heat source ASHP 410 105 78 598 30 0 811
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 455 131 23 558 35 -12 736
Heat source CHP 461 97 80 517 37 0 731
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 468* 37 23 566 36 -3 659
Heat source Biomass
boiler 487 77 31 614 26 -7 741
Lighting efficacy 65 366* 132 48 329 30 0 539
Lighting efficacy 80 351 176 22 331 29 0 558
Lighting efficacy 95 342 213 26 307 29 0 575
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Table 5.6b: Existing Elemental Macroeconomic Costs (Low energy price, 5% discount rate,
€/m²)
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV
Floor U-value 0.25 211* 35 0 218 17 -9 260
Floor U-value 0.2 210 37 0 218 17 -10 261
Floor U-value 0.15 210 38 0 218 16 -10 262
Wall U-value 0.1 205 51 0 215 16 -13 269
Wall U-value 0.14 206 48 0 216 16 -13 267
Wall U-value 0.16 206 46 0 216 16 -12 266
Wall U-value 0.19 207 45 0 216 16 -12 265
Wall U-value 0.21 207 30 0 216 16 -8 255
Wall U-value 0.31 209* 3 0 217 16 -1 236
Roof U-value 0.25 205* 8 0 215 16 -2 237
Roof U-value 0.2 203 10 0 215 16 -3 238
Roof U-value 0.15 202 11 0 214 16 -3 238
Window U-value 1.6 189* 76 0 208 15 -10 288
Window U-value 1.4 186 91 0 207 14 -12 301
Window U-value 1.0 182 103 0 205 14 -14 308
Window U-value 0.8 180 106 0 204 14 -14 310
Heat source ASHP 163 167 34 224 12 -30 408
Heat source CHP 189 154 91 191 15 -27 424
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 190 57 10 209 15 0 291
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 191* 49 10 209 15 0 283
Heat source Biomass
boiler 200 73 20 221 10 0 325
Lighting efficacy 65 160 63 43 122 13 -13 228
Lighting efficacy 80 155* 85 19 111 13 -17 211
Lighting efficacy 95 152 103 23 104 13 -21 222
Office 2F AC
Floor U-value 0.25 263* 35 0 287 20 -9 333
Floor U-value 0.2 263 37 0 287 20 -10 334
Floor U-value 0.15 263 38 0 287 20 -10 336
Wall U-value 0.11 259 143 0 284 20 -38 409
Wall U-value 0.15 260 141 0 284 20 -37 409
Wall U-value 0.19 260 145 0 285 20 -38 411
Wall U-value 0.2 261 140 0 285 20 -37 408
Wall U-value 0.21 261* 140 0 285 20 -37 408
Wall U-value 0.29 262 142 0 285 20 -37 410
Roof U-value 0.25 265* 67 0 286 21 -18 356
Roof U-value 0.2 264 69 0 286 20 -18 357
Roof U-value 0.15 262 76 0 285 20 -20 361
Window U-value 1.6 259* 76 0 286 20 -10 372
Window U-value 1.4 258 91 0 286 20 -12 385
Window U-value 1.0 255 103 0 286 20 -14 395
Window U-value 0.8 253 106 0 286 19 -14 398
Heat source ASHP 214 78 34 295 15 -14 408
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Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Heat source CHP 245 113 91 257 19 -20 460
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 247 32 10 278 19 0 339
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 248* 22 10 279 19 0 330
Heat source Biomass
boiler 258 46 20 293 14 0 373
Lighting efficacy 65 242 63 43 250 19 -13 362
Lighting efficacy 80 233* 85 19 234 18 -17 339
Lighting efficacy 95 227 103 23 224 18 -21 347
Chiller Efficiency 5.5 248 279 30 263 19 0 591
Chiller Efficiency 4.5 231* 309 16 240 18 0 583
Chiller Efficiency 3.5 227 371 17 234 18 0 640
AHU SFP 1.8 257* 20 1 275 20 -4 313
AHU SFP 1.6 256 23 2 274 20 -4 314
Primary School
Floor U-value 0.25 156* 28 0 95 13 -3 133
Floor U-value 0.2 155 30 0 95 13 -4 134
Floor U-value 0.15 155 31 0 94 13 -4 135
Wall U-value 0.1 151 50 0 93 13 -6 150
Wall U-value 0.14 152 47 0 93 13 -6 148
Wall U-value 0.16 153 46 0 93 13 -6 147
Wall U-value 0.19 153 44 0 94 13 -5 146
Wall U-value 0.21 153 30 0 94 13 -4 133
Wall U-value 0.31 155* 3 0 95 13 0 110
Roof U-value 0.25 156* 5 0 95 13 -1 113
Roof U-value 0.2 156 6 0 95 13 -1 113
Roof U-value 0.15 156 6 0 95 13 -1 113
Window U-value 1.6 144* 35 0 90 12 0 138
Window U-value 1.4 142 43 0 90 12 0 145
Window U-value 1.0 140 48 0 89 12 0 149
Window U-value 0.8 139 50 0 88 12 0 150
Heat source ASHP 80 135 44 111 6 0 296
Heat source CHP 117 96 82 46 11 0 235
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 117 67 14 85 10 -6 170
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 122* 38 14 87 10 -3 146
Heat source Biomass
boiler 135 68 19 105 4 -6 189
Lighting efficacy 65 153 59 54 77 13 -6 197
Lighting efficacy 80 152* 79 24 74 13 -8 182
Lighting efficacy 95 152 96 30 72 13 -10 201
Hotel AC
Floor U-value 0.25 865* 14 0 547 73 -4 630
Floor U-value 0.2 865 15 0 547 72 -4 631
Floor U-value 0.15 864 15 0 547 72 -4 631
Wall U-value 0.1 845 80 0 538 71 -21 667
Wall U-value 0.14 848 75 0 539 71 -20 665
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Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Wall U-value 0.16 849 73 0 539 71 -19 664
Wall U-value 0.19 850 71 0 540 71 -19 663
Wall U-value 0.21 852 48 0 540 71 -13 647
Wall U-value 0.31 857* 5 0 543 72 -1 618
Roof U-value 0.25 865 3 0 547 73 -1 622
Roof U-value 0.2 864 4 0 546 72 -1 622
Roof U-value 0.15 863* 4 0 546 72 -1 621
Window U-value 1.6 830* 70 0 532 69 -9 663
Window U-value 1.4 826 85 0 531 69 -11 673
Window U-value 1.0 817 95 0 527 68 -13 678
Window U-value 0.8 813 98 0 526 68 -13 679
Heat source ASHP 534 83 39 619 39 -15 765
Heat source CHP 669* 90 68 314 61 -16 516
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 676 108 14 473 56 0 651
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 700 21 13 483 58 0 575
Heat source Biomass
boiler 756 46 18 593 25 0 682
Lighting efficacy 65 797 43 44 484 68 -2 637
Lighting efficacy 80 793* 58 20 477 68 -3 620
Lighting efficacy 95 791 70 24 473 68 -4 631
Mixed-use
Floor U-value 0.25 337* 37 0 426 25 -10 477
Floor U-value 0.2 337 39 0 426 25 -10 480
Floor U-value 0.15 338 40 0 427 25 -11 482
Wall U-value 0.19 334 83 0 426 25 -22 512
Wall U-value 0.14 334 89 0 426 25 -23 516
Wall U-value 0.1 335 94 0 426 25 -25 520
Wall U-value 0.31 335* 6 0 425 25 -1 454
Wall U-value 0.16 335 86 0 427 25 -23 515
Wall U-value 0.21 335 56 0 427 25 -15 493
Roof U-value 0.25 334* 9 0 424 25 -2 455
Roof U-value 0.2 334 11 0 424 25 -3 457
Roof U-value 0.15 334 11 0 424 25 -3 457
Window U-value 1.6 336* 57 0 424 25 -8 499
Window U-value 1.4 335 69 0 424 25 -9 509
Window U-value 1.0 334 78 0 423 25 -10 515
Window U-value 0.8 333 80 0 423 25 -11 517
Heat source ASHP 310 157 35 427 22 -28 614
Heat source CHP 318 172 133 412 24 -31 710
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 319 63 15 416 23 0 517
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 319* 46 15 416 23 0 501
Heat source Biomass
boiler 322 77 22 421 22 0 541
Lighting efficacy 65 199 69 39 226 15 -3 346
Lighting efficacy 80 185* 92 19 204 14 -4 325
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Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Lighting efficacy 95 176 111 23 190 14 -5 333
CNU (health)
Floor U-value 0.25 514* 44 0 464 40 -5 543
Floor U-value 0.2 513 47 0 464 40 -6 545
Floor U-value 0.15 513 48 0 464 40 -6 547
Wall U-value 0.1 502 56 0 460 39 -7 548
Wall U-value 0.14 504 52 0 460 39 -6 546
Wall U-value 0.16 504 51 0 461 39 -6 545
Wall U-value 0.19 505 49 0 461 40 -6 544
Wall U-value 0.21 505 33 0 461 40 -4 530
Wall U-value 0.31 508* 3 0 462 40 0 505
Roof U-value 0.25 506* 6 0 461 40 -1 506
Roof U-value 0.2 504 8 0 461 40 -1 507
Roof U-value 0.15 503 8 0 460 39 -1 506
Window U-value 1.6 499* 42 0 458 39 0 539
Window U-value 1.4 497 50 0 458 39 0 547
Window U-value 1.0 494 56 0 457 39 0 552
Window U-value 0.8 493 58 0 456 38 0 553
Heat source ASHP 410 105 78 480 30 0 693
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 455 131 23 441 35 -12 619
Heat source CHP 461 97 80 403 37 0 618
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 468* 37 23 446 36 -3 540
Heat source Biomass
boiler 487 77 31 481 26 -7 608
Lighting efficacy 65 366* 132 48 251 30 0 461
Lighting efficacy 80 351 176 22 253 29 0 480
Lighting efficacy 95 342 213 26 233 29 0 501
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Table 5.6c: Existing Elemental Macroeconomic Costs (High energy price, 5% discount rate,
€/m²)
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV
Floor U-value 0.25 211* 35 0 340 17 -9 382
Floor U-value 0.2 210 37 0 339 17 -10 383
Floor U-value 0.15 210 38 0 339 16 -10 383
Wall U-value 0.1 205 51 0 335 16 -13 388
Wall U-value 0.14 206 48 0 335 16 -13 387
Wall U-value 0.16 206 46 0 336 16 -12 386
Wall U-value 0.19 207 45 0 336 16 -12 385
Wall U-value 0.21 207 30 0 336 16 -8 375
Wall U-value 0.31 209* 3 0 338 16 -1 356
Roof U-value 0.25 205 8 0 334 16 -2 356
Roof U-value 0.2 203 10 0 333 16 -3 357
Roof U-value 0.15 202* 11 0 332 16 -3 356
Window U-value 1.6 189* 76 0 321 15 -10 401
Window U-value 1.4 186 91 0 319 14 -12 413
Window U-value 1.0 182 103 0 316 14 -14 419
Window U-value 0.8 180 106 0 314 14 -14 420
Heat source ASHP 163 167 34 336 12 -30 520
Heat source CHP 189 154 91 300 15 -27 533
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 190 57 10 322 15 0 404
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 191* 49 10 323 15 0 397
Heat source Biomass
boiler 200 73 20 345 10 0 449
Lighting efficacy 65 160 63 43 200 13 -13 307
Lighting efficacy 80 155* 85 19 185 13 -17 284
Lighting efficacy 95 152 103 23 174 13 -21 292
Office 2F AC
Floor U-value 0.25 263* 35 0 443 20 -9 489
Floor U-value 0.2 263 37 0 443 20 -10 491
Floor U-value 0.15 263 38 0 444 20 -10 492
Wall U-value 0.11 259 143 0 439 20 -38 564
Wall U-value 0.15 260 141 0 439 20 -37 563
Wall U-value 0.19 260 145 0 440 20 -38 566
Wall U-value 0.2 261 140 0 440 20 -37 563
Wall U-value 0.21 261* 140 0 440 20 -37 563
Wall U-value 0.29 262 142 0 441 20 -37 566
Roof U-value 0.25 265* 67 0 443 21 -18 512
Roof U-value 0.2 264 69 0 442 20 -18 513
Roof U-value 0.15 262 76 0 441 20 -20 517
Window U-value 1.6 259* 76 0 441 20 -10 527
Window U-value 1.4 258 91 0 441 20 -12 540
Window U-value 1.0 255 103 0 440 20 -14 549
Window U-value 0.8 253 106 0 440 19 -14 551
Heat source ASHP 214 78 34 442 15 -14 556
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 103
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AECOM
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Heat source CHP 245 113 91 401 19 -20 605
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 247 32 10 428 19 0 489
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 248* 22 10 429 19 0 480
Heat source Biomass
boiler 258 46 20 455 14 0 534
Lighting efficacy 65 242 63 43 389 19 -13 501
Lighting efficacy 80 233* 85 19 367 18 -17 472
Lighting efficacy 95 227 103 23 351 18 -21 475
Chiller Efficiency 5.5 248 279 30 408 19 0 736
Chiller Efficiency 4.5 231* 309 16 374 18 0 717
Chiller Efficiency 3.5 227 371 17 365 18 0 770
AHU SFP 1.8 257 20 1 427 20 -4 465
AHU SFP 1.6 256* 23 2 424 20 -4 464
Primary School
Floor U-value 0.25 156* 28 0 159 13 -3 197
Floor U-value 0.2 155 30 0 158 13 -4 198
Floor U-value 0.15 155 31 0 158 13 -4 198
Wall U-value 0.1 151 50 0 156 13 -6 213
Wall U-value 0.14 152 47 0 156 13 -6 211
Wall U-value 0.16 153 46 0 156 13 -6 210
Wall U-value 0.19 153 44 0 157 13 -5 209
Wall U-value 0.21 153 30 0 157 13 -4 197
Wall U-value 0.31 155* 3 0 158 13 0 174
Roof U-value 0.25 156* 5 0 159 13 -1 177
Roof U-value 0.2 156 6 0 159 13 -1 178
Roof U-value 0.15 156 6 0 159 13 -1 177
Window U-value 1.6 144* 35 0 150 12 0 198
Window U-value 1.4 142 43 0 149 12 0 204
Window U-value 1.0 140 48 0 147 12 0 207
Window U-value 0.8 139 50 0 146 12 0 208
Heat source ASHP 80 135 44 166 6 0 352
Heat source CHP 117 96 82 87 11 0 276
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 117 67 14 141 10 -6 225
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 122* 38 14 144 10 -3 203
Heat source Biomass
boiler 135 68 19 177 4 -6 261
Lighting efficacy 65 153 59 54 134 13 -6 254
Lighting efficacy 80 152* 79 24 130 13 -8 238
Lighting efficacy 95 152 96 30 127 13 -10 256
Hotel AC
Floor U-value 0.25 865* 14 0 901 73 -4 984
Floor U-value 0.2 865 15 0 901 72 -4 985
Floor U-value 0.15 864 15 0 901 72 -4 985
Wall U-value 0.1 845 80 0 885 71 -21 1015
Wall U-value 0.14 848 75 0 887 71 -20 1013
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 104
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AECOM
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Wall U-value 0.16 849 73 0 887 71 -19 1012
Wall U-value 0.19 850 71 0 889 71 -19 1012
Wall U-value 0.21 852 48 0 890 71 -13 996
Wall U-value 0.31 857* 5 0 894 72 -1 970
Roof U-value 0.25 865 3 0 901 73 -1 976
Roof U-value 0.2 864 4 0 900 72 -1 976
Roof U-value 0.15 863* 4 0 899 72 -1 975
Window U-value 1.6 830* 70 0 875 69 -9 1005
Window U-value 1.4 826 85 0 871 69 -11 1014
Window U-value 1.0 817 95 0 865 68 -13 1016
Window U-value 0.8 813 98 0 863 68 -13 1016
Heat source ASHP 534 83 39 927 39 -15 1073
Heat source CHP 669* 90 68 570 61 -16 772
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 676 108 14 765 56 0 943
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 700 21 13 782 58 0 874
Heat source Biomass
boiler 756 46 18 984 25 0 1074
Lighting efficacy 65 797 43 44 811 68 -2 964
Lighting efficacy 80 793* 58 20 801 68 -3 944
Lighting efficacy 95 791 70 24 794 68 -4 953
Mixed-use
Floor U-value 0.25 337* 37 0 645 25 -10 697
Floor U-value 0.2 337 39 0 646 25 -10 699
Floor U-value 0.15 338 40 0 647 25 -11 702
Wall U-value 0.19 334 83 0 645 25 -22 731
Wall U-value 0.14 334 89 0 645 25 -23 735
Wall U-value 0.1 335 94 0 645 25 -25 739
Wall U-value 0.31 335* 6 0 644 25 -1 673
Wall U-value 0.16 335 86 0 646 25 -23 734
Wall U-value 0.21 335 56 0 647 25 -15 713
Roof U-value 0.25 334* 9 0 642 25 -2 673
Roof U-value 0.2 334 11 0 642 25 -3 675
Roof U-value 0.15 334 11 0 642 25 -3 675
Window U-value 1.6 336* 57 0 643 25 -8 717
Window U-value 1.4 335 69 0 642 25 -9 727
Window U-value 1.0 334 78 0 641 25 -10 733
Window U-value 0.8 333 80 0 640 25 -11 735
Heat source ASHP 310 157 35 640 22 -28 827
Heat source CHP 318 172 133 623 24 -31 921
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 319 63 15 628 23 0 729
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 319* 46 15 628 23 0 713
Heat source Biomass
boiler 322 77 22 637 22 0 757
Lighting efficacy 65 199 69 39 347 15 -3 467
Lighting efficacy 80 185* 92 19 315 14 -4 436
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 105
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AECOM
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Lighting efficacy 95 176 111 23 294 14 -5 437
CNU (health)
Floor U-value 0.25 514* 44 0 720 40 -5 798
Floor U-value 0.2 513 47 0 719 40 -6 800
Floor U-value 0.15 513 48 0 719 40 -6 802
Wall U-value 0.1 502 56 0 712 39 -7 800
Wall U-value 0.14 504 52 0 712 39 -6 798
Wall U-value 0.16 504 51 0 713 39 -6 797
Wall U-value 0.19 505 49 0 713 40 -6 796
Wall U-value 0.21 505 33 0 714 40 -4 782
Wall U-value 0.31 508* 3 0 716 40 0 758
Roof U-value 0.25 506 6 0 714 40 -1 759
Roof U-value 0.2 504 8 0 713 40 -1 759
Roof U-value 0.15 503* 8 0 712 39 -1 758
Window U-value 1.6 499* 42 0 709 39 0 789
Window U-value 1.4 497 50 0 708 39 0 797
Window U-value 1.0 494 56 0 705 39 0 800
Window U-value 0.8 493 58 0 704 38 0 801
Heat source ASHP 410 105 78 718 30 0 931
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 455 131 23 677 35 -12 855
Heat source CHP 461 97 80 633 37 0 847
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 468* 37 23 687 36 -3 781
Heat source Biomass
boiler 487 77 31 750 26 -7 877
Lighting efficacy 65 366* 132 48 408 30 0 618
Lighting efficacy 80 351 176 22 411 29 0 638
Lighting efficacy 95 342 213 26 383 29 0 651
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 106
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.6d: Existing Elemental Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 3% discount rate,
€/m²)
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV
Floor U-value 0.25 211* 35 0 351 22 -13 394
Floor U-value 0.2 210 37 0 350 22 -14 395
Floor U-value 0.15 210 38 0 350 22 -15 395
Wall U-value 0.1 205 51 0 346 21 -19 399
Wall U-value 0.14 206 48 0 347 21 -18 398
Wall U-value 0.16 206 46 0 347 21 -18 397
Wall U-value 0.19 207 45 0 347 21 -17 396
Wall U-value 0.21 207 30 0 348 21 -12 388
Wall U-value 0.31 209* 3 0 349 22 -1 373
Roof U-value 0.25 205 8 0 346 21 -3 372
Roof U-value 0.2 203 10 0 345 21 -4 372
Roof U-value 0.15 202* 11 0 344 21 -4 371
Window U-value 1.6 189* 76 0 333 19 -14 413
Window U-value 1.4 186 91 0 331 19 -17 424
Window U-value 1.0 182 103 0 328 18 -20 429
Window U-value 0.8 180 106 0 326 18 -20 430
Heat source ASHP 163 186 41 353 15 -43 552
Heat source CHP 189 171 108 309 20 -40 567
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 190 57 12 334 19 0 423
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 191* 49 12 335 19 0 415
Heat source Biomass
boiler 200 73 24 356 14 0 467
Lighting efficacy 65 160 71 50 202 18 -19 322
Lighting efficacy 80 155* 94 23 186 17 -25 295
Lighting efficacy 95 152 114 28 174 17 -30 303
Office 2F AC
Floor U-value 0.25 263* 35 0 459 27 -13 507
Floor U-value 0.2 263 37 0 460 27 -14 509
Floor U-value 0.15 263 38 0 460 27 -15 510
Wall U-value 0.11 259 143 0 455 26 -54 570
Wall U-value 0.15 260 141 0 455 26 -54 570
Wall U-value 0.19 260 145 0 456 26 -55 572
Wall U-value 0.2 261 140 0 456 27 -53 570
Wall U-value 0.21 261* 140 0 456 27 -53 569
Wall U-value 0.29 262 142 0 457 27 -54 572
Roof U-value 0.25 265* 67 0 459 27 -25 527
Roof U-value 0.2 264 69 0 458 27 -26 528
Roof U-value 0.15 262 76 0 457 27 -29 531
Window U-value 1.6 259* 76 0 458 26 -14 545
Window U-value 1.4 258 91 0 457 26 -17 557
Window U-value 1.0 255 103 0 457 26 -20 566
Window U-value 0.8 253 106 0 457 25 -20 569
Heat source ASHP 214 86 40 465 20 -20 591
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 107
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Heat source CHP 245 125 108 414 25 -29 643
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 247 32 12 444 25 0 513
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 248* 22 12 445 25 0 504
Heat source Biomass
boiler 258 46 24 470 18 0 558
Lighting efficacy 65 242 71 50 402 25 -19 529
Lighting efficacy 80 233* 94 23 378 24 -25 494
Lighting efficacy 95 227 114 28 362 24 -30 497
Chiller Efficiency 5.5 248 279 35 422 25 0 762
Chiller Efficiency 4.5 231* 309 19 386 24 0 738
Chiller Efficiency 3.5 227 371 20 377 23 0 791
AHU SFP 1.8 257 22 2 442 26 -5 487
AHU SFP 1.6 256* 25 2 439 26 -6 486
Primary School
Floor U-value 0.25 156* 28 0 159 18 -6 199
Floor U-value 0.2 155 30 0 159 17 -6 199
Floor U-value 0.15 155 31 0 158 17 -7 200
Wall U-value 0.1 151 50 0 156 17 -11 213
Wall U-value 0.14 152 47 0 156 17 -10 211
Wall U-value 0.16 153 46 0 157 17 -10 210
Wall U-value 0.19 153 44 0 157 17 -9 209
Wall U-value 0.21 153 30 0 157 17 -6 198
Wall U-value 0.31 155* 3 0 159 17 -1 178
Roof U-value 0.25 156* 5 0 159 18 -1 181
Roof U-value 0.2 156 6 0 159 18 -1 181
Roof U-value 0.15 156 6 0 159 18 -1 181
Window U-value 1.6 144* 35 0 151 16 0 202
Window U-value 1.4 142 43 0 150 16 0 209
Window U-value 1.0 140 48 0 148 16 0 212
Window U-value 0.8 139 50 0 147 16 0 212
Heat source ASHP 80 150 56 175 8 0 388
Heat source CHP 117 107 104 83 14 0 307
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 117 75 18 141 13 -10 237
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 122* 43 18 145 14 -6 213
Heat source Biomass
boiler 135 76 24 176 5 -10 271
Lighting efficacy 65 153 67 68 132 18 -11 274
Lighting efficacy 80 152* 89 31 127 18 -14 251
Lighting efficacy 95 152 108 38 124 18 -17 270
Hotel AC
Floor U-value 0.25 865* 14 0 908 95 -5 1012
Floor U-value 0.2 865 15 0 908 95 -6 1013
Floor U-value 0.15 864 15 0 908 95 -6 1013
Wall U-value 0.1 845 80 0 892 93 -30 1035
Wall U-value 0.14 848 75 0 894 93 -29 1034
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 108
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Wall U-value 0.16 849 73 0 895 93 -28 1033
Wall U-value 0.19 850 71 0 896 94 -27 1033
Wall U-value 0.21 852 48 0 897 94 -18 1020
Wall U-value 0.31 857* 5 0 901 94 -2 999
Roof U-value 0.25 865 3 0 908 95 -1 1005
Roof U-value 0.2 864 4 0 907 95 -2 1005
Roof U-value 0.15 863* 4 0 906 95 -2 1004
Window U-value 1.6 830* 70 0 882 91 -13 1030
Window U-value 1.4 826 85 0 879 91 -16 1039
Window U-value 1.0 817 95 0 874 90 -18 1040
Window U-value 0.8 813 98 0 871 89 -19 1040
Heat source ASHP 534 92 46 974 51 -21 1141
Heat source CHP 669* 100 80 552 80 -23 788
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 676 108 17 777 73 0 975
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 700 21 16 794 76 0 906
Heat source Biomass
boiler 756 46 21 985 33 0 1086
Lighting efficacy 65 797 43 52 811 90 -3 994
Lighting efficacy 80 793* 58 24 801 89 -4 968
Lighting efficacy 95 791 70 29 794 89 -5 977
Mixed-use
Floor U-value 0.25 337* 37 0 674 33 -14 730
Floor U-value 0.2 337 39 0 675 33 -15 732
Floor U-value 0.15 338 40 0 677 33 -15 735
Wall U-value 0.19 334 83 0 675 33 -32 759
Wall U-value 0.14 334 89 0 675 33 -34 763
Wall U-value 0.1 335 94 0 675 33 -36 766
Wall U-value 0.31 335* 6 0 674 33 -2 710
Wall U-value 0.16 335 86 0 676 33 -33 762
Wall U-value 0.21 335 56 0 677 33 -21 744
Roof U-value 0.25 334* 9 0 671 33 -3 709
Roof U-value 0.2 334 11 0 672 33 -4 711
Roof U-value 0.15 334 11 0 672 33 -4 711
Window U-value 1.6 336* 57 0 672 33 -11 751
Window U-value 1.4 335 69 0 671 33 -13 760
Window U-value 1.0 334 78 0 670 33 -15 766
Window U-value 0.8 333 80 0 670 32 -15 767
Heat source ASHP 310 174 42 673 29 -40 877
Heat source CHP 318 191 157 652 31 -44 987
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 319 63 17 658 31 0 769
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 319* 46 17 658 31 0 753
Heat source Biomass
boiler 322 77 26 666 28 0 798
Lighting efficacy 65 199 75 46 361 20 -5 498
Lighting efficacy 80 185* 100 22 327 19 -6 462
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 109
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Lighting efficacy 95 176 121 27 305 18 -7 464
CNU (health)
Floor U-value 0.25 514* 44 0 744 53 -9 832
Floor U-value 0.2 513 47 0 744 53 -10 834
Floor U-value 0.15 513 48 0 744 53 -10 835
Wall U-value 0.1 502 56 0 737 52 -12 832
Wall U-value 0.14 504 52 0 737 52 -11 830
Wall U-value 0.16 504 51 0 738 52 -11 829
Wall U-value 0.19 505 49 0 738 52 -10 829
Wall U-value 0.21 505 33 0 739 52 -7 817
Wall U-value 0.31 508* 3 0 741 52 -1 795
Roof U-value 0.25 506 6 0 739 52 -1 795
Roof U-value 0.2 504 8 0 738 52 -2 796
Roof U-value 0.15 503* 8 0 737 52 -2 795
Window U-value 1.6 499* 42 0 734 51 0 827
Window U-value 1.4 497 50 0 733 51 0 834
Window U-value 1.0 494 56 0 731 51 0 838
Window U-value 0.8 493 58 0 730 51 0 838
Heat source ASHP 410 116 99 754 39 0 1009
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 455 148 30 704 46 -20 907
Heat source CHP 461 108 101 651 49 0 909
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 468* 42 30 713 48 -6 826
Heat source Biomass
boiler 487 86 40 772 35 -12 921
Lighting efficacy 65 366* 157 61 414 40 0 672
Lighting efficacy 80 351 210 27 417 39 0 693
Lighting efficacy 95 342 254 33 386 38 0 712
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 110
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.6e: Existing Elemental Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate,
Alternative PEF, €/m²)
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV
Floor U-value 0.25 192* 35 0 279 15 -9 319
Floor U-value 0.2 192 37 0 278 15 -10 321
Floor U-value 0.15 191 38 0 278 15 -10 321
Wall U-value 0.1 187 51 0 275 15 -13 327
Wall U-value 0.14 187 48 0 275 15 -13 325
Wall U-value 0.16 188 46 0 275 15 -12 324
Wall U-value 0.19 188 45 0 276 15 -12 324
Wall U-value 0.21 188 30 0 276 15 -8 313
Wall U-value 0.31 190* 3 0 277 15 -1 294
Roof U-value 0.25 186* 8 0 274 15 -2 295
Roof U-value 0.2 185 10 0 274 15 -3 296
Roof U-value 0.15 184 11 0 273 14 -3 295
Window U-value 1.6 170* 76 0 264 13 -10 343
Window U-value 1.4 168 91 0 263 13 -12 355
Window U-value 1.0 164 103 0 260 13 -14 362
Window U-value 0.8 162 106 0 259 13 -14 364
Heat source ASHP 140 167 34 280 10 -30 462
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 172 57 10 265 13 0 346
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 173* 49 10 266 13 0 338
Heat source CHP 174 154 91 245 14 -27 477
Heat source Biomass
boiler 182 73 20 283 9 0 385
Lighting efficacy 65 152 63 43 161 13 -13 267
Lighting efficacy 80 149* 85 19 148 13 -17 247
Lighting efficacy 95 146 103 23 139 12 -21 256
Office 2F AC
Floor U-value 0.25 238* 35 0 364 19 -9 409
Floor U-value 0.2 238 37 0 365 19 -10 410
Floor U-value 0.15 237 38 0 365 19 -10 412
Wall U-value 0.11 234 143 0 361 18 -38 484
Wall U-value 0.15 235 141 0 361 18 -37 484
Wall U-value 0.19 235 145 0 362 18 -38 487
Wall U-value 0.2 235 140 0 362 18 -37 484
Wall U-value 0.21 235* 140 0 362 18 -37 483
Wall U-value 0.29 237 142 0 363 19 -37 486
Roof U-value 0.25 239* 67 0 364 19 -18 432
Roof U-value 0.2 238 69 0 363 19 -18 433
Roof U-value 0.15 237 76 0 363 19 -20 437
Window U-value 1.6 234* 76 0 363 18 -10 447
Window U-value 1.4 232 91 0 363 18 -12 460
Window U-value 1.0 229 103 0 363 18 -14 470
Window U-value 0.8 227 106 0 363 18 -14 472
Heat source ASHP 184 78 34 369 13 -14 480
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 111
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 222 32 10 353 17 0 412
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 223* 22 10 353 17 0 403
Heat source CHP 224 113 91 329 18 -20 531
Heat source Biomass
boiler 233 46 20 373 12 0 451
Lighting efficacy 65 221 63 43 319 17 -13 430
Lighting efficacy 80 213* 85 19 300 17 -17 404
Lighting efficacy 95 208 103 23 288 17 -21 409
Chiller Efficiency 5.5 225 279 30 335 18 0 662
Chiller Efficiency 4.5 210* 309 16 307 17 0 648
Chiller Efficiency 3.5 207 371 17 299 16 0 703
AHU SFP 1.8 233 20 1 351 18 -4 387
AHU SFP 1.6 232* 23 2 348 18 -4 387
Primary School
Floor U-value 0.25 151* 28 0 126 13 -3 164
Floor U-value 0.2 150 30 0 126 13 -4 165
Floor U-value 0.15 150 31 0 126 13 -4 166
Wall U-value 0.1 147 50 0 124 13 -6 181
Wall U-value 0.14 147 47 0 124 13 -6 179
Wall U-value 0.16 148 46 0 125 13 -6 178
Wall U-value 0.19 148 44 0 125 13 -5 177
Wall U-value 0.21 149 30 0 125 13 -4 164
Wall U-value 0.31 151* 3 0 126 13 0 142
Roof U-value 0.25 152* 5 0 127 13 -1 144
Roof U-value 0.2 151 6 0 127 13 -1 145
Roof U-value 0.15 151 6 0 126 13 -1 145
Window U-value 1.6 139* 35 0 120 12 0 167
Window U-value 1.4 138 43 0 119 12 0 174
Window U-value 1.0 135 48 0 118 12 0 177
Window U-value 0.8 134 50 0 117 11 0 178
Heat source ASHP 69 135 44 139 5 0 323
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 113 67 14 112 10 -6 197
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 117* 38 14 115 10 -3 174
Heat source CHP 120 96 82 66 11 0 255
Heat source Biomass
boiler 130 68 19 140 3 -6 224
Lighting efficacy 65 150 59 54 105 13 -6 225
Lighting efficacy 80 150* 79 24 101 13 -8 210
Lighting efficacy 95 150 96 30 99 13 -10 228
Hotel AC
Floor U-value 0.25 826* 14 0 722 70 -4 802
Floor U-value 0.2 826 15 0 722 70 -4 803
Floor U-value 0.15 826 15 0 722 70 -4 803
Wall U-value 0.1 808 80 0 709 68 -21 836
Wall U-value 0.14 810 75 0 710 68 -20 834
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 112
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Wall U-value 0.16 811 73 0 711 68 -19 833
Wall U-value 0.19 813 71 0 712 69 -19 833
Wall U-value 0.21 814 48 0 713 69 -13 817
Wall U-value 0.31 819* 5 0 716 69 -1 789
Roof U-value 0.25 827 3 0 722 70 -1 794
Roof U-value 0.2 826 4 0 721 70 -1 794
Roof U-value 0.15 825* 4 0 720 70 -1 793
Window U-value 1.6 792* 70 0 701 67 -9 829
Window U-value 1.4 788 85 0 699 66 -11 839
Window U-value 1.0 779 95 0 694 66 -13 842
Window U-value 0.8 775 98 0 692 65 -13 843
Heat source ASHP 459 83 39 772 33 -15 913
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 638 108 14 617 53 0 792
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 662 21 13 631 55 0 720
Heat source CHP 677* 90 68 440 61 -16 643
Heat source Biomass
boiler 718 46 18 784 22 0 871
Lighting efficacy 65 772 43 44 645 66 -2 797
Lighting efficacy 80 769* 58 20 637 66 -3 778
Lighting efficacy 95 768 70 24 632 66 -4 789
Mixed-use
Floor U-value 0.25 295* 37 0 535 22 -10 584
Floor U-value 0.2 296 39 0 536 22 -10 586
Floor U-value 0.15 296 40 0 537 22 -11 589
Wall U-value 0.14 293 89 0 535 22 -23 623
Wall U-value 0.1 293 94 0 536 22 -25 627
Wall U-value 0.19 293 83 0 535 22 -22 618
Wall U-value 0.16 293 86 0 536 22 -23 621
Wall U-value 0.21 293 56 0 537 22 -15 600
Wall U-value 0.31 293* 6 0 535 22 -1 561
Roof U-value 0.25 293* 9 0 533 22 -2 561
Roof U-value 0.2 293 11 0 533 22 -3 563
Roof U-value 0.15 292 11 0 533 22 -3 563
Window U-value 1.6 295* 57 0 533 22 -8 605
Window U-value 1.4 294 69 0 533 22 -9 615
Window U-value 1.0 293 78 0 532 22 -10 621
Window U-value 0.8 292 80 0 531 22 -11 623
Heat source ASHP 267 157 35 533 19 -28 717
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 277 63 15 522 20 0 620
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 278* 46 15 522 20 0 604
Heat source CHP 278 172 133 518 21 -31 813
Heat source Biomass
boiler 281 77 22 529 19 0 646
Lighting efficacy 65 179 69 39 286 14 -3 405
Lighting efficacy 80 167* 92 19 260 13 -4 379
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 113
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Lighting efficacy 95 159 111 23 242 12 -5 384
CNU (health)
Floor U-value 0.25 466* 44 0 591 37 -5 666
Floor U-value 0.2 466 47 0 591 37 -6 668
Floor U-value 0.15 466 48 0 590 37 -6 670
Wall U-value 0.1 455 56 0 585 36 -7 670
Wall U-value 0.14 456 52 0 585 36 -6 667
Wall U-value 0.16 457 51 0 586 36 -6 666
Wall U-value 0.19 458 49 0 586 36 -6 665
Wall U-value 0.21 458 33 0 586 36 -4 652
Wall U-value 0.31 461* 3 0 588 36 0 627
Roof U-value 0.25 458 6 0 586 36 -1 628
Roof U-value 0.2 457 8 0 586 36 -1 628
Roof U-value 0.15 456* 8 0 585 36 -1 628
Window U-value 1.6 451* 42 0 582 36 0 660
Window U-value 1.4 450 50 0 582 35 0 667
Window U-value 1.0 447 56 0 580 35 0 671
Window U-value 0.8 445 58 0 579 35 0 672
Heat source ASHP 352 105 78 598 26 0 807
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 408 131 23 558 32 -12 733
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 421* 37 23 566 33 -3 656
Heat source CHP 425 97 80 517 34 0 728
Heat source Biomass
boiler 440 77 31 614 23 -7 738
Lighting efficacy 65 347* 132 48 329 29 0 537
Lighting efficacy 80 335 176 22 331 28 0 557
Lighting efficacy 95 328 213 26 307 28 0 574
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 114
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.6f: Existing Elemental Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate,
Alternative Cost of Carbon, €/m²)
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV
Floor U-value 0.25 211* 35 0 279 21 -9 326
Floor U-value 0.2 210 37 0 278 21 -10 327
Floor U-value 0.15 210 38 0 278 21 -10 327
Wall U-value 0.1 205 51 0 275 21 -13 333
Wall U-value 0.14 206 48 0 275 21 -13 331
Wall U-value 0.16 206 46 0 275 21 -12 330
Wall U-value 0.19 207 45 0 276 21 -12 330
Wall U-value 0.21 207 30 0 276 21 -8 319
Wall U-value 0.31 209* 3 0 277 21 -1 301
Roof U-value 0.25 205* 8 0 274 21 -2 301
Roof U-value 0.2 203 10 0 274 21 -3 302
Roof U-value 0.15 202 11 0 273 20 -3 301
Window U-value 1.6 189* 76 0 264 19 -10 349
Window U-value 1.4 186 91 0 263 19 -12 361
Window U-value 1.0 182 103 0 260 18 -14 367
Window U-value 0.8 180 106 0 259 18 -14 369
Heat source ASHP 163 167 34 280 15 -30 467
Heat source CHP 189 154 91 245 19 -27 483
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 190 57 10 265 19 0 351
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 191* 49 10 266 19 0 344
Heat source Biomass
boiler 200 73 20 283 13 0 390
Lighting efficacy 65 160 63 43 161 17 -13 271
Lighting efficacy 80 155* 85 19 148 17 -17 251
Lighting efficacy 95 152 103 23 139 17 -21 260
Office 2F AC
Floor U-value 0.25 263* 35 0 364 26 -9 416
Floor U-value 0.2 263 37 0 365 26 -10 418
Floor U-value 0.15 263 38 0 365 26 -10 420
Wall U-value 0.11 259 143 0 361 26 -38 492
Wall U-value 0.15 260 141 0 361 26 -37 492
Wall U-value 0.19 260 145 0 362 26 -38 495
Wall U-value 0.2 261 140 0 362 26 -37 491
Wall U-value 0.21 261* 140 0 362 26 -37 491
Wall U-value 0.29 262 142 0 363 26 -37 493
Roof U-value 0.25 265* 67 0 364 27 -18 440
Roof U-value 0.2 264 69 0 363 26 -18 441
Roof U-value 0.15 262 76 0 363 26 -20 445
Window U-value 1.6 259* 76 0 363 26 -10 455
Window U-value 1.4 258 91 0 363 26 -12 468
Window U-value 1.0 255 103 0 363 25 -14 477
Window U-value 0.8 253 106 0 363 25 -14 480
Heat source ASHP 214 78 34 369 20 -14 486
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 115
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Heat source CHP 245 113 91 329 25 -20 538
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 247 32 10 353 24 0 419
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 248* 22 10 353 25 0 410
Heat source Biomass
boiler 258 46 20 373 18 0 457
Lighting efficacy 65 242 63 43 319 25 -13 437
Lighting efficacy 80 233* 85 19 300 24 -17 411
Lighting efficacy 95 227 103 23 288 23 -21 416
Chiller Efficiency 5.5 248 279 30 335 25 0 669
Chiller Efficiency 4.5 231* 309 16 307 23 0 655
Chiller Efficiency 3.5 227 371 17 299 23 0 710
AHU SFP 1.8 257 20 1 351 26 -4 394
AHU SFP 1.6 256* 23 2 348 26 -4 394
Primary School
Floor U-value 0.25 156* 28 0 126 17 -3 168
Floor U-value 0.2 155 30 0 126 17 -4 169
Floor U-value 0.15 155 31 0 126 17 -4 170
Wall U-value 0.1 151 50 0 124 17 -6 185
Wall U-value 0.14 152 47 0 124 17 -6 183
Wall U-value 0.16 153 46 0 125 17 -6 182
Wall U-value 0.19 153 44 0 125 17 -5 181
Wall U-value 0.21 153 30 0 125 17 -4 168
Wall U-value 0.31 155* 3 0 126 17 0 146
Roof U-value 0.25 156* 5 0 127 17 -1 148
Roof U-value 0.2 156 6 0 127 17 -1 149
Roof U-value 0.15 156 6 0 126 17 -1 149
Window U-value 1.6 144* 35 0 120 16 0 171
Window U-value 1.4 142 43 0 119 16 0 178
Window U-value 1.0 140 48 0 118 15 0 181
Window U-value 0.8 139 50 0 117 15 0 182
Heat source ASHP 80 135 44 139 8 0 326
Heat source CHP 117 96 82 66 14 0 258
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 117 67 14 112 13 -6 200
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 122* 38 14 115 13 -3 177
Heat source Biomass
boiler 135 68 19 140 5 -6 226
Lighting efficacy 65 153 59 54 105 17 -6 229
Lighting efficacy 80 152* 79 24 101 17 -8 214
Lighting efficacy 95 152 96 30 99 17 -10 232
Hotel AC
Floor U-value 0.25 865* 14 0 722 94 -4 826
Floor U-value 0.2 865 15 0 722 94 -4 827
Floor U-value 0.15 864 15 0 722 94 -4 827
Wall U-value 0.1 845 80 0 709 92 -21 860
Wall U-value 0.14 848 75 0 710 92 -20 858
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 116
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Wall U-value 0.16 849 73 0 711 92 -19 857
Wall U-value 0.19 850 71 0 712 92 -19 856
Wall U-value 0.21 852 48 0 713 92 -13 840
Wall U-value 0.31 857* 5 0 716 93 -1 813
Roof U-value 0.25 865 3 0 722 94 -1 818
Roof U-value 0.2 864 4 0 721 94 -1 818
Roof U-value 0.15 863* 4 0 720 94 -1 817
Window U-value 1.6 830* 70 0 701 90 -9 852
Window U-value 1.4 826 85 0 699 89 -11 862
Window U-value 1.0 817 95 0 694 88 -13 865
Window U-value 0.8 813 98 0 692 88 -13 865
Heat source ASHP 534 83 39 772 50 -15 929
Heat source CHP 669* 90 68 440 78 -16 660
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 676 108 14 617 72 0 811
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 700 21 13 631 75 0 739
Heat source Biomass
boiler 756 46 18 784 32 0 881
Lighting efficacy 65 797 43 44 645 88 -2 819
Lighting efficacy 80 793* 58 20 637 88 -3 800
Lighting efficacy 95 791 70 24 632 88 -4 810
Mixed-use
Floor U-value 0.25 337* 37 0 535 32 -10 594
Floor U-value 0.2 337 39 0 536 32 -10 597
Floor U-value 0.15 338 40 0 537 32 -11 599
Wall U-value 0.19 334 83 0 535 32 -22 628
Wall U-value 0.14 334 89 0 535 32 -23 633
Wall U-value 0.1 335 94 0 536 32 -25 637
Wall U-value 0.31 335* 6 0 535 32 -1 571
Wall U-value 0.16 335 86 0 536 32 -23 631
Wall U-value 0.21 335 56 0 537 32 -15 610
Roof U-value 0.25 334* 9 0 533 32 -2 571
Roof U-value 0.2 334 11 0 533 32 -3 573
Roof U-value 0.15 334 11 0 533 32 -3 573
Window U-value 1.6 336* 57 0 533 32 -8 615
Window U-value 1.4 335 69 0 533 32 -9 625
Window U-value 1.0 334 78 0 532 32 -10 631
Window U-value 0.8 333 80 0 531 32 -11 633
Heat source ASHP 310 157 35 533 29 -28 727
Heat source CHP 318 172 133 518 30 -31 823
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 319 63 15 522 30 0 629
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 319* 46 15 522 30 0 614
Heat source Biomass
boiler 322 77 22 529 28 0 655
Lighting efficacy 65 199 69 39 286 20 -3 411
Lighting efficacy 80 185* 92 19 260 18 -4 385
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 117
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Lighting efficacy 95 176 111 23 242 18 -5 389
CNU (health)
Floor U-value 0.25 514* 44 0 591 52 -5 681
Floor U-value 0.2 513 47 0 591 52 -6 683
Floor U-value 0.15 513 48 0 590 52 -6 685
Wall U-value 0.1 502 56 0 585 51 -7 684
Wall U-value 0.14 504 52 0 585 51 -6 682
Wall U-value 0.16 504 51 0 586 51 -6 681
Wall U-value 0.19 505 49 0 586 51 -6 680
Wall U-value 0.21 505 33 0 586 51 -4 667
Wall U-value 0.31 508* 3 0 588 51 0 642
Roof U-value 0.25 506 6 0 586 51 -1 643
Roof U-value 0.2 504 8 0 586 51 -1 643
Roof U-value 0.15 503* 8 0 585 51 -1 643
Window U-value 1.6 499* 42 0 582 50 0 674
Window U-value 1.4 497 50 0 582 50 0 682
Window U-value 1.0 494 56 0 580 50 0 686
Window U-value 0.8 493 58 0 579 50 0 687
Heat source ASHP 410 105 78 598 39 0 820
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 455 131 23 558 45 -12 747
Heat source CHP 461 97 80 517 48 0 742
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 468* 37 23 566 47 -3 670
Heat source Biomass
boiler 487 77 31 614 34 -7 749
Lighting efficacy 65 366* 132 48 329 39 0 548
Lighting efficacy 80 351 176 22 331 38 0 567
Lighting efficacy 95 342 213 26 307 37 0 584
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 118
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.7a: Existing Elemental Financial Costs (Central energy price, 7% discount rate, €/m²)
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV
Floor U-value 0.25 211* 39 0 258 - -7 290
Floor U-value 0.2 210 42 0 258 - -8 292
Floor U-value 0.15 210 44 0 257 - -8 293
Wall U-value 0.1 205 58 0 255 - -11 302
Wall U-value 0.14 206 54 0 255 - -10 299
Wall U-value 0.16 206 52 0 255 - -10 298
Wall U-value 0.19 207 51 0 256 - -9 297
Wall U-value 0.21 207 34 0 256 - -6 284
Wall U-value 0.31 209* 3 0 257 - -1 260
Roof U-value 0.25 205* 9 0 254 - -2 262
Roof U-value 0.2 203 12 0 254 - -2 263
Roof U-value 0.15 202 12 0 253 - -2 263
Window U-value 1.6 189* 86 0 245 - -8 323
Window U-value 1.4 186 104 0 243 - -10 338
Window U-value 1.0 182 117 0 241 - -11 347
Window U-value 0.8 180 120 0 240 - -11 349
Heat source ASHP 163 175 30 259 - -24 440
Heat source CHP 189 161 79 227 - -22 445
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 190 65 9 246 - 0 319
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 191* 55 9 246 - 0 310
Heat source Biomass
boiler 200 83 17 262 - 0 363
Lighting efficacy 65 160 66 37 149 - -10 242
Lighting efficacy 80 155* 88 16 137 - -14 228
Lighting efficacy 95 152 107 20 129 - -17 239
Office 2F AC
Floor U-value 0.25 263* 39 0 338 - -7 370
Floor U-value 0.2 263 42 0 338 - -8 372
Floor U-value 0.15 263 44 0 338 - -8 374
Wall U-value 0.11 259 162 0 334 - -30 467
Wall U-value 0.15 260 161 0 335 - -30 466
Wall U-value 0.19 260 164 0 335 - -30 469
Wall U-value 0.2 261 159 0 335 - -29 465
Wall U-value 0.21 261* 159 0 335 - -29 465
Wall U-value 0.29 262 161 0 336 - -30 467
Roof U-value 0.25 265* 76 0 337 - -14 399
Roof U-value 0.2 264 78 0 337 - -14 401
Roof U-value 0.15 262 86 0 336 - -16 406
Window U-value 1.6 259* 86 0 337 - -8 414
Window U-value 1.4 258 104 0 336 - -10 430
Window U-value 1.0 255 117 0 336 - -11 442
Window U-value 0.8 253 120 0 336 - -11 445
Heat source ASHP 214 81 29 341 - -11 440
Heat source CHP 245 118 79 305 - -16 485
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 119
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 247 36 9 327 - 0 371
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 248* 25 9 327 - 0 361
Heat source Biomass
boiler 258 52 17 346 - 0 415
Lighting efficacy 65 242 66 37 296 - -10 388
Lighting efficacy 80 233* 88 16 278 - -14 369
Lighting efficacy 95 227 107 20 266 - -17 377
Chiller Efficiency 5.5 248 317 25 310 - 0 653
Chiller Efficiency 4.5 231* 350 14 284 - 0 648
Chiller Efficiency 3.5 227 421 15 277 - 0 712
AHU SFP 1.8 257* 21 1 325 - -3 344
AHU SFP 1.6 256 24 1 323 - -3 345
Primary School
Floor U-value 0.25 156* 32 0 117 - -2 147
Floor U-value 0.2 155 34 0 117 - -2 148
Floor U-value 0.15 155 35 0 117 - -2 149
Wall U-value 0.1 151 57 0 115 - -4 168
Wall U-value 0.14 152 54 0 116 - -4 165
Wall U-value 0.16 153 52 0 116 - -4 164
Wall U-value 0.19 153 50 0 116 - -4 163
Wall U-value 0.21 153 34 0 116 - -2 148
Wall U-value 0.31 155* 3 0 117 - 0 120
Roof U-value 0.25 156* 5 0 118 - 0 123
Roof U-value 0.2 156 7 0 117 - 0 124
Roof U-value 0.15 156 7 0 117 - 0 124
Window U-value 1.6 144* 40 0 111 - 0 151
Window U-value 1.4 142 49 0 111 - 0 159
Window U-value 1.0 140 55 0 109 - 0 164
Window U-value 0.8 139 56 0 109 - 0 165
Heat source ASHP 80 141 36 128 - 0 306
Heat source CHP 117 100 67 61 - 0 229
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 117 69 11 104 - -4 181
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 122* 40 11 107 - -2 156
Heat source Biomass
boiler 135 70 15 131 - -4 212
Lighting efficacy 65 153 61 44 97 - -4 199
Lighting efficacy 80 152* 82 20 94 - -5 191
Lighting efficacy 95 152 99 24 92 - -6 209
Hotel AC
Floor U-value 0.25 865* 16 0 670 - -3 683
Floor U-value 0.2 865 17 0 670 - -3 684
Floor U-value 0.15 864 17 0 670 - -3 684
Wall U-value 0.1 845 91 0 658 - -17 732
Wall U-value 0.14 848 86 0 659 - -16 729
Wall U-value 0.16 849 83 0 660 - -15 727
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 120
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Wall U-value 0.19 850 80 0 661 - -15 726
Wall U-value 0.21 852 54 0 662 - -10 706
Wall U-value 0.31 857* 5 0 665 - -1 669
Roof U-value 0.25 865 4 0 670 - -1 673
Roof U-value 0.2 864 5 0 669 - -1 673
Roof U-value 0.15 863* 5 0 669 - -1 672
Window U-value 1.6 830* 79 0 651 - -7 723
Window U-value 1.4 826 96 0 649 - -9 736
Window U-value 1.0 817 108 0 644 - -10 742
Window U-value 0.8 813 111 0 642 - -10 744
Heat source ASHP 534 87 34 715 - -12 823
Heat source CHP 669* 94 58 409 - -13 549
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 676 122 12 573 - 0 707
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 700 23 11 585 - 0 620
Heat source Biomass
boiler 756 53 15 729 - 0 797
Lighting efficacy 65 797 49 38 599 - -2 684
Lighting efficacy 80 793* 66 17 592 - -2 672
Lighting efficacy 95 791 80 21 586 - -3 684
Mixed-use
Floor U-value 0.25 337* 41 0 495 - -8 529
Floor U-value 0.2 337 44 0 496 - -8 532
Floor U-value 0.15 338 46 0 497 - -8 534
Wall U-value 0.19 334 94 0 496 - -17 572
Wall U-value 0.14 334 101 0 496 - -19 578
Wall U-value 0.1 335 107 0 496 - -20 583
Wall U-value 0.31 335* 6 0 495 - -1 500
Wall U-value 0.16 335 97 0 496 - -18 576
Wall U-value 0.21 335 64 0 497 - -12 549
Roof U-value 0.25 334* 10 0 493 - -2 501
Roof U-value 0.2 334 12 0 493 - -2 503
Roof U-value 0.15 334 13 0 493 - -2 504
Window U-value 1.6 336* 65 0 494 - -6 553
Window U-value 1.4 335 79 0 493 - -7 565
Window U-value 1.0 334 88 0 492 - -8 573
Window U-value 0.8 333 91 0 492 - -8 575
Heat source ASHP 310 164 30 494 - -22 666
Heat source CHP 318 180 115 479 - -24 749
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 319 71 13 483 - 0 567
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 319* 53 13 483 - 0 549
Heat source Biomass
boiler 322 87 19 490 - 0 596
Lighting efficacy 65 199 73 34 265 - -2 369
Lighting efficacy 80 185* 97 16 240 - -3 351
Lighting efficacy 95 176 118 20 224 - -4 358
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 121
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
CNU (health)
Floor U-value 0.25 514* 50 0 547 - -3 594
Floor U-value 0.2 513 53 0 547 - -4 596
Floor U-value 0.15 513 55 0 547 - -4 598
Wall U-value 0.1 502 63 0 542 - -4 600
Wall U-value 0.14 504 60 0 542 - -4 598
Wall U-value 0.16 504 58 0 542 - -4 596
Wall U-value 0.19 505 56 0 543 - -4 595
Wall U-value 0.21 505 38 0 543 - -3 578
Wall U-value 0.31 508* 4 0 545 - 0 548
Roof U-value 0.25 506* 7 0 543 - 0 550
Roof U-value 0.2 504 9 0 543 - -1 551
Roof U-value 0.15 503 9 0 542 - -1 550
Window U-value 1.6 499* 47 0 540 - 0 587
Window U-value 1.4 497 57 0 539 - 0 596
Window U-value 1.0 494 64 0 537 - 0 601
Window U-value 0.8 493 66 0 536 - 0 603
Heat source ASHP 410 109 64 554 - 0 727
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 455 136 19 517 - -8 665
Heat source CHP 461 102 65 479 - 0 646
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 468* 39 19 524 - -2 580
Heat source Biomass
boiler 487 79 26 569 - -4 670
Lighting efficacy 65 366* 128 39 305 - 0 472
Lighting efficacy 80 351 172 18 307 - 0 497
Lighting efficacy 95 342 208 21 285 - 0 514
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 122
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.7b: Existing Elemental Financial Costs (Low energy price, 7% discount rate, €/m²)
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV
Floor U-value 0.25 211* 39 0 202 - -7 234
Floor U-value 0.2 210 42 0 202 - -8 236
Floor U-value 0.15 210 44 0 201 - -8 237
Wall U-value 0.1 205 58 0 200 - -11 247
Wall U-value 0.14 206 54 0 200 - -10 244
Wall U-value 0.16 206 52 0 200 - -10 243
Wall U-value 0.19 207 51 0 200 - -9 242
Wall U-value 0.21 207 34 0 200 - -6 228
Wall U-value 0.31 209* 3 0 201 - -1 204
Roof U-value 0.25 205* 9 0 199 - -2 207
Roof U-value 0.2 203 12 0 199 - -2 208
Roof U-value 0.15 202 12 0 198 - -2 208
Window U-value 1.6 189* 86 0 193 - -8 271
Window U-value 1.4 186 104 0 192 - -10 286
Window U-value 1.0 182 117 0 190 - -11 296
Window U-value 0.8 180 120 0 189 - -11 298
Heat source ASHP 163 175 30 207 - -24 388
Heat source CHP 189 161 79 177 - -22 394
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 190 65 9 193 - 0 267
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 191* 55 9 194 - 0 258
Heat source Biomass
boiler 200 83 17 205 - 0 305
Lighting efficacy 65 160 66 37 113 - -10 206
Lighting efficacy 80 155* 88 16 103 - -14 194
Lighting efficacy 95 152 107 20 96 - -17 207
Office 2F AC
Floor U-value 0.25 263* 39 0 265 - -7 298
Floor U-value 0.2 263 42 0 266 - -8 300
Floor U-value 0.15 263 44 0 266 - -8 301
Wall U-value 0.11 259 162 0 263 - -30 395
Wall U-value 0.15 260 161 0 263 - -30 394
Wall U-value 0.19 260 164 0 264 - -30 398
Wall U-value 0.2 261 159 0 264 - -29 394
Wall U-value 0.21 261* 159 0 264 - -29 393
Wall U-value 0.29 262 161 0 264 - -30 395
Roof U-value 0.25 265* 76 0 265 - -14 327
Roof U-value 0.2 264 78 0 265 - -14 328
Roof U-value 0.15 262 86 0 264 - -16 334
Window U-value 1.6 259* 86 0 265 - -8 343
Window U-value 1.4 258 104 0 265 - -10 359
Window U-value 1.0 255 117 0 265 - -11 371
Window U-value 0.8 253 120 0 265 - -11 374
Heat source ASHP 214 81 29 273 - -11 372
Heat source CHP 245 118 79 238 - -16 418
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 123
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 247 36 9 258 - 0 302
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 248* 25 9 258 - 0 291
Heat source Biomass
boiler 258 52 17 271 - 0 341
Lighting efficacy 65 242 66 37 231 - -10 324
Lighting efficacy 80 233* 88 16 217 - -14 308
Lighting efficacy 95 227 107 20 208 - -17 318
Chiller Efficiency 5.5 248* 317 25 243 - 0 586
Chiller Efficiency 4.5 231 350 14 222 - 0 587
Chiller Efficiency 3.5 227 421 15 217 - 0 652
AHU SFP 1.8 257* 21 1 255 - -3 275
AHU SFP 1.6 256 24 1 253 - -3 275
Primary School
Floor U-value 0.25 156* 32 0 88 - -2 117
Floor U-value 0.2 155 34 0 88 - -2 119
Floor U-value 0.15 155 35 0 87 - -2 120
Wall U-value 0.1 151 57 0 86 - -4 139
Wall U-value 0.14 152 54 0 87 - -4 137
Wall U-value 0.16 153 52 0 87 - -4 135
Wall U-value 0.19 153 50 0 87 - -4 134
Wall U-value 0.21 153 34 0 87 - -2 119
Wall U-value 0.31 155* 3 0 88 - 0 91
Roof U-value 0.25 156* 5 0 88 - 0 93
Roof U-value 0.2 156 7 0 88 - 0 94
Roof U-value 0.15 156 7 0 88 - 0 94
Window U-value 1.6 144* 40 0 84 - 0 124
Window U-value 1.4 142 49 0 83 - 0 132
Window U-value 1.0 140 55 0 82 - 0 137
Window U-value 0.8 139 56 0 82 - 0 138
Heat source ASHP 80 141 36 103 - 0 280
Heat source CHP 117 100 67 42 - 0 210
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 117 69 11 79 - -4 156
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 122* 40 11 80 - -2 129
Heat source Biomass
boiler 135 70 15 98 - -4 179
Lighting efficacy 65 153 61 44 71 - -4 173
Lighting efficacy 80 152* 82 20 69 - -5 165
Lighting efficacy 95 152 99 24 67 - -6 184
Hotel AC
Floor U-value 0.25 865* 16 0 508 - -3 520
Floor U-value 0.2 865 17 0 508 - -3 521
Floor U-value 0.15 864 17 0 508 - -3 522
Wall U-value 0.1 845 91 0 499 - -17 573
Wall U-value 0.14 848 86 0 500 - -16 570
Wall U-value 0.16 849 83 0 500 - -15 568
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Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Wall U-value 0.19 850 80 0 501 - -15 566
Wall U-value 0.21 852 54 0 501 - -10 546
Wall U-value 0.31 857* 5 0 504 - -1 508
Roof U-value 0.25 865 4 0 507 - -1 510
Roof U-value 0.2 864 5 0 507 - -1 511
Roof U-value 0.15 863* 5 0 506 - -1 510
Window U-value 1.6 830* 79 0 494 - -7 566
Window U-value 1.4 826 96 0 492 - -9 579
Window U-value 1.0 817 108 0 489 - -10 587
Window U-value 0.8 813 111 0 488 - -10 589
Heat source ASHP 534 87 34 573 - -12 682
Heat source CHP 669* 94 58 292 - -13 431
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 676 122 12 439 - 0 573
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 700 23 11 448 - 0 482
Heat source Biomass
boiler 756 53 15 551 - 0 619
Lighting efficacy 65 797 49 38 449 - -2 534
Lighting efficacy 80 793* 66 17 443 - -2 523
Lighting efficacy 95 791 80 21 439 - -3 536
Mixed-use
Floor U-value 0.25 337* 41 0 394 - -8 428
Floor U-value 0.2 337 44 0 395 - -8 430
Floor U-value 0.15 338 46 0 395 - -8 433
Wall U-value 0.19 334 94 0 394 - -17 471
Wall U-value 0.14 334 101 0 395 - -19 477
Wall U-value 0.1 335 107 0 395 - -20 482
Wall U-value 0.31 335* 6 0 394 - -1 399
Wall U-value 0.16 335 97 0 395 - -18 474
Wall U-value 0.21 335 64 0 396 - -12 447
Roof U-value 0.25 334* 10 0 392 - -2 400
Roof U-value 0.2 334 12 0 392 - -2 402
Roof U-value 0.15 334 13 0 393 - -2 403
Window U-value 1.6 336* 65 0 393 - -6 452
Window U-value 1.4 335 79 0 392 - -7 464
Window U-value 1.0 334 88 0 392 - -8 472
Window U-value 0.8 333 91 0 391 - -8 474
Heat source ASHP 310 164 30 395 - -22 567
Heat source CHP 318 180 115 382 - -24 651
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 319 71 13 385 - 0 469
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 319* 53 13 385 - 0 451
Heat source Biomass
boiler 322 87 19 390 - 0 496
Lighting efficacy 65 199 73 34 209 - -2 313
Lighting efficacy 80 185* 97 16 189 - -3 299
Lighting efficacy 95 176 118 20 176 - -4 310
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Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
CNU (health)
Floor U-value 0.25 514* 50 0 430 - -3 476
Floor U-value 0.2 513 53 0 430 - -4 479
Floor U-value 0.15 513 55 0 430 - -4 481
Wall U-value 0.1 502 63 0 426 - -4 485
Wall U-value 0.14 504 60 0 426 - -4 482
Wall U-value 0.16 504 58 0 427 - -4 480
Wall U-value 0.19 505 56 0 427 - -4 479
Wall U-value 0.21 505 38 0 427 - -3 462
Wall U-value 0.31 508* 4 0 428 - 0 432
Roof U-value 0.25 506* 7 0 427 - 0 433
Roof U-value 0.2 504 9 0 427 - -1 435
Roof U-value 0.15 503 9 0 426 - -1 434
Window U-value 1.6 499* 47 0 425 - 0 472
Window U-value 1.4 497 57 0 424 - 0 481
Window U-value 1.0 494 64 0 423 - 0 487
Window U-value 0.8 493 66 0 422 - 0 488
Heat source ASHP 410 109 64 444 - 0 617
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 455 136 19 409 - -8 556
Heat source CHP 461 102 65 374 - 0 540
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 468* 39 19 413 - -2 469
Heat source Biomass
boiler 487 79 26 446 - -4 546
Lighting efficacy 65 366* 128 39 233 - 0 401
Lighting efficacy 80 351 172 18 234 - 0 424
Lighting efficacy 95 342 208 21 216 - 0 445
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Table 5.7c: Existing Elemental Financial Costs (High energy price, 7% discount rate, €/m²)
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV
Floor U-value 0.25 211* 39 0 315 - -7 347
Floor U-value 0.2 210 42 0 314 - -8 348
Floor U-value 0.15 210 44 0 314 - -8 349
Wall U-value 0.1 205 58 0 310 - -11 357
Wall U-value 0.14 206 54 0 311 - -10 355
Wall U-value 0.16 206 52 0 311 - -10 354
Wall U-value 0.19 207 51 0 311 - -9 353
Wall U-value 0.21 207 34 0 312 - -6 340
Wall U-value 0.31 209* 3 0 313 - -1 316
Roof U-value 0.25 205* 9 0 310 - -2 317
Roof U-value 0.2 203 12 0 309 - -2 318
Roof U-value 0.15 202 12 0 308 - -2 318
Window U-value 1.6 189* 86 0 297 - -8 375
Window U-value 1.4 186 104 0 296 - -10 390
Window U-value 1.0 182 117 0 292 - -11 398
Window U-value 0.8 180 120 0 291 - -11 400
Heat source ASHP 163 175 30 311 - -24 492
Heat source CHP 189 161 79 278 - -22 496
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 190 65 9 299 - 0 372
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 191* 55 9 299 - 0 363
Heat source Biomass
boiler 200 83 17 320 - 0 421
Lighting efficacy 65 160 66 37 186 - -10 278
Lighting efficacy 80 155* 88 16 171 - -14 262
Lighting efficacy 95 152 107 20 162 - -17 272
Office 2F AC
Floor U-value 0.25 263* 39 0 410 - -7 442
Floor U-value 0.2 263 42 0 411 - -8 445
Floor U-value 0.15 263 44 0 411 - -8 446
Wall U-value 0.11 259 162 0 406 - -30 538
Wall U-value 0.15 260 161 0 407 - -30 538
Wall U-value 0.19 260 164 0 407 - -30 541
Wall U-value 0.2 261 159 0 407 - -29 537
Wall U-value 0.21 261* 159 0 407 - -29 537
Wall U-value 0.29 262 161 0 408 - -30 540
Roof U-value 0.25 265* 76 0 410 - -14 472
Roof U-value 0.2 264 78 0 409 - -14 473
Roof U-value 0.15 262 86 0 408 - -16 478
Window U-value 1.6 259* 86 0 409 - -8 487
Window U-value 1.4 258 104 0 408 - -10 502
Window U-value 1.0 255 117 0 408 - -11 514
Window U-value 0.8 253 120 0 407 - -11 517
Heat source ASHP 214 81 29 409 - -11 509
Heat source CHP 245 118 79 372 - -16 552
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Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 247 36 9 396 - 0 441
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 248* 25 9 397 - 0 430
Heat source Biomass
boiler 258 52 17 421 - 0 491
Lighting efficacy 65 242 66 37 360 - -10 453
Lighting efficacy 80 233* 88 16 340 - -14 431
Lighting efficacy 95 227 107 20 326 - -17 436
Chiller Efficiency 5.5 248 317 25 378 - 0 720
Chiller Efficiency 4.5 231* 350 14 346 - 0 710
Chiller Efficiency 3.5 227 421 15 338 - 0 773
AHU SFP 1.8 257 21 1 395 - -3 415
AHU SFP 1.6 256* 24 1 393 - -3 415
Primary School
Floor U-value 0.25 156* 32 0 147 - -2 177
Floor U-value 0.2 155 34 0 147 - -2 178
Floor U-value 0.15 155 35 0 147 - -2 179
Wall U-value 0.1 151 57 0 145 - -4 198
Wall U-value 0.14 152 54 0 145 - -4 195
Wall U-value 0.16 153 52 0 145 - -4 194
Wall U-value 0.19 153 50 0 146 - -4 192
Wall U-value 0.21 153 34 0 146 - -2 178
Wall U-value 0.31 155* 3 0 147 - 0 150
Roof U-value 0.25 156* 5 0 148 - 0 153
Roof U-value 0.2 156 7 0 148 - 0 154
Roof U-value 0.15 156 7 0 147 - 0 154
Window U-value 1.6 144* 40 0 139 - 0 180
Window U-value 1.4 142 49 0 138 - 0 187
Window U-value 1.0 140 55 0 137 - 0 191
Window U-value 0.8 139 56 0 136 - 0 192
Heat source ASHP 80 141 36 154 - 0 331
Heat source CHP 117 100 67 81 - 0 248
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 117 69 11 130 - -4 207
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 122* 40 11 134 - -2 183
Heat source Biomass
boiler 135 70 15 165 - -4 247
Lighting efficacy 65 153 61 44 124 - -4 226
Lighting efficacy 80 152* 82 20 120 - -5 217
Lighting efficacy 95 152 99 24 118 - -6 235
Hotel AC
Floor U-value 0.25 865* 16 0 836 - -3 849
Floor U-value 0.2 865 17 0 836 - -3 850
Floor U-value 0.15 864 17 0 836 - -3 851
Wall U-value 0.1 845 91 0 821 - -17 895
Wall U-value 0.14 848 86 0 823 - -16 892
Wall U-value 0.16 849 83 0 823 - -15 891
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Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Wall U-value 0.19 850 80 0 825 - -15 890
Wall U-value 0.21 852 54 0 826 - -10 870
Wall U-value 0.31 857* 5 0 830 - -1 834
Roof U-value 0.25 865 4 0 836 - -1 839
Roof U-value 0.2 864 5 0 835 - -1 839
Roof U-value 0.15 863* 5 0 834 - -1 838
Window U-value 1.6 830* 79 0 811 - -7 884
Window U-value 1.4 826 96 0 808 - -9 896
Window U-value 1.0 817 108 0 803 - -10 901
Window U-value 0.8 813 111 0 800 - -10 902
Heat source ASHP 534 87 34 858 - -12 967
Heat source CHP 669* 94 58 530 - -13 669
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 676 122 12 709 - 0 844
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 700 23 11 725 - 0 760
Heat source Biomass
boiler 756 53 15 915 - 0 983
Lighting efficacy 65 797 49 38 752 - -2 838
Lighting efficacy 80 793* 66 17 744 - -2 824
Lighting efficacy 95 791 80 21 738 - -3 835
Mixed-use
Floor U-value 0.25 337* 41 0 597 - -8 631
Floor U-value 0.2 337 44 0 598 - -8 634
Floor U-value 0.15 338 46 0 599 - -8 636
Wall U-value 0.19 334 94 0 597 - -17 674
Wall U-value 0.14 334 101 0 597 - -19 679
Wall U-value 0.1 335 107 0 597 - -20 685
Wall U-value 0.31 335* 6 0 596 - -1 601
Wall U-value 0.16 335 97 0 598 - -18 677
Wall U-value 0.21 335 64 0 599 - -12 651
Roof U-value 0.25 334* 10 0 594 - -2 602
Roof U-value 0.2 334 12 0 594 - -2 604
Roof U-value 0.15 334 13 0 594 - -2 605
Window U-value 1.6 336* 65 0 595 - -6 654
Window U-value 1.4 335 79 0 594 - -7 666
Window U-value 1.0 334 88 0 593 - -8 673
Window U-value 0.8 333 91 0 593 - -8 676
Heat source ASHP 310 164 30 592 - -22 765
Heat source CHP 318 180 115 577 - -24 847
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 319 71 13 581 - 0 665
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 319* 53 13 582 - 0 647
Heat source Biomass
boiler 322 87 19 590 - 0 696
Lighting efficacy 65 199 73 34 321 - -2 425
Lighting efficacy 80 185* 97 16 292 - -3 402
Lighting efficacy 95 176 118 20 272 - -4 406
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AECOM
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
CNU (health)
Floor U-value 0.25 514* 50 0 667 - -3 713
Floor U-value 0.2 513 53 0 666 - -4 715
Floor U-value 0.15 513 55 0 666 - -4 717
Wall U-value 0.1 502 63 0 659 - -4 718
Wall U-value 0.14 504 60 0 660 - -4 715
Wall U-value 0.16 504 58 0 660 - -4 714
Wall U-value 0.19 505 56 0 661 - -4 713
Wall U-value 0.21 505 38 0 661 - -3 696
Wall U-value 0.31 508* 4 0 663 - 0 667
Roof U-value 0.25 506* 7 0 661 - 0 668
Roof U-value 0.2 504 9 0 660 - -1 668
Roof U-value 0.15 503 9 0 660 - -1 668
Window U-value 1.6 499* 47 0 657 - 0 704
Window U-value 1.4 497 57 0 655 - 0 712
Window U-value 1.0 494 64 0 653 - 0 717
Window U-value 0.8 493 66 0 652 - 0 719
Heat source ASHP 410 109 64 665 - 0 838
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 455 136 19 627 - -8 775
Heat source CHP 461 102 65 586 - 0 753
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 468* 39 19 636 - -2 692
Heat source Biomass
boiler 487 79 26 695 - -4 796
Lighting efficacy 65 366* 128 39 378 - 0 546
Lighting efficacy 80 351 172 18 382 - 0 571
Lighting efficacy 95 342 208 21 355 - 0 584
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Table 5.7d: Existing Elemental Financial Costs (Central energy price, 10% discount rate, €/m²)
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV
Floor U-value 0.25 211* 39 0 199 - -4 234
Floor U-value 0.2 210 42 0 199 - -5 236
Floor U-value 0.15 210 44 0 199 - -5 237
Wall U-value 0.1 205 58 0 196 - -6 248
Wall U-value 0.14 206 54 0 197 - -6 245
Wall U-value 0.16 206 52 0 197 - -6 244
Wall U-value 0.19 207 51 0 197 - -6 242
Wall U-value 0.21 207 34 0 197 - -4 228
Wall U-value 0.31 209* 3 0 198 - 0 201
Roof U-value 0.25 205* 9 0 196 - -1 204
Roof U-value 0.2 203 12 0 196 - -1 206
Roof U-value 0.15 202 12 0 195 - -1 206
Window U-value 1.6 189* 86 0 189 - -5 270
Window U-value 1.4 186 104 0 188 - -6 286
Window U-value 1.0 182 117 0 186 - -6 296
Window U-value 0.8 180 120 0 185 - -7 299
Heat source ASHP 163 159 24 200 - -14 369
Heat source CHP 189 146 64 175 - -13 373
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 190 65 7 190 - 0 261
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 191* 55 7 190 - 0 252
Heat source Biomass
boiler 200 83 14 203 - 0 300
Lighting efficacy 65 160 60 30 115 - -6 199
Lighting efficacy 80 155* 80 13 106 - -8 192
Lighting efficacy 95 152 97 16 100 - -10 203
Office 2F AC
Floor U-value 0.25 263* 39 0 260 - -4 296
Floor U-value 0.2 263 42 0 261 - -5 298
Floor U-value 0.15 263 44 0 261 - -5 300
Wall U-value 0.11 259 162 0 258 - -18 402
Wall U-value 0.15 260 161 0 258 - -18 401
Wall U-value 0.19 260 164 0 259 - -18 405
Wall U-value 0.2 261 159 0 259 - -17 401
Wall U-value 0.21 261* 159 0 259 - -17 400
Wall U-value 0.29 262 161 0 259 - -18 403
Roof U-value 0.25 265* 76 0 260 - -8 328
Roof U-value 0.2 264 78 0 260 - -9 330
Roof U-value 0.15 262 86 0 259 - -9 336
Window U-value 1.6 259* 86 0 260 - -5 341
Window U-value 1.4 258 104 0 259 - -6 357
Window U-value 1.0 255 117 0 259 - -6 370
Window U-value 0.8 253 120 0 259 - -7 373
Heat source ASHP 214 74 24 263 - -7 354
Heat source CHP 245 107 64 235 - -9 397
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Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 247 36 7 252 - 0 295
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 248* 25 7 252 - 0 284
Heat source Biomass
boiler 258 52 14 267 - 0 333
Lighting efficacy 65 242 60 30 228 - -6 312
Lighting efficacy 80 233* 80 13 215 - -8 300
Lighting efficacy 95 227 97 16 206 - -10 309
Chiller Efficiency 5.5 248* 317 21 240 - 0 577
Chiller Efficiency 4.5 231 350 11 219 - 0 581
Chiller Efficiency 3.5 227 421 12 214 - 0 646
AHU SFP 1.8 257* 19 1 251 - -2 269
AHU SFP 1.6 256 22 1 249 - -2 270
Primary School
Floor U-value 0.25 156* 32 0 91 - -1 122
Floor U-value 0.2 155 34 0 91 - -1 123
Floor U-value 0.15 155 35 0 90 - -1 124
Wall U-value 0.1 151 57 0 89 - -2 144
Wall U-value 0.14 152 54 0 89 - -2 141
Wall U-value 0.16 153 52 0 90 - -2 140
Wall U-value 0.19 153 50 0 90 - -2 138
Wall U-value 0.21 153 34 0 90 - -1 123
Wall U-value 0.31 155* 3 0 91 - 0 94
Roof U-value 0.25 156* 5 0 91 - 0 96
Roof U-value 0.2 156 7 0 91 - 0 98
Roof U-value 0.15 156 7 0 91 - 0 98
Window U-value 1.6 144* 40 0 86 - 0 126
Window U-value 1.4 142 49 0 86 - 0 134
Window U-value 1.0 140 55 0 84 - 0 139
Window U-value 0.8 139 56 0 84 - 0 140
Heat source ASHP 80 129 28 99 - 0 255
Heat source CHP 117 91 51 48 - 0 190
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 117 63 9 81 - -2 151
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 122* 36 9 83 - -1 127
Heat source Biomass
boiler 135 64 12 101 - -2 176
Lighting efficacy 65 153 56 34 76 - -2 164
Lighting efficacy 80 152* 75 15 73 - -2 161
Lighting efficacy 95 152 91 19 71 - -3 178
Hotel AC
Floor U-value 0.25 865* 16 0 518 - -2 532
Floor U-value 0.2 865 17 0 518 - -2 533
Floor U-value 0.15 864 17 0 518 - -2 534
Wall U-value 0.1 845 91 0 509 - -10 590
Wall U-value 0.14 848 86 0 510 - -9 586
Wall U-value 0.16 849 83 0 511 - -9 584
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Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
Wall U-value 0.19 850 80 0 511 - -9 583
Wall U-value 0.21 852 54 0 512 - -6 560
Wall U-value 0.31 857* 5 0 514 - -1 519
Roof U-value 0.25 865 4 0 518 - 0 522
Roof U-value 0.2 864 5 0 518 - -1 522
Roof U-value 0.15 863* 5 0 517 - -1 521
Window U-value 1.6 830* 79 0 503 - -4 579
Window U-value 1.4 826 96 0 502 - -5 592
Window U-value 1.0 817 108 0 498 - -6 600
Window U-value 0.8 813 111 0 497 - -6 602
Heat source ASHP 534 79 27 551 - -7 650
Heat source CHP 669* 86 47 318 - -8 443
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 676 122 10 443 - 0 575
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 700 23 9 452 - 0 485
Heat source Biomass
boiler 756 53 12 566 - 0 631
Lighting efficacy 65 797 49 31 464 - -1 543
Lighting efficacy 80 793* 66 14 458 - -1 536
Lighting efficacy 95 791 80 17 454 - -2 549
Mixed-use
Floor U-value 0.25 337* 41 0 382 - -5 419
Floor U-value 0.2 337 44 0 382 - -5 422
Floor U-value 0.15 338 46 0 383 - -5 424
Wall U-value 0.19 334 94 0 382 - -10 466
Wall U-value 0.14 334 101 0 382 - -11 472
Wall U-value 0.1 335 107 0 382 - -12 478
Wall U-value 0.31 335* 6 0 382 - -1 387
Wall U-value 0.16 335 97 0 383 - -11 469
Wall U-value 0.21 335 64 0 383 - -7 440
Roof U-value 0.25 334* 10 0 380 - -1 389
Roof U-value 0.2 334 12 0 380 - -1 391
Roof U-value 0.15 334 13 0 380 - -1 392
Window U-value 1.6 336* 65 0 381 - -4 442
Window U-value 1.4 335 79 0 380 - -4 455
Window U-value 1.0 334 88 0 380 - -5 463
Window U-value 0.8 333 91 0 379 - -5 466
Heat source ASHP 310 149 25 381 - -13 541
Heat source CHP 318 163 93 369 - -14 612
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 319 71 10 372 - 0 454
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 319* 53 10 373 - 0 435
Heat source Biomass
boiler 322 87 15 378 - 0 480
Lighting efficacy 65 199 67 27 204 - -1 297
Lighting efficacy 80 185* 89 13 185 - -2 286
Lighting efficacy 95 176 108 16 173 - -2 294
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AECOM
Package Value
PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Maintenance Energy
CNU (health)
Floor U-value 0.25 514* 50 0 422 - -2 471
Floor U-value 0.2 513 53 0 422 - -2 473
Floor U-value 0.15 513 55 0 422 - -2 475
Wall U-value 0.1 502 63 0 418 - -2 479
Wall U-value 0.14 504 60 0 418 - -2 476
Wall U-value 0.16 504 58 0 419 - -2 474
Wall U-value 0.19 505 56 0 419 - -2 473
Wall U-value 0.21 505 38 0 419 - -1 456
Wall U-value 0.31 508* 4 0 420 - 0 424
Roof U-value 0.25 506* 7 0 419 - 0 426
Roof U-value 0.2 504 9 0 419 - 0 427
Roof U-value 0.15 503 9 0 418 - 0 427
Window U-value 1.6 499* 47 0 416 - 0 464
Window U-value 1.4 497 57 0 416 - 0 473
Window U-value 1.0 494 64 0 415 - 0 479
Window U-value 0.8 493 66 0 414 - 0 480
Heat source ASHP 410 99 49 427 - 0 575
Heat source Gas boiler
+ STHW 455 124 15 399 - -3 534
Heat source CHP 461 92 50 370 - 0 512
Heat source Gas boiler
(93%) 468* 35 15 404 - -1 453
Heat source Biomass
boiler 487 73 20 440 - -2 530
Lighting efficacy 65 366* 107 30 236 - 0 373
Lighting efficacy 80 351 143 14 238 - 0 394
Lighting efficacy 95 342 173 17 220 - 0 410
5.3 Existing Buildings – Analysis of Packages
The costs and underpinning assumptions are the same as those in Section 5.2.
The following tables summarise the results of the cost calculations for the most cost-optimal packages
in each of the six reference buildings. Tables 5.8a - 5.8f relate to the macroeconomic calculations and
Tables 5.9a - 5.9d relate to the financial calculations.
Table 5.8a / Table 5.9a: Central energy price, central discount factors
Table 5.8b / Table 5.9b: Low energy price, central discount factors
Table 5.8c / Table 5.9c: High energy price, central discount factors
Table 5.8d / Table 5.9d: Central energy price, alternative discount factors
Table 5.8e: Central energy price, central discount factor, alternative primary energy factor
Table 5.8f: Central energy price, central discount factor, alternative cost of carbon
Focussing on the macroeconomic calculations, the sensitivity analysis shows the following:
In all cases, the cost optimal solution includes fabric package A. This is true for both the
central and all the sensitivity scenarios.
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In all but one cases, the cost optimal package had no service improvement (exception being
service package 2 for Mixed Use building). Improvements to the cost optimal package were
identified for the high energy price scenario and/or the lower discount rate scenario for the
Office (NV), Mixed Use and CNU (Healthcare) buildings.
In all but one cases, the cost optimal package had no heating improvement (exception being
a 93% efficient gas boiler for the Hotel). This did not alter in any of the sensitivity scenarios.
In all but one cases, the cost optimum package included no PV (exception being the primary
school). Improvements to the cost optimal package were identified for the high energy price
scenario and/or the lower discount rate scenario for the Office (NV), Office (AC), and Mixed
Use buildings. Inversely, PV was excluded from all cost optimal packages for the low energy
price scenario and/or high discount rate scenario.
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 135
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.8a: Existing Packages Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate,
EUR/m²)
Building
Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 2a 1 3 51 317 41 50 4 -31 381
B1 2a EE1 3 68 296 31 62 6 -36 358
A1 3a EE1 3 69 292 35 61 6 -34 360
A1 2a EE1 3 72 268 31 64 6 -31 338
A1 2a EE1 2 81 256 30 75 7 -29 338
A1 2a EE1 1 89 243 29 85 7 -28 337
A1 1a EE1 1 94 221 52 97 8 -23 355
A1 EE1 EE1 3 158 100 2 234 12 -14 334
A1 EE1 EE1 2 166 88 1 245 13 -12 334
A1 EE1 EE1 1 174* 75 0 255 13 -10 333
Office 2F AC
LMF - 20 year
calc
C2 2b 1 3 79 857 57 95 6 -95 921
A2 2b 1 3 95 806 57 109 8 -86 894
B2 EE1 2 3 175 422 36 308 13 -89 689
C2 EE1 1 3 194 380 12 295 15 -77 624
B2 EE1 1 3 201 366 12 297 15 -75 615
C2 EE1 EE1 3 210 358 2 304 16 -77 603
B2 EE1 EE1 3 217 344 2 308 17 -75 595
A2 EE1 EE1 3 229 308 2 323 18 -68 583
A2 EE1 EE1 2 238 296 1 334 18 -67 583
A2 EE1 EE1 1 246* 283 0 345 19 -65 581
School -
Primary NV
MCW - 30
year calc
A1 2a 2 3 34 382 77 67 2 -10 519
A1 EE1 2 3 52 201 40 98 4 -1 341
A1 EE1 2 2 61 191 39 110 4 -1 343
A1 EE1 2 1 70 181 37 122 5 -1 343
A1 EE1 1 3 84 104 16 79 7 -5 201
A1 EE1 1 2 94 94 14 91 8 -5 202
A1 EE1 1 1 103 84 12 103 9 -5 203
A1 EE1 EE1 3 121* 66 4 93 11 -1 171
A1 EE1 EE1 2 130 56 2 105 11 -1 173
A1 EE1 EE1 1 139 46 0 117 12 -1 174
Hotel AC
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 1b 2 1 302 527 147 520 22 -27 1189
A1 1b 4 1 362 530 122 341 30 -19 1004
B1 1b 1 1 374 488 121 346 31 -17 971
A1 1b 1 1 375 465 121 348 31 -12 953
A1 EE1 2 1 506 146 39 731 37 -25 928
C1 EE1 1 1 626 184 13 642 52 -34 857
B1 EE1 1 1 646 107 13 656 53 -14 815
A1 EE1 1 1 653* 83 13 666 54 -10 807
B1 EE1 EE1 1 808 86 0 746 68 -14 886
A1 EE1 EE1 1 815 63 0 756 68 -10 877
Mixed Use AC
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 3c 1 3 82 373 51 120 6 -25 526
A1 3c EE1 3 107 327 36 137 9 -25 484
A1 3c EE1 2 116 315 34 149 9 -23 484
A1 2c EE1 3 124 298 32 168 10 -24 484
A1 3c EE1 1 124 301 32 159 10 -21 481
A1 2c EE1 2 133 286 30 180 10 -22 484
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 136
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
A1 2c EE1 1 141* 272 28 190 11 -20 480
A1 1c EE1 1 147 248 51 203 11 -19 494
A1 EE1 EE1 2 325 109 2 443 24 -18 560
A1 EE1 EE1 1 333 95 0 452 25 -16 555
Health - CNU
NV MCW - 30
year calc
A1 3a 1 3 213 457 63 206 18 -5 739
A1 2a 1 3 224 412 58 231 19 -5 715
A1 2a 1 2 231 403 56 239 19 -5 712
A1 2a 1 1 237 393 54 247 20 -5 710
A1 2a EE1 3 279 374 37 261 23 -1 695
A1 2a EE1 2 285 365 35 269 24 -1 692
A1 2a EE1 1 291 356 33 277 24 -1 690
A1 1a EE1 1 306 312 60 310 25 -1 706
A1 EE1 EE1 2 474 87 2 568 37 -1 692
A1 EE1 EE1 1 480* 78 0 575 37 -1 688
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 137
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.8b: Existing Packages Macroeconomic Costs (Low energy price, 5% discount rate,
EUR/m²)
Building
Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 2a 1 3 51 317 41 38 4 -31 369
A1 2a 1 2 60 304 40 47 5 -29 367
B1 2a EE1 3 68 296 31 46 6 -36 342
A1 3a EE1 3 69 292 35 45 6 -34 344
A1 2a EE1 3 72 268 31 47 6 -31 321
A1 2a EE1 2 81 256 30 56 7 -29 319
A1 2a EE1 1 89 243 29 65 7 -28 316
A1 EE1 EE1 3 158 100 2 184 12 -14 285
A1 EE1 EE1 2 166 88 1 193 13 -12 283
A1 EE1 EE1 1 174* 75 0 201 13 -10 280
Office 2F AC
LMF - 20 year
calc
A2 2b 1 3 95 806 57 83 8 -86 869
A2 2b EE1 3 111 784 47 91 9 -86 845
B2 EE1 2 3 175 422 36 247 13 -89 628
C2 EE1 1 3 194 380 12 233 15 -77 563
B2 EE1 1 3 201 366 12 234 15 -75 552
C2 EE1 EE1 3 210 358 2 240 16 -77 539
B2 EE1 EE1 3 217 344 2 242 17 -75 529
A2 EE1 EE1 3 229 308 2 254 18 -68 513
A2 EE1 EE1 2 238 296 1 263 18 -67 511
A2 EE1 EE1 1 246* 283 0 271 19 -65 508
School -
Primary NV
MCW - 30
year calc
A1 2a 2 3 34 382 77 54 2 -10 505
A1 EE1 2 3 52 201 40 78 4 -1 322
A1 EE1 2 2 61 191 39 88 4 -1 321
A1 EE1 2 1 70 181 37 97 5 -1 319
A1 EE1 1 3 84 104 16 59 7 -5 181
A1 EE1 1 2 94 94 14 69 8 -5 180
A1 EE1 1 1 103 84 12 78 9 -5 178
A1 EE1 EE1 3 121 66 4 69 11 -1 147
A1 EE1 EE1 2 130 56 2 79 11 -1 146
A1 EE1 EE1 1 139* 46 0 88 12 -1 145
Hotel AC
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 1b 2 1 302 527 147 416 22 -27 1085
B1 1b 1 1 374 488 121 264 31 -17 888
A1 1b 1 1 375 465 121 265 31 -12 871
C1 EE1 2 1 489 247 39 566 35 -48 839
B1 EE1 2 1 500 169 39 579 36 -29 794
A1 EE1 2 1 506 146 39 586 37 -25 783
B1 EE1 1 1 646 107 13 505 53 -14 664
A1 EE1 1 1 653* 83 13 513 54 -10 653
B1 EE1 EE1 1 808 86 0 568 68 -14 707
A1 EE1 EE1 1 815 63 0 576 68 -10 697
Mixed Use AC
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 3c 1 3 82 373 51 94 6 -25 500
B1 3c EE1 3 104 357 36 105 8 -30 476
A1 3c EE1 3 107 327 36 107 9 -25 454
A1 3c EE1 2 116 315 34 116 9 -23 451
A1 2c EE1 3 124 298 32 132 10 -24 448
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 138
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
A1 2c EE1 2 133 286 30 141 10 -22 445
A1 2c EE1 1 141* 272 28 149 11 -20 439
A1 1c EE1 1 147 248 51 160 11 -19 451
A1 EE1 EE1 2 325 109 2 353 24 -18 470
A1 EE1 EE1 1 333 95 0 360 25 -16 463
Health - CNU
NV MCW - 30
year calc
A1 3a 1 3 213 457 63 157 18 -5 690
A1 2a 1 3 224 412 58 178 19 -5 661
A1 2a 1 2 231 403 56 184 19 -5 657
A1 2a 1 1 237 393 54 191 20 -5 653
A1 2a EE1 3 279 374 37 199 23 -1 632
A1 2a EE1 2 285 365 35 205 24 -1 628
A1 2a EE1 1 291 356 33 212 24 -1 624
A1 1a EE1 1 306 312 60 238 25 -1 634
A1 EE1 EE1 2 474 87 2 448 37 -1 572
A1 EE1 EE1 1 480* 78 0 453 37 -1 567
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 139
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.8c: Existing Packages Macroeconomic Costs (High energy price, 5% discount rate,
EUR/m²)
Building
Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 2a 1 3 51 317 41 63 4 -31 394
A1 2a 1 2 60 304 40 77 5 -29 396
B1 2a EE1 3 68 296 31 78 6 -36 375
A1 2a EE1 3 72* 268 31 81 6 -31 355
A1 2a EE1 2 81 256 30 95 7 -29 358
A1 2a EE1 1 89 243 29 107 7 -28 358
A1 1a EE1 1 94 221 52 120 8 -23 378
A1 EE1 EE1 3 158 100 2 283 12 -14 384
A1 EE1 EE1 2 166 88 1 297 13 -12 386
A1 EE1 EE1 1 174 75 0 309 13 -10 387
Office 2F AC
LMF - 20 year
calc
A2 2b 1 3 95 806 57 134 8 -86 920
A2 2b EE1 3 111 784 47 148 9 -86 903
B2 EE1 2 3 175 422 36 370 13 -89 751
C2 EE1 1 3 194 380 12 356 15 -77 686
B2 EE1 1 3 201 366 12 360 15 -75 677
C2 EE1 EE1 3 210 358 2 369 16 -77 668
B2 EE1 EE1 3 217 344 2 374 17 -75 661
A2 EE1 EE1 3 229* 308 2 393 18 -68 652
A2 EE1 EE1 2 238 296 1 406 18 -67 654
A2 EE1 EE1 1 246 283 0 418 19 -65 655
School -
Primary NV
MCW - 30
year calc
A1 2a 2 3 34 382 77 80 2 -10 532
A1 EE1 2 3 52 201 40 117 4 -1 361
A1 EE1 2 2 61 191 39 132 4 -1 365
A1 EE1 2 1 70 181 37 146 5 -1 368
A1 EE1 1 3 84 104 16 99 7 -5 221
A1 EE1 1 2 94 94 14 114 8 -5 225
A1 EE1 1 1 103 84 12 128 9 -5 228
A1 EE1 EE1 3 121* 66 4 118 11 -1 196
A1 EE1 EE1 2 130 56 2 133 11 -1 200
A1 EE1 EE1 1 139 46 0 147 12 -1 203
Hotel AC
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 1b 2 1 302 527 147 624 22 -27 1293
A1 1b 1 1 375 465 121 433 31 -12 1038
A1 2b 1 1 476 496 93 461 41 -13 1077
B1 EE1 2 1 500 169 39 867 36 -29 1082
A1 EE1 2 1 506 146 39 878 37 -25 1074
C1 EE1 1 1 626 184 13 792 52 -34 1008
B1 EE1 1 1 646 107 13 810 53 -14 969
A1 EE1 1 1 653* 83 13 823 54 -10 963
B1 EE1 EE1 1 808 86 0 928 68 -14 1067
A1 EE1 EE1 1 815 63 0 940 68 -10 1061
Mixed Use AC
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 3c 1 3 82 373 51 146 6 -25 552
A1 3c EE1 3 107* 327 36 168 9 -25 515
A1 3c EE1 2 116 315 34 182 9 -23 517
A1 2c EE1 3 124 298 32 205 10 -24 521
A1 3c EE1 1 124 301 32 195 10 -21 516
A1 2c EE1 2 133 286 30 219 10 -22 523
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 140
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
A1 2c EE1 1 141 272 28 232 11 -20 522
A1 1c EE1 1 147 248 51 247 11 -19 538
A1 EE1 EE1 2 325 109 2 534 24 -18 651
A1 EE1 EE1 1 333 95 0 545 25 -16 648
Health - CNU
NV MCW - 30
year calc
A1 3a 3a 3 205 510 124 172 19 -9 815
A1 3a 1 3 213 457 63 255 18 -5 788
A1 2a 1 3 224 412 58 285 19 -5 769
A1 2a 1 2 231 403 56 295 19 -5 768
A1 2a 1 1 237 393 54 305 20 -5 767
A1 2a EE1 3 279 374 37 325 23 -1 758
A1 2a EE1 2 285 365 35 334 24 -1 757
A1 2a EE1 1 291* 356 33 344 24 -1 757
A1 1a EE1 1 306 312 60 383 25 -1 778
A1 EE1 EE1 1 480 78 0 698 37 -1 812
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 141
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.8d: Existing Packages Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 3% discount rate,
EUR/m²)
Building
Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 2a 1 3 51 333 48 63 6 -44 406
A1 2a 1 2 60 321 47 77 7 -42 409
B1 2a EE1 3 68 312 36 78 8 -51 382
A1 2a EE1 3 72* 284 36 81 8 -44 365
A1 2a EE1 2 81 272 35 95 9 -42 368
A1 2a EE1 1 89 259 34 108 10 -40 371
A1 1a EE1 1 94 235 61 122 10 -33 395
A1 EE1 EE1 3 158 100 2 294 16 -20 393
A1 EE1 EE1 2 166 88 1 308 17 -17 397
A1 EE1 EE1 1 174 75 0 321 17 -15 399
Office 2F AC
LMF - 20 year
calc
C2 2b EE1 3 93 851 55 131 10 -136 912
A2 2b EE1 3 111 801 55 150 12 -124 894
C2 EE1 2 3 173 445 42 384 16 -132 756
C2 EE1 1 3 194 380 14 371 19 -112 673
B2 EE1 1 3 201 366 14 374 20 -109 666
C2 EE1 EE1 3 210 358 2 384 21 -112 654
B2 EE1 EE1 3 217 344 2 388 22 -109 647
A2 EE1 EE1 3 229* 308 2 407 23 -99 642
A2 EE1 EE1 2 238 296 1 421 24 -96 646
A2 EE1 EE1 1 246 283 0 434 25 -94 648
School -
Primary NV
MCW - 30
year calc
A1 2a 2 3 34 423 97 84 3 -17 591
A1 EE1 2 3 52 216 51 123 5 -3 392
A1 EE1 2 2 61 206 49 139 6 -3 396
A1 EE1 2 1 70 196 46 154 7 -3 400
A1 EE1 1 3 84 109 20 99 10 -8 229
A1 EE1 1 2 94 99 18 115 10 -8 233
A1 EE1 1 1 103 89 15 129 11 -8 237
A1 EE1 EE1 3 121* 66 5 117 14 -3 199
A1 EE1 EE1 2 130 56 2 133 15 -3 203
A1 EE1 EE1 1 139 46 0 147 16 -3 206
Hotel AC
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 1b 2 1 302 543 174 656 29 -39 1363
A1 1b 4 1 362 536 145 429 40 -27 1123
A1 1b 1 1 375 471 144 438 41 -18 1077
A1 2b 1 1 476 502 110 459 54 -19 1107
C1 EE1 4 1 614 249 17 800 66 -58 1074
C1 EE1 1 1 626 184 16 808 68 -49 1027
B1 EE1 1 1 646 107 16 826 70 -21 998
A1 EE1 1 1 653* 83 16 839 71 -14 994
B1 EE1 EE1 1 808 86 0 939 89 -21 1093
A1 EE1 EE1 1 815 63 0 952 90 -14 1090
Mixed Use AC
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 3c 1 3 82 390 60 151 8 -36 574
A1 3c EE1 3 107* 344 43 173 11 -36 535
A1 3c EE1 2 116 332 40 188 12 -33 539
A1 2c EE1 3 124 313 38 212 13 -34 541
A1 3c EE1 1 124 318 38 201 13 -31 539
A1 2c EE1 2 133 300 36 227 14 -32 544
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 142
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
A1 2c EE1 1 141 286 33 240 14 -29 544
A1 1c EE1 1 147 260 60 256 15 -28 564
A1 EE1 EE1 2 325 109 2 558 32 -26 675
A1 EE1 EE1 1 333 95 0 569 32 -23 673
Health - CNU
NV MCW - 30
year calc
A1 3a 3a 3 205 580 157 166 25 -16 911
B1 3a 1 3 210 548 79 258 23 -10 898
A1 3a 1 3 213 520 79 259 23 -8 874
A1 2a 1 3 224 467 73 291 24 -8 847
A1 2a 1 2 231 458 71 301 25 -8 846
A1 2a 1 1 237 448 68 311 26 -8 846
A1 2a EE1 3 279 424 47 329 31 -2 828
A1 2a EE1 2 285 415 45 339 31 -2 828
A1 2a EE1 1 291* 406 42 349 32 -2 827
A1 EE1 EE1 1 480 78 0 724 49 -2 848
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 143
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.8e: Existing Packages Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate,
Alternative PEF, EUR/m²)
Building
Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 2a 1 3 50 317 41 50 4 -31 381
A1 2a 1 2 57 304 40 62 5 -29 381
B1 2a EE1 3 67 296 31 62 6 -36 358
A1 2a EE1 3 71 268 31 64 6 -31 338
A1 2a EE1 2 79 256 30 75 7 -29 338
A1 2a EE1 1 85 243 29 85 7 -28 337
A1 1a EE1 1 89 221 52 97 7 -23 355
A1 EE1 EE1 3 141 100 2 234 11 -14 333
A1 EE1 EE1 2 149 88 1 245 11 -12 333
A1 EE1 EE1 1 155* 75 0 255 12 -10 332
Office 2F AC
LMF - 20 year
calc
A2 2b 1 3 90 806 57 109 7 -86 894
A2 2b EE1 3 106 784 47 119 9 -86 873
B2 EE1 2 3 151 422 36 308 11 -89 687
C2 EE1 1 3 173 380 12 295 13 -77 623
B2 EE1 1 3 180 366 12 297 14 -75 613
C2 EE1 EE1 3 188 358 2 304 15 -77 602
B2 EE1 EE1 3 197 344 2 308 15 -75 593
A2 EE1 EE1 3 207 308 2 323 16 -68 581
A2 EE1 EE1 2 215 296 1 334 17 -67 581
A2 EE1 EE1 1 222* 283 0 345 17 -65 580
School -
Primary NV
MCW - 30
year calc
A1 2a 2 3 29 382 77 67 2 -10 518
A1 EE1 2 3 44 201 40 98 3 -1 341
A1 EE1 2 2 53 191 39 110 4 -1 342
A1 EE1 2 1 60 181 37 122 4 -1 343
A1 EE1 1 3 82 104 16 79 7 -5 201
A1 EE1 1 2 90 94 14 91 8 -5 202
A1 EE1 1 1 98 84 12 103 8 -5 203
A1 EE1 EE1 3 118* 66 4 93 10 -1 171
A1 EE1 EE1 2 127 56 2 105 11 -1 173
A1 EE1 EE1 1 134 46 0 117 12 -1 173
Hotel AC
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 1b 2 1 260 527 147 520 19 -27 1186
A1 1b 4 1 345 530 122 341 29 -19 1003
A1 1b 1 1 358 465 121 348 30 -12 952
A1 EE1 2 1 435 146 39 731 31 -25 922
C1 EE1 4 1 579 249 14 635 48 -40 906
C1 EE1 1 1 591 184 13 642 49 -34 855
B1 EE1 1 1 610 107 13 656 51 -14 813
A1 EE1 1 1 617* 83 13 666 51 -10 804
B1 EE1 EE1 1 773 86 0 746 65 -14 883
A1 EE1 EE1 1 779 63 0 756 66 -10 875
Mixed Use AC
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 3c 1 3 75 373 51 120 6 -25 525
A1 3c EE1 3 99 327 36 137 8 -25 484
A1 3c EE1 2 107 315 34 149 9 -23 484
A1 2c EE1 3 113 298 32 168 9 -24 483
A1 3c EE1 1 114 301 32 159 9 -21 480
A1 2c EE1 2 121 286 30 180 10 -22 483
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 144
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
A1 2c EE1 1 128* 272 28 190 10 -20 480
A1 1c EE1 1 133 248 51 203 10 -19 493
A1 EE1 EE1 2 284 109 2 443 21 -18 557
A1 EE1 EE1 1 291 95 0 452 22 -16 552
Health - CNU
NV MCW - 30
year calc
B1 3a 1 3 200 484 63 205 17 -6 763
A1 3a 1 3 203 457 63 206 17 -5 738
A1 2a 1 3 213 412 58 231 18 -5 714
A1 2a 1 2 218 403 56 239 18 -5 711
A1 2a 1 1 223 393 54 247 19 -5 709
A1 2a EE1 3 267 374 37 261 23 -1 694
A1 2a EE1 2 272 365 35 269 23 -1 691
A1 2a EE1 1 278 356 33 277 23 -1 689
A1 1a EE1 1 289 312 60 310 24 -1 704
A1 EE1 EE1 1 433* 78 0 575 34 -1 685
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 145
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.8f: Existing Packages Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate,
Alternative Cost of Carbon, EUR/m²)
Building
Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 2a 1 3 51 317 41 50 6 -31 382
A1 2a 1 2 60 304 40 62 6 -29 383
B1 2a EE1 3 68 296 31 62 8 -36 360
A1 2a EE1 3 72 268 31 64 8 -31 340
A1 2a EE1 2 81 256 30 75 9 -29 340
A1 2a EE1 1 89 243 29 85 10 -28 339
A1 1a EE1 1 94 221 52 97 10 -23 357
A1 EE1 EE1 3 158 100 2 234 16 -14 338
A1 EE1 EE1 2 166 88 1 245 16 -12 338
A1 EE1 EE1 1 174* 75 0 255 17 -10 337
Office 2F AC
LMF - 20 year
calc
A2 2b 1 3 95 806 57 109 10 -86 896
A2 2b EE1 3 111 784 47 119 12 -86 876
B2 EE1 2 3 175 422 36 308 16 -89 693
C2 EE1 1 3 194 380 12 295 19 -77 628
B2 EE1 1 3 201 366 12 297 20 -75 619
C2 EE1 EE1 3 210 358 2 304 21 -77 608
B2 EE1 EE1 3 217 344 2 308 22 -75 600
A2 EE1 EE1 3 229 308 2 323 23 -68 588
A2 EE1 EE1 2 238 296 1 334 24 -67 588
A2 EE1 EE1 1 246* 283 0 345 25 -65 587
School -
Primary NV
MCW - 30
year calc
A1 2a 2 3 34 382 77 67 3 -10 519
A1 EE1 2 3 52 201 40 98 5 -1 342
A1 EE1 2 2 61 191 39 110 6 -1 344
A1 EE1 2 1 70 181 37 122 7 -1 345
A1 EE1 1 3 84 104 16 79 9 -5 203
A1 EE1 1 2 94 94 14 91 10 -5 205
A1 EE1 1 1 103 84 12 103 11 -5 206
A1 EE1 EE1 3 121* 66 4 93 14 -1 175
A1 EE1 EE1 2 130 56 2 105 14 -1 176
A1 EE1 EE1 1 139 46 0 117 15 -1 177
Hotel AC
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 1b 2 1 302 527 147 520 28 -27 1196
A1 1b 4 1 362 530 122 341 39 -19 1013
A1 1b 1 1 375 465 121 348 41 -12 963
A1 EE1 2 1 506 146 39 731 47 -25 938
C1 EE1 4 1 614 249 14 635 65 -40 924
C1 EE1 1 1 626 184 13 642 67 -34 872
B1 EE1 1 1 646 107 13 656 69 -14 831
A1 EE1 1 1 653* 83 13 666 70 -10 823
B1 EE1 EE1 1 808 86 0 746 88 -14 905
A1 EE1 EE1 1 815 63 0 756 88 -10 897
Mixed Use AC
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 3c 1 3 82 373 51 120 8 -25 528
A1 3c EE1 3 107 327 36 137 11 -25 487
A1 3c EE1 2 116 315 34 149 12 -23 487
A1 2c EE1 3 124 298 32 168 13 -24 487
A1 3c EE1 1 124 301 32 159 13 -21 484
A1 2c EE1 2 133 286 30 180 13 -22 487
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 146
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
A1 2c EE1 1 141* 272 28 190 14 -20 484
A1 1c EE1 1 147 248 51 203 15 -19 498
A1 EE1 EE1 2 325 109 2 443 31 -18 567
A1 EE1 EE1 1 333 95 0 452 32 -16 562
Health - CNU
NV MCW - 30
year calc
A1 3a 3a 3 205 510 124 132 24 -9 781
A1 3a 1 3 213 457 63 206 23 -5 744
A1 2a 1 3 224 412 58 231 24 -5 720
A1 2a 1 2 231 403 56 239 25 -5 718
A1 2a 1 1 237 393 54 247 25 -5 716
A1 2a EE1 3 279 374 37 261 30 -1 702
A1 2a EE1 2 285 365 35 269 31 -1 699
A1 2a EE1 1 291* 356 33 277 32 -1 697
A1 1a EE1 1 306 312 60 310 33 -1 713
A1 EE1 EE1 1 480 78 0 575 48 -1 699
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 147
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
Table 5.9a: Existing Packages Financial Costs (Central energy price, 7% discount rate,
EUR/m²)
Building
Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 2a 1 3 51 345 35 47 - -24 403
A1 2a 1 2 60 331 34 57 - -23 399
B1 2a EE1 3 68 321 26 57 - -28 377
A1 2a EE1 3 72 290 26 60 - -24 351
A1 2a EE1 2 81 276 25 70 - -23 348
A1 2a EE1 1 89 262 25 79 - -22 344
A1 1a EE1 1 94 239 45 90 - -18 355
A1 EE1 EE1 3 158 114 2 216 - -11 321
A1 EE1 EE1 2 166 100 1 227 - -10 318
A1 EE1 EE1 1 174* 85 0 236 - -8 313
Office 2F AC
LMF - 20 year
calc
A2 2b 1 3 95 901 49 101 - -68 983
A2 2b EE1 3 111 876 40 110 - -68 959
B2 EE1 2 3 175 471 31 285 - -71 717
C2 EE1 1 3 194 432 10 273 - -61 653
B2 EE1 1 3 201 415 10 275 - -60 640
C2 EE1 EE1 3 210 407 2 282 - -61 629
A2 EE1 1 3 212 374 10 289 - -54 619
A2 EE1 EE1 3 229 350 2 299 - -54 596
A2 EE1 EE1 2 238 336 1 310 - -53 593
A2 EE1 EE1 1 246* 321 0 319 - -52 589
School -
Primary NV
MCW - 30
year calc
A1 2a 2 3 34 401 62 62 - -6 519
A1 EE1 2 3 52 216 33 90 - -1 338
A1 EE1 2 2 61 205 31 102 - -1 337
A1 EE1 2 1 70 193 30 113 - -1 335
A1 EE1 1 3 84 114 13 73 - -3 197
A1 EE1 1 2 94 103 12 85 - -3 196
A1 EE1 1 1 103 92 10 95 - -3 194
A1 EE1 EE1 3 121 74 3 86 - -1 163
A1 EE1 EE1 2 130 63 2 98 - -1 162
A1 EE1 EE1 1 139* 52 0 109 - -1 160
Hotel AC
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 1b 2 1 302 585 126 481 - -21 1171
A1 1b 1 1 375 521 104 323 - -10 938
B1 EE1 2 1 500 184 34 669 - -23 863
A1 EE1 2 1 506 158 34 677 - -20 848
C1 EE1 4 1 614 283 12 589 - -32 852
C1 EE1 1 1 626 209 11 595 - -27 789
B1 EE1 1 1 646 121 11 609 - -11 730
A1 EE1 1 1 653* 95 11 618 - -8 716
B1 EE1 EE1 1 808 98 0 692 - -11 778
A1 EE1 EE1 1 815 71 0 702 - -8 765
Mixed Use AC
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 3c 1 3 82 409 44 111 - -20 544
A1 3c EE1 3 107 356 31 127 - -20 495
A1 3c EE1 2 116 342 29 138 - -18 491
A1 2c EE1 3 124 325 27 156 - -19 489
A1 3c EE1 1 124 326 28 148 - -17 484
A1 2c EE1 2 133 311 26 167 - -18 486
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A1 2c EE1 1 141* 295 24 176 - -16 479
A1 1c EE1 1 147 270 44 188 - -15 486
A1 EE1 EE1 2 325 124 2 410 - -14 521
A1 EE1 EE1 1 333 108 0 418 - -13 513
Health - CNU
NV MCW - 30
year calc
A1 3a 3a 3 205 522 101 123 - -6 740
A1 3a 1 3 213 467 51 191 - -3 706
A1 2a 1 3 224 423 47 214 - -3 681
A1 2a 1 2 231 412 46 222 - -3 677
A1 2a 1 1 237 402 44 229 - -3 672
A1 2a EE1 3 279 384 30 242 - -1 655
A1 2a EE1 2 285 373 29 250 - -1 651
A1 2a EE1 1 291 363 27 257 - -1 647
A1 1a EE1 1 306 320 49 288 - -1 655
A1 EE1 EE1 1 480* 88 0 532 - -1 620
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Table 5.9b: Existing Packages Financial Costs (Low energy price, 7% discount rate, EUR/m²
Building
Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 2a 1 2 60 331 34 43 - -23 386
B1 2a EE1 3 68 321 26 43 - -28 362
A1 2a EE1 3 72 290 26 44 - -24 336
A1 1a EE1 3 77 268 46 53 - -21 346
A1 2a EE1 2 81 276 25 52 - -23 331
A1 2a EE1 1 89 262 25 60 - -22 324
A1 1a EE1 1 94 239 45 68 - -18 334
A1 EE1 EE1 3 158 114 2 171 - -11 275
A1 EE1 EE1 2 166 100 1 179 - -10 270
A1 EE1 EE1 1 174* 85 0 187 - -8 264
Office 2F AC
LMF - 20 year
calc
A2 2b 1 3 95 901 49 77 - -68 959
B2 EE1 2 3 175 471 31 228 - -71 660
C2 EE1 1 3 194 432 10 216 - -61 596
B2 EE1 1 3 201 415 10 217 - -60 583
A2 EE1 1 3 212 374 10 228 - -54 559
B2 EE1 EE1 3 217 390 2 224 - -60 556
A2 EE1 1 2 221 361 9 236 - -53 553
A2 EE1 EE1 3 229 350 2 235 - -54 532
A2 EE1 EE1 2 238 336 1 244 - -53 527
A2 EE1 EE1 1 246* 321 0 251 - -52 521
School -
Primary NV
MCW - 30
year calc
A1 2a 2 3 34 401 62 50 - -6 506
A1 EE1 2 3 52 216 33 72 - -1 320
A1 EE1 2 2 61 205 31 81 - -1 316
A1 EE1 2 1 70 193 30 90 - -1 312
A1 EE1 1 3 84 114 13 55 - -3 179
A1 EE1 1 2 94 103 12 64 - -3 175
A1 EE1 1 1 103 92 10 72 - -3 171
A1 EE1 EE1 3 121 74 3 64 - -1 141
A1 EE1 EE1 2 130 63 2 73 - -1 137
A1 EE1 EE1 1 139* 52 0 82 - -1 133
Hotel AC
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 1b 2 1 302 585 126 385 - -21 1074
A1 1b 4 1 362 595 105 241 - -15 926
A1 1b 1 1 375 521 104 246 - -10 861
B1 EE1 2 1 500 184 34 536 - -23 731
A1 EE1 2 1 506 158 34 542 - -20 714
C1 EE1 1 1 626 209 11 458 - -27 652
B1 EE1 1 1 646 121 11 468 - -11 589
A1 EE1 1 1 653* 95 11 475 - -8 573
B1 EE1 EE1 1 808 98 0 527 - -11 613
A1 EE1 EE1 1 815 71 0 534 - -8 597
Mixed Use AC
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 3c 1 3 82 409 44 87 - -20 520
A1 3c EE1 3 107 356 31 99 - -20 466
A1 3c EE1 2 116 342 29 108 - -18 461
A1 2c EE1 3 124 325 27 122 - -19 455
A1 3c EE1 1 124 326 28 115 - -17 452
A1 2c EE1 2 133 311 26 131 - -18 450
A1 2c EE1 1 141 295 24 138 - -16 441
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A1 1c EE1 1 147 270 44 148 - -15 446
A1 EE1 EE1 2 325 124 2 327 - -14 438
A1 EE1 EE1 1 333* 108 0 333 - -13 428
Health - CNU
NV MCW - 30
year calc
A1 3a 1 3 213 467 51 146 - -3 661
A1 2a 1 3 224 423 47 165 - -3 631
A1 2a 1 2 231 412 46 171 - -3 625
A1 2a 1 1 237 402 44 177 - -3 620
A1 2a EE1 3 279 384 30 184 - -1 597
A1 2a EE1 2 285 373 29 190 - -1 592
A1 2a EE1 1 291 363 27 196 - -1 586
A1 1a EE1 1 306 320 49 221 - -1 588
A1 EE1 EE1 2 474 99 1 415 - -1 514
A1 EE1 EE1 1 480* 88 0 420 - -1 507
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Table 5.9c: Existing Packages Financial Costs (High energy price, 7% discount rate, EUR/m²
Building
Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 2a 1 2 60 331 34 71 - -23 413
B1 2a EE1 3 68 321 26 73 - -28 392
A1 2a EE1 3 72 290 26 75 - -24 367
A1 1a EE1 3 77 268 46 88 - -21 381
A1 2a EE1 2 81 276 25 88 - -23 366
A1 2a EE1 1 89 262 25 99 - -22 363
A1 1a EE1 1 94 239 45 112 - -18 377
A1 EE1 EE1 3 158 114 2 262 - -11 367
A1 EE1 EE1 2 166 100 1 275 - -10 366
A1 EE1 EE1 1 174* 85 0 286 - -8 363
Office 2F AC
LMF - 20 year
calc
A2 2b 1 3 95 901 49 124 - -68 1006
B2 EE1 2 3 175 471 31 343 - -71 774
C2 EE1 1 3 194 432 10 330 - -61 710
B2 EE1 1 3 201 415 10 333 - -60 699
C2 EE1 EE1 3 210 407 2 342 - -61 689
A2 EE1 1 3 212 374 10 350 - -54 681
B2 EE1 EE1 3 217 390 2 346 - -60 678
A2 EE1 EE1 3 229 350 2 364 - -54 661
A2 EE1 EE1 2 238 336 1 376 - -53 660
A2 EE1 EE1 1 246* 321 0 388 - -52 657
School -
Primary NV
MCW - 30
year calc
A1 2a 2 3 34 401 62 74 - -6 531
A1 EE1 2 3 52 216 33 108 - -1 356
A1 EE1 2 2 61 205 31 122 - -1 357
A1 EE1 2 1 70 193 30 135 - -1 358
A1 EE1 1 3 84 114 13 92 - -3 216
A1 EE1 1 2 94 103 12 106 - -3 217
A1 EE1 1 1 103 92 10 119 - -3 218
A1 EE1 EE1 3 121* 74 3 109 - -1 186
A1 EE1 EE1 2 130 63 2 123 - -1 187
A1 EE1 EE1 1 139 52 0 136 - -1 187
Hotel AC
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 1b 2 1 302 585 126 578 - -21 1267
A1 1b 4 1 362 595 105 393 - -15 1077
A1 1b 1 1 375 521 104 401 - -10 1017
B1 EE1 2 1 500 184 34 803 - -23 998
A1 EE1 2 1 506 158 34 812 - -20 984
C1 EE1 1 1 626 209 11 734 - -27 928
B1 EE1 1 1 646 121 11 752 - -11 873
A1 EE1 1 1 653* 95 11 763 - -8 861
B1 EE1 EE1 1 808 98 0 861 - -11 947
A1 EE1 EE1 1 815 71 0 872 - -8 935
Mixed Use AC
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 3c 1 3 82 409 44 135 - -20 567
A1 3c EE1 3 107 356 31 156 - -20 523
A1 3c EE1 2 116 342 29 169 - -18 522
A1 2c EE1 3 124 325 27 190 - -19 523
A1 3c EE1 1 124* 326 28 180 - -17 517
A1 2c EE1 2 133 311 26 203 - -18 522
A1 2c EE1 1 141 295 24 215 - -16 517
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A1 1c EE1 1 147 270 44 229 - -15 527
A1 EE1 EE1 2 325 124 2 495 - -14 606
A1 EE1 EE1 1 333 108 0 504 - -13 599
Health - CNU
NV MCW - 30
year calc
A1 3a 3a 3 205 522 101 160 - -6 777
A1 3a 1 3 213 467 51 237 - -3 752
A1 2a 1 3 224 423 47 265 - -3 731
A1 2a 1 2 231 412 46 274 - -3 728
A1 2a 1 1 237 402 44 283 - -3 726
A1 2a EE1 3 279 384 30 301 - -1 714
A1 2a EE1 2 285 373 29 310 - -1 711
A1 2a EE1 1 291* 363 27 319 - -1 709
A1 EE1 EE1 2 474 99 1 639 - -1 738
A1 EE1 EE1 1 480 88 0 647 - -1 734
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Table 5.9d: Existing Packages Financial Costs (Central energy price, 10% discount rate,
EUR/m²
Building
Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Office 2F NV
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 2a 1 2 60 316 28 44 - -14 374
A1 3a EE1 3 69 298 24 44 - -16 351
A1 2a EE1 3 72 275 21 46 - -14 328
A1 1a EE1 3 77 255 38 54 - -12 334
A1 2a EE1 2 81 261 21 54 - -14 322
A1 2a EE1 1 89 246 20 61 - -13 315
A1 1a EE1 1 94 226 36 69 - -11 321
A1 EE1 EE1 3 158 114 1 167 - -6 275
A1 EE1 EE1 2 166 100 1 175 - -6 270
A1 EE1 EE1 1 174* 85 0 182 - -5 263
Office 2F AC
LMF - 20 year
calc
A2 2b 1 3 95 886 40 78 - -40 963
A2 2b EE1 3 111 861 33 85 - -40 939
B2 EE1 2 3 175 464 25 220 - -42 667
A2 EE1 2 3 184 424 25 231 - -39 641
C2 EE1 1 3 194 432 8 210 - -36 614
B2 EE1 1 3 201 415 8 212 - -35 600
A2 EE1 1 3 212 374 8 223 - -32 574
A2 EE1 EE1 3 229 350 1 231 - -32 550
A2 EE1 EE1 2 238 336 1 239 - -31 544
A2 EE1 EE1 1 246* 321 0 246 - -31 537
School -
Primary NV
MCW - 30
year calc
A1 2a 2 3 34 367 48 48 - -3 460
A1 EE1 2 3 52 203 25 70 - 0 297
A1 EE1 2 2 61 192 24 78 - 0 294
A1 EE1 2 1 70 181 23 87 - 0 290
A1 EE1 1 3 84 111 10 57 - -1 176
A1 EE1 1 2 94 99 9 65 - -1 172
A1 EE1 1 1 103 88 8 74 - -1 168
A1 EE1 EE1 3 121 74 2 67 - 0 143
A1 EE1 EE1 2 130 63 1 76 - 0 140
A1 EE1 EE1 1 139* 52 0 84 - 0 136
Hotel AC
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 1b 2 1 302 570 102 371 - -13 1030
A1 1b 4 1 362 588 85 245 - -9 908
A1 1b 1 1 375 514 84 250 - -6 842
C1 EE1 2 1 489 265 27 504 - -23 773
B1 EE1 2 1 500 177 27 515 - -14 706
A1 EE1 2 1 506 150 27 521 - -12 687
C1 EE1 1 1 626 209 9 460 - -16 663
B1 EE1 1 1 646 121 9 470 - -7 594
A1 EE1 1 1 653* 95 9 478 - -5 577
B1 EE1 EE1 1 808 98 0 535 - -7 626
Mixed Use AC
MCW - 20
year calc
A1 3c 1 3 82 391 35 86 - -12 500
A1 3c EE1 3 107 338 25 98 - -12 450
A1 3c EE1 2 116 324 24 107 - -11 444
A1 2c EE1 3 124 309 22 120 - -11 441
A1 3c EE1 1 124 308 22 114 - -10 435
A1 2c EE1 2 133 295 21 129 - -10 435
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A1 2c EE1 1 141 279 19 136 - -10 425
A1 1c EE1 1 147 256 36 145 - -9 428
A1 EE1 EE1 2 325 124 1 316 - -8 433
A1 EE1 EE1 1 333* 108 0 322 - -8 422
Health - CNU
NV MCW - 30
year calc
A1 3a 1 3 213 414 39 147 - -1 599
A1 2a 1 3 224 377 36 166 - -1 577
A1 2a 1 2 231 366 35 171 - -1 571
A1 2a 1 1 237 356 34 177 - -1 566
A1 2a EE1 3 279 341 23 187 - 0 551
A1 2a EE1 2 285 331 22 193 - 0 546
A1 2a EE1 1 291 320 21 199 - 0 540
A1 1a EE1 1 306 285 37 222 - 0 544
A1 EE1 EE1 2 474 99 1 406 - 0 505
A1 EE1 EE1 1 480* 88 0 411 - 0 499
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6. Cost Optimal Level for Reference Buildings
6.1 New Buildings
We have elected to undertake the gap analysis based on the macro-economic calculations. Macro-
economic analysis is used by the Government for the purpose of evaluating different options for
technical standards for Building Regulations. The analysis has been carried out using a discount rate
of 5% to mirror that used for Government policy analysis.
For completeness, the macro-economic cost optimal curves for each of the reference buildings are
shown in Figures 6.1a – 6.1m. The costs are based on the central energy price and 5% discount rate.
Figure 1a: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Office 2F NV MCW (Macro-economic costs,
central energy price, 5% discount rate)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Figure 6.1b: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Office 2F AC MCW (Macro-economic costs,
central energy price, 5% discount rate)
Figure 6.1c: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Office 6F NV LMF (Macro-economic costs,
central energy price, 5% discount rate)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Figure 6.1d: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Office 6F NV CW (Macro-economic costs,
central energy price, 5% discount rate)
Figure 6.1e: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Office 6F AC LMF (Macro-economic costs,
central energy price, 5% discount rate)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Figure 6.1f: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Office 6F AC CW (Macro-economic costs,
central energy price, 5% discount rate)
Figure 6.1g: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Primary School NV MCW (Macro-economic
costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Figure 6.1h: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Secondary School NV MCW (Macro-
economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
Figure 6.1i: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Hotel AC MCW (Macro-economic costs,
central energy price, 5% discount rate)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Figure 6.1j: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Hotel AC LMF (Macro-economic costs,
central energy price, 5% discount rate)
Figure 6.1k: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Retail AC LMF (Macro-economic costs,
central energy price, 5% discount rate)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Figure 6.1l: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Mixed Use LMF (Macro-economic costs,
central energy price, 5% discount rate)
Figure 6.1m: Results of the cost optimal analysis – CNU NV MCW (Macro-economic costs,
central energy price, 5% discount rate)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 162
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From these curves, the economic optimal energy performance level in primary energy (kWh/m2/yr) is
shown in Table 6.1.
We have also included a range to cover the changes in cost optimal level for the macro-economic
sensitivity cases investigated in Section 5. Furthermore, to provide some allowance for sensitivity in
the price of the fabric/services/renewable energy measures, we have included those primary energy
values that are within 5% of the lowest macro-economic cost in the central analysis.
Table 6.1: Economic Optimal Energy Performance Level in Primary Energy
Reference building Construction Type Primary Energy
(kWh/m2/yr)
Sensitivity Range
(kWh/m2/yr)
Office – 2 Floors
(Natural Ventilation)
Masonry cavity wall 25 19 - 62
Office – 2 Floors
(Air- conditioned
Masonry cavity wall 63 51 - 95
Office – 6 Floors
(Natural Ventilation)
Light metal frame 64 52 - 70
Office – 6 Floors
(Natural Ventilation)
Light metal frame with
curtain wall
82 70 - 99
Office – 6 Floors
(Air-conditioned)
Light metal frame 81 64 - 81
Office – 6 Floors
(Air-conditioned)
Light metal frame with
curtain wall
99 82 - 111
Primary School
(Natural Ventilation)
Masonry cavity wall 50 50 - 88
Secondary School
(Natural Ventilation)
Masonry cavity wall 60 27 - 63
Hotel (Air-
conditioned)
Masonry cavity wall 420 330 - 433
Hotel (Air-
conditioned)
Light metal frame 500 370 - 513
Retail Warehouse
(Air- conditioned)
Light metal frame 74 49 - 151
Mixed use (Natural
Ventilation)
Light metal frame 143 109 - 159
CNU (Natural
Ventilation)
Masonry cavity wall 231 196 - 247
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6.2 Existing Buildings – Elemental Analysis
Again, we have elected to undertake the gap analysis based on the macro-economic calculations.
Furthermore, we have elected to use the discount rate of 5%. There are too many cost optimum
curves to be reproduced in the main report and so have been included in Appendix 2.
From these curves, the economic optimal energy performance level in units of the elemental
component is shown in Tables 6.2a - 6.2f for the six building types respectively.
We have also included a range to cover the sensitivity cases investigated in Section 5. We have not
undertaken a sensitivity analysis on the price of the products as, in general, it is assumed that price
uncertainties would similarly affect all products in any given comparison as the products are
comparable. The only possible exception to this is the analysis of the heating systems, which includes
comparison of different products.
Table 6.2a: Economic Optimal Energy Performance Level (Office (NV))
Reference Building Element Optimal option Sensitivity Range
Office (NV)
Floor U=0.25 W/m2K -
Wall U=0.31 W/m2K -
Roof U=0.25 W/m2K U=0.15 W/m2K
Window U=1.6 W/m2K -
Heating Gas boiler (93%) -
Lighting 80 lm/W -
Table 6.2b: Economic Optimal Energy Performance Level (Office (AC))
Reference Building Element Optimal option Sensitivity Range
Office (AC)
Floor U=0.25 W/m2K -
Wall U=0.21 W/m2K -
Roof U=0.25 W/m2K -
Window U=1.6 W/m2K -
Heating Gas boiler (93%) -
Lighting 80 lm/W -
Chiller SEER=4.5
AHU SFP=1.6 W/l/s SFP=1.8 W/l/s
Table 6.2c: Economic Optimal Energy Performance Level (Primary School)
Reference Building Element Optimal option Sensitivity Range
Primary School
Floor U=0.25 W/m2K -
Wall U=0.31 W/m2K -
Roof U=0.25 W/m2K -
Window U=1.6 W/m2K -
Heating Gas boiler (93%) -
Lighting 80 lm/W -
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Table 6.2d: Economic Optimal Energy Performance Level (Hotel)
Reference Building Element Optimal option Sensitivity Range
Hotel
Floor U=0.25 W/m2K -
Wall U=0.31 W/m2K -
Roof U=0.15 W/m2K -
Window U=1.6 W/m2K -
Heating CHP -
Lighting 80 lm/W -
Table 6.2e: Economic Optimal Energy Performance Level (Mixed-Use)
Reference Building Element Optimal option Sensitivity Range
Mixed-Use
Floor U=0.25 W/m2K -
Wall U=0.31 W/m2K -
Roof U=0.25 W/m2K -
Window U=1.6 W/m2K -
Heating Gas boiler (93%) -
Lighting 80 lm/W -
Table 6.2f: Economic Optimal Energy Performance Level (Healthcare)
Reference Building Element Optimal option Sensitivity Range
Healthcare (CNU)
Floor U=0.25 W/m2K -
Wall U=0.31 W/m2K -
Roof U=0.15 W/m2K U=0.25 W/m2K
Window U=1.6 W/m2K -
Heating Gas boiler (93%) -
Lighting 65 lm/W -
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6.3 Existing Buildings – Analysis of Packages The cost optimal comparison for packages in existing buildings is also based on the macroeconomic cost calculations. The cost optimal curve for each of the reference buildings is shown in Figures 6.3a - 6.3f. The costs are based on the central energy price in Section 5.1 and a discount rate of 5%. For comparison, the current performance level as per the Irish Building Regulations is included.
Figure 6.3a: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Existing Office 2F NV (Macro-economic
costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
Figure 6.3b: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Existing Office 2F AC (Macro-economic
costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
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Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
0
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600
800
1000
1200
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
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Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Figure 6.3c: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Existing Primary School (Macro-economic
costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
Figure 6.3d: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Existing Hotel (Macro-economic costs,
central energy price, 5% discount rate)
0
200
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600
800
1000
1200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
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Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
0
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1400
1600
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Ma
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Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Figure 6.3e: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Existing Mixed Use (Macro-economic costs,
central energy price, 5% discount rate)
Figure 6.3f: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Existing CNU (Macro-economic costs,
central energy price, 5% discount rate)
From these curves, the economic optimal energy performance levels are shown in Table 6.3. The sensitivity range reflects alternative options on the cost optimum curve either within 5% of the macroeconomic cost in the central case or the optimum solution in other sensitivity analyses.
0
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600
800
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0
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1400
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Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Table 6.3: Economic Optimal Energy Performance Level in Primary Energy
Reference building Primary Energy
(kWh/m2/yr)
Sensitivity Range
(kWh/m2/yr)
Office (NV) 174 72 – 174
Office (AC) 246 210 – 246
Primary School 121 121 – 139
Hotel 653 617 – 653
Mixed use 141 107 – 147
CNU 480 224 - 480
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7. Comparison of Current Building Regulations and Cost Optimal Level
7.1 New Buildings Table 7.1 shows the current Building Regulations requirement compared to the cost optimal level described in Section 6. In calculating the overall gap, we have assumed the same weighting for all reference buildings. As can be seen, on average across the different buildings, there is no gap between current regulations and the cost optimal level.
Table 7.1: Comparison Table
Reference building Construction Type Cost Optimal
Level
(kWh/m2/yr)
Current
Requirement
(kWh/m2/yr)
Gap
Office – 2 Floors
(Natural Ventilation)
Masonry cavity
wall 25 58
The gap between cost optimal
level and the current requirement
is greater than 15%
Office – 2 Floors
(Air- conditioned)
Masonry cavity
wall 63 87
The gap between cost optimal
level and the current requirement
is greater than 15%
Office – 6 Floors
(Natural Ventilation)
Light metal frame
64 44
There is no gap between cost
optimal level and current
requirements
Office – 6 Floors
(Natural Ventilation)
Light metal frame
with curtain wall 82 44
There is no gap between cost
optimal level and current
requirements
Office – 6 Floors
(Air-conditioned)
Light metal frame
81 71
There is no gap between cost
optimal level and current
requirements
Office – 6 Floors
(Air-conditioned)
Light metal frame
with curtain wall 99 71
There is no gap between cost
optimal level and current
requirements
Primary School
(Natural Ventilation)
Masonry cavity
wall 50 44
There is no gap between cost
optimal level and current
requirements
Secondary School
(Natural Ventilation)
Masonry cavity
wall 60 45
There is no gap between cost
optimal level and current
requirements
Hotel (Air-
conditioned)
Masonry cavity
wall 420 305
There is no gap between cost
optimal level and current
requirements
Hotel (Air-
conditioned)
Light metal frame
500 305
There is no gap between cost
optimal level and current
requirements
Retail Warehouse
(Air- conditioned)
Light metal frame
74 142
The gap between cost optimal
level and the current requirement
is greater than 15%
Mixed use (Natural
Ventilation)
Light metal frame
143 103
There is no gap between cost
optimal level and current
requirements
CNU (Natural
Ventilation)
Masonry cavity
wall 231 176
There is no gap between cost
optimal level and current
requirements
Average 146 115
Plan to address gap between requirements and cost optimal level
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There is no gap between the current regulation performance requirements and the average cost optimal level. The gap between the performance requirement for the retail warehouses and the cost optimal level will be reviewed in the next full review of Part L of the Building Regulations Buildings other than Dwelling. The performance requirement for offices is based on 6 floors as this is the more typical design for new office buildings.
7.2 Existing Buildings – Elemental Analysis
For each reference building and improvement measure, Tables 7.2a - 7.2h show the current national
regulations compared to the cost optimal solution. In calculating the overall gap, we have assumed the
same weighting for all reference buildings.
Table 7.2a: Comparison Table (Floor)
Reference building Cost Optimal Current
Requirements
Gap
Office (NV) 0.25 W/m2K 0.45 W/m2K
The gap is
greater than
15%
between
requirements
and cost
optimal
Office (AC) 0.25 W/m2K 0.45 W/m2K
Primary School 0.25 W/m2K 0.45 W/m2K
Hotel 0.25 W/m2K 0.45 W/m2K
Mixed Use 0.25 W/m2K 0.45 W/m2K
Healthcare (CNU) 0.25 W/m2K 0.45 W/m2K
Average 0.25 W/m2K 0.45 W/m2K
Table 7.2b: Comparison Table (Walls)
Reference building Cost Optimal Current
Requirements
Gap
Office (NV) 0.31 W/m2K 0.55 W/m2K
The gap is
greater than
15%
between
requirements
and cost
optimal
Office (AC) 0.21 W/m2K 0.35 W/m2K
Primary School 0.31 W/m2K 0.55 W/m2K
Hotel 0.31 W/m2K 0.55 W/m2K
Mixed Use 0.31 W/m2K 0.55 W/m2K
Healthcare (CNU) 0.31 W/m2K 0.55 W/m2K
Average 0.29 W/m2K 0.52 W/m2K
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Table 7.2c: Comparison Table (Roof)
Reference building Cost Optimal Current
Requirements
Gap
Office (NV) 0.25 W/m2K 0.25 W/m2K
There is no
gap between
cost optimal
level and
current
requirements
Office (AC) 0.25 W/m2K 0.25 W/m2K
Primary School 0.25 W/m2K 0.25 W/m2K
Hotel 0.15 W/m2K 0.25 W/m2K
Mixed Use 0.25 W/m2K 0.25 W/m2K
Healthcare (CNU) 0.15 W/m2K 0.25 W/m2K
Average 0.22 W/m2K 0.25 W/m2K
Table 7.2d: Comparison Table (Windows)
Reference building Cost Optimal Current
Requirements
Gap
Office (NV) 1.6 W/m2K 1.6 W/m2K
There is no
gap between
cost optimal
level and
current
requirements
Office (AC) 1.6 W/m2K 1.6 W/m2K
Primary School 1.6 W/m2K 1.6 W/m2K
Hotel 1.6 W/m2K 1.6 W/m2K
Mixed Use 1.6 W/m2K 1.6 W/m2K
Healthcare (CNU) 1.6 W/m2K 1.6 W/m2K
Average 1.6 W/m2K 1.6 W/m2K
Table 7.2e: Comparison Table (Heating)
Reference building Cost Optimal Current
Requirements
Gap
Office (NV) Gas boiler
(93%)
As per Table 1B,
Appendix 1
There is no
gap between
cost optimal
level and
current
requirements
Office (AC) Gas boiler
(93%)
Primary School Gas boiler
(93%)
Hotel CHP
Mixed Use Gas boiler
(93%)
Healthcare (CNU) Gas boiler
(93%)
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Table 7.2f: Comparison Table (Lighting)
Reference building Cost Optimal Current
Requirements
Gap
Office (NV) 80 lm/W 60 lm/W
The gap is
greater than
15%
between
requirements
and cost
optimal
Office (AC) 80 lm/W 60 lm/W
Primary School 80 lm/W 60 lm/W
Hotel 80 lm/W 60 lm/W
Mixed Use 80 lm/W 60 lm/W
Healthcare (CNU) 65 lm/W 60 lm/W
Average 78 lm/W 60 lm/W
Table 7.2g: Comparison Table (Chiller)
Reference building Cost Optimal Current
Requirements
Gap
Office (AC)
4.5 As per Commission
Regulation (EU)
2016/2281
For air chillers <
400kW – 4.5
For air chillers >
400kW – 5.0
The gap is
less than
15%
between
requirements
and cost
optimal
Average 4.5
Table 7.2h: Comparison Table (AHU)
Reference building Cost Optimal Current
Requirements
Gap
Office (AC)
1.6 W/l/s 2.2 W/l/s
The gap is
greater than
15%
between
requirements
and cost
optimal Average 1.6 W/l/s
Plan to address gap between requirements and cost optimal level
Below are the cases where the gap between current requirements and cost optimal is greater than
15% and an outline of the plan to address these gaps has been set out.
The current standard for ground floor where it is being replaced is U=0.45W/m²K. By
comparison, the cost optimum solution is 0.25W/m²K. In practice, any technical requirement
would need to take account of the impact on usable room volume and available foundation
depth. From a buildability perspective this may restrict the depth of insulation that may be
practically installed. Therefore, it is not technically or functionally feasible to review this
requirement. In most existing non-residential buildings in Ireland the ground floors are ground
bearing. For these floors the depth of foundations and room heights are fixed and it is not
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generally technically feasible to redefine these. The current requirement for exposed floors is
already at the cost optimal level of 0.25W/m2K.
Cavity widths of existing buildings in Ireland are in a range from 50mm -100mm. The current
requirement for renovated cavity walls is 0.55W/m2K, which is equivalent to a fully insulated
50mm cavity. The buildings were modelled with a 100mm cavity and the cost optimal U-value is
0.31W/m2K, which represents a fully filled 100mm cavity. As fully filled cavity insulation provides
significant benefits for a very low capital cost it appears reasonable that for a 50mm cavity the
current standard of 0.55W/m2K is also at cost optimal. Therefore, the current requirement
meets the cost optimal level for a 50mm cavity.
The current standard for pitched roofs with insulation on slope and for flat roofs is
U=0.25W/m²K, and the current standard for pitched roofs with insulation at ceiling level is
0.16W/m²K. By comparison, the cost optimum solution for roofs ranges from U=0.15W/m²K to
0.25W/m²K. In practice, any technical requirement would need to take account of the impact on
the available space in flat roof voids and parapet heights. From a buildability perspective this
may restrict the depth of insulation that may be practically installed and therefore is not
technically or functionally feasible to review. The installation of additional insulation can also
create a condensation risk in the attic space of pitched roofs and a risk assessment is required
to assess if the attic is suitable for increased levels of insulation. Details of this risk assessment
can be found in Annex A1 of National Standard Authority of Ireland S.R. 54 Code of Practice for
the Energy Efficient Retrofit of Dwellings4. Due to this risk it may not always be technically,
functionally or economically feasible to install insulation to the cost optimal level.
The current standard for lighting is 60 lm/W. By comparison, the cost optimum solution is 78
lm/W on average. This is a gap of greater than 15% and it is proposed to review this
requirement in the next full review of Part L of the Building Regulations for Buildings other than
Dwellings.
The current standard for air handling units (AHUs) where providing both heating and cooling is
2.2 W/l/s. By comparison, the cost optimum solution was 1.6 W/l/s for the air-conditioned office
building modelled. This is a gap of greater than 15% and it is proposed to review this
requirement in the next full review of Part L of the Building Regulations for Buildings other than
Dwellings.
The current standard for replacement gas or oil boilers for non-residential buildings is 93% or
86% depending on boiler capacity (refer Appendix 1). A 93% efficient gas boiler is the cost
optimal solution for all but one of the building types modelled (the exception being the Hotel).
Currently SI 243 of 2012 European Union (Energy Performance of Buildings) Regulations 2012
encourages feasibility studies for alternative energies for existing buildings undergoing major
renovation. CHP is specific to building types and requires maintenance. It may not be
functionally or technically feasible for certain buildings. The performance requirements will be
further assessed in the next full review of Part L of the Building Regulations for Buildings other
than Dwellings.
7.3 Existing Buildings – Analysis of Packages Table 7.3 shows the current Building Regulations requirement compared to the cost optimal level described in Section 6. In calculating the overall gap, we have assumed the same weighting for all reference buildings. As can be seen, on average across the different buildings, there is no gap between current regulations and the cost optimal level.
4 https://shop.standards.ie/en-ie/Standards/S-R-54-2014-A1-2019-877610_SAIG_NSAI_NSAI_2749895/
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Table 7.3: Comparison Table
Reference building Cost Optimal
Level
(kWh/m2/yr)
Current
Requirement
(kWh/m2/yr)
Gap
Office (NV) 174 124
There is no gap between cost
optimal level and current
requirements
Office (AC) 246 180
There is no gap between cost
optimal level and current
requirements
Primary School 121 60
There is no gap between cost
optimal level and current
requirements
Hotel 653 342
There is no gap between cost
optimal level and current
requirements
Mixed Use 141 338*
There is greater than 15% gap
between cost optimal level and
current requirements
Healthcare (CNU) 480 124**
There is no gap between cost
optimal level and current
requirements
Average 303 195
There is no gap between cost
optimal level and current
requirements
* This is the required level for “Other Air Conditioned Buildings”. Current regulations do not have a
specific requirement for mixed-use buildings
** This requirement relates to “Other Naturally Ventilated Buildings”. Current regulations do not have a
specific requirement for health buildings
Plan to address gap between requirements and cost optimal level
There is no gap between the current regulation performance requirements and the average cost
optimal level.
The performance requirement for specific building types will be reviewed in the next full review of Part
L of the Building Regulations for Buildings other than Dwellings.
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Appendix 1 – Current Component Level Minimum Performance
Requirements
Table 1A: Maximum elemental U-value (W/m2K) for new buildings
Fabric elements Area-weighted average elemental U-value (Um)
Average Elemental U-value – individual element or section of
element
Pitched roof - Insulation at ceiling - Insulation on slope
0.16 0.16
0.30
Flat roof 0.20 0.30
Walls 0.21 0.60
Ground floors 0.21 0.60
Oher exposed floors 0.21 0.60
External doors, windows and rooflights
1.60 3.0
Curtain walling 1.8 3.0
Vehicle access and similar large doors
1.5 3.0
High usage entrance door 3.0 3.0
Table 1B: Maximum elemental U-value (W/m2K) for material alterations
Fabric elements Area-weighted average elemental U-value (Um)
Average Elemental U-value – individual element or section of
element
Pitched roof - Insulation at ceiling - Insulation on slope
0.16 0.25
0.35
Flat roof 0.25 0.35
Cavity walls 0.55 0.60
Other walls 0.35 0.60
Curtain walls 1.8 3.0
Ground floors 0.45
Oher exposed floors 0.25 0.60
External doors, windows and rooflights
1.60 3.0
Table 1C: Minimum energy efficiency standards for boiler systems
Gas, oil and biomass-fired boilers Seasonal efficiency (gross)
Natural gas Single or multiple boiler system > 70kW and < 400kW output 93%
Single or multiple boiler system < 70kW and > 400kW output 86%
LPG Single or multiple boiler system > 70kW and < 400kW output 93%
Single or multiple boiler system < 70kW and > 400kW output 86%
Oil Single or multiple boiler system > 70kW and < 400kW output 93%
Single or multiple boiler system < 70kW and > 400kW output 86%
Biomass-independent, automatic, pellet/woodchip
Single or multiple boiler system < 20kW output 75%
Single or multiple boiler system > 20kW output 77%
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Appendix 2 – Cost Optimal Curves, Existing Buildings –
Elemental
Office 2F NV
Figure 8.1a: Existing Office 2F NV, Floors (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
Figure 8.1b: Existing Office 2F NV, Walls (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
208 209 209 210 210 211 211 212 212 213 213
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
293
298
303
308
313
318
323
328
203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Figure 8.1c: Existing Office 2F NV, Roof (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
Figure 8.1d: Existing Office 2F NV, Glazing (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount
rate)
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
341
346
351
356
361
366
179 181 183 185 187 189 191
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Figure 8.1e: Existing Office 2F NV, Heating system (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5%
discount rate)
Figure 8.1f: Existing Office 2F NV, Lighting (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount
rate)
336
356
376
396
416
436
456
476
161 166 171 176 181 186 191 196 201
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
245
250
255
260
265
270
150 152 154 156 158 160 162
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Office 2F AC
Figure 8.2a: Existing Office 2F AC, Floors (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
Figure 8.2b: Existing Office 2F AC, Walls (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
406
408
410
412
414
416
418
260 261 262 263 264 265 266
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
480
482
484
486
488
490
492
494
257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Figure 8.2c: Existing Office 2F AC, Roof (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
Figure 8.2d: Existing Office 2F AC, Glazing (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount
rate)
430
432
434
436
438
440
442
260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
445
450
455
460
465
470
475
250 252 254 256 258 260 262
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Figure 8.2e: Existing Office 2F AC, Heating system (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5%
discount rate)
Figure 8.2f: Existing Office 2F AC, Lighting (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount
rate)
400
420
440
460
480
500
520
212 217 222 227 232 237 242 247 252 257
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
401
406
411
416
421
426
431
224 229 234 239 244
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Figure 8.2g: Existing Office 2F AC, Chiller Efficiency (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5%
discount rate)
Figure 8.2h: Existing Office 2F AC, AHU SFP (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount
rate)
643
653
663
673
683
693
703
225 230 235 240 245 250
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
253 254 255 256 257 258 259
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Primary School NV
Figure 8.3a: Existing Primary School, Floors (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount
rate)
Figure 8.3b: Existing Primary School, Walls (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount
rate)
163
164
164
165
165
166
166
167
167
168
168
153 154 154 155 155 156 156 157 157
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
141
146
151
156
161
166
171
176
181
150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Figure 8.3c: Existing Primary School, Roof (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount
rate)
Figure 8.3d: Existing Primary School, Glazing (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount
rate)
143
144
144
145
145
146
146
147
147
154 155 155 156 156 157 157 158 158
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Figure 8.3e: Existing Primary School, Heating system (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5%
discount rate)
Figure 8.3f: Existing Primary School, Lighting (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount
rate)
173
193
213
233
253
273
293
313
79 89 99 109 119 129
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
208
213
218
223
228
150 151 151 152 152 153 153 154 154
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Hotel AC
Figure 8.4a: Existing Hotel AC, Floors (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
Figure 8.4b: Existing Hotel AC, Walls (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
804
804
804
805
805
805
805
805
806
806
806
864 864 864 864 864 865 865 865 865 865 865
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
784
794
804
814
824
834
844
837 842 847 852 857 862
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Figure 8.4c: Existing Hotel AC, Roof (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
Figure 8.4d: Existing Hotel AC, Glazing (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
795
796
796
797
797
798
798
862 863 863 864 864 865 865 866 866
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
823
828
833
838
843
848
853
805 810 815 820 825 830 835
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Figure 8.4e: Existing Hotel AC, Heating system (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount
rate)
Figure 8.4f: Existing Hotel AC, Lighting (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
578
628
678
728
778
828
878
928
978
481 531 581 631 681 731 781 831
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
772
777
782
787
792
797
802
807
783 788 793 798 803
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Mixed Use
Figure 8.5a: Existing Mixed Use, Floors (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
Figure 8.5b: Existing Mixed Use, Walls (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
336 336 336 337 337 337 337 337 338 338 338
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
558
568
578
588
598
608
618
628
334 334 334 334 334 335 335 335 335 335 335
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Figure 8.5c: Existing Mixed Use, Roof (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
Figure 8.5d: Existing Mixed Use, Glazing (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
563
564
564
565
565
566
566
333 333 333 334 334 334 334 334 335 335 335
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
602
607
612
617
622
627
632
330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Figure 8.5e: Existing Mixed Use, Heating system (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5%
discount rate)
Figure 8.5f: Existing Mixed Use, Lighting (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
546
596
646
696
746
796
846
896
279 289 299 309 319 329 339 349
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
377
382
387
392
397
402
407
174 179 184 189 194 199
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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CNU (Health) NV
Figure 8.6a: Existing CNU NV, Floors (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
Figure 8.6b: Existing CNU NV, Walls (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
669
670
670
671
671
672
672
673
673
674
674
512 512 512 513 513 513 513 513 514 514 514
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
624
634
644
654
664
674
497 499 501 503 505 507 509 511 513
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Figure 8.6c: Existing CNU NV, Roof (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
Figure 8.6d: Existing CNU NV, Glazing (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
631
631
631
631
631
632
632
632
632
632
632
503 504 504 505 505 506 506
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
656
661
666
671
676
681
488 490 492 494 496 498 500 502 504
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Figure 8.6e: Existing CNU NV, Heating system (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount
rate)
Figure 8.6f: Existing CNU NV, Lighting (Macro-economic costs, central energy price, 5% discount rate)
593
643
693
743
793
843
369 389 409 429 449 469 489 509 529
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
533
538
543
548
553
558
563
568
573
578
338 343 348 353 358 363 368
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
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Addendum to Section 2 – Non-domestic buildings
Reference buildings
In addition to the new building typologies listed in Table 2.2 of the main report, analysis has also been
carried out for an air-conditioned hospital with light metal frame construction and a floor area of
8,800m2. Details of the reference building are summarised in the table below.
Addendum to Table 2.3: New Build Reference Buildings
Building Category
Building Geometry
Share of window
area on the building
envelope and
windows with no
solar access
Floor area
m2 as
used in
building
code
Typical
energy
performance
kWh/m2/yr
Component level
requirements
Area of N/W/S/E facade
(m²)
Volume
(m³)
Ratio of window
area over total
building envelope
area separately for
N/W/S/E facades
Primary
energy for
each
building
model
according to
current
national
regulations
These are
minimum
requirements for
different
elemental
components
Hospital (Air-
conditioned) 1371 / 1072 / 1373 / 807 35861 0.22 / 0 / 0.22 / 0.02 8971 369 See Appendix 1
Table 2.4k provides a summary of the relevant energy performance data used in the modelling for the
hospital building.
Table 2.4k: Energy Performance Data, New Build – Hospital, Air-conditioned
Quantity Unit
Calculation
Method and tool(s) SBEM v.5.5.h
Primary energy conversion
factors (averaged over
calculation period):
Gas 1.10
kWh/kWh Grid Supplied Electricity 1.88
On-site Generated Electricity 1.88
Climate
Location Dublin
Climate data SBEM v.5.5.h climate data file
Terrain location Sub-urban. The impact of surrounding buildings has not been included.
Geometry Length x Width x Height (bounded volume) 65 x 46 x 24
(variable) m
Systems
Ventilation system Air changes per hour - 1/hr
Heat recovery efficiency - %
Heating system
Generation 91 %
Distribution as per SBEM
assumptions %
Emission - %
Control - %
Cooling system
Generation 450 %
Distribution 80 %
Emission - %
Control - %
DHW system Generation 91 %
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Quantity Unit
Distribution as per SBEM
assumptions %
Emission - %
Control - %
Setpoints and
Schedules
Temperature setpoint Winter 20 ºC
Summer 23 ºC
Operation schedules All schedules are defined by the SBEM v.5.5.h activity database.
Energy Use
Energy contribution of main
passive strategies
Natural ventilation These energy savings are not
reported separately. Daylight lighting control
Heating energy 87 kWh/m²/yr
Cooling energy 24 kWh/m²/yr
DHW energy 95 kWh/m²/yr
Lighting energy 39 kWh/m²/yr
Auxiliary energy 77 kWh/m²/yr
Energy
Generation 20% of primary energy from photovoltaic panels
Energy
Consumption
Delivered energy
Fossil fuel 182 kWh/m²/yr
Electricity 140 kWh/m²/yr
Other 0 kWh/m²/yr
Primary energy 369 kWh/m²/yr
Measures and packages
The measures and packages analysed are as per Table 3.1b and Table 3.1c of the main report.
Calculation of Primary Energy Demand for the Measures
Table 4.1n below summarises the results of the energy performance calculation for the most cost-
optimal packages for the hospital building. The primary energy factors used to calculate the total
primary energy requirement and the primary energy reduction over the reference case are as per
Tables 2.4k.
Table 4.1n: Energy Demand Output Table - Health - Hospital AC LMF
Package Energy Use Fuel Use Primary Energy
Fabric Services Heating PV Heat Cool Aux DHW Light Gas
Grid
Elec.
Gen.
Elec. Total
Reduction
over
Reference
kWh/m² kWh/m² kWh/m² %
LMFB 3 1 3 27 25 56 93 38 120 118 7 340 8%
LMFA 3 1 1 31 25 61 93 37 124 124 0 367 1%
LMFC 2 1 3 29 34 64 93 45 122 143 7 388 -5%
LMFC 2 1 2 29 34 64 93 45 122 143 3 394 -7%
LMFB 2 1 2 30 34 65 93 45 123 143 3 396 -7%
LMFB 2 1 1 30 34 65 93 45 123 143 0 402 -9%
LMFA 2 1 3 34 35 71 93 45 127 150 7 407 -10%
LMFA 2 1 1 34 35 71 93 45 127 150 0 419 -14%
LMFC 1 1 1 122 56 133 93 56 215 245 0 692 -88%
LMFA 1 1 1 130 56 139 93 56 223 251 0 713 -93%
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Global Cost Calculation
Addendum to Tables 5.3a - 5.3f (macroeconomic calculations) and Tables 5.4a - 5.4d (financial
calculations) below summarise the results of the cost calculations for the hospital building.
Addendum to Table 5.3a: New build Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount
rate, EUR/m²)
Building
Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Health -
Hospital AC
LMF - 30 year
calc
LMFB 3 1 3 340 1170 97 381 27 -77 1598
LMFA 3 1 1 367 1133 95 412 29 -75 1594
LMFC 2 1 3 388 1082 97 449 30 -73 1586
LMFC 2 1 2 394 1074 96 456 31 -73 1583
LMFB 2 1 2 396 1067 96 458 31 -72 1580
LMFB 2 1 1 402* 1059 95 464 32 -72 1577
LMFA 2 1 3 407 1056 97 471 32 -71 1586
LMFA 2 1 1 419 1039 95 485 33 -71 1581
LMFC 1 1 1 692 941 119 664 54 -66 1713
LMFA 1 1 1 713 916 119 683 56 -64 1710
Addendum to Table 5.3b: New build Macroeconomic Costs (Low energy price, 5% discount
rate, EUR/m²)
Building
Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Health -
Hospital AC
LMF - 30 year
calc
LMFB 3 1 3 340 1170 97 298 27 -77 1515
LMFA 3 1 1 367 1133 95 323 29 -75 1505
LMFC 2 1 3 388 1082 97 353 30 -73 1489
LMFC 2 1 2 394 1074 96 358 31 -73 1486
LMFB 2 1 2 396 1067 96 360 31 -72 1482
LMFB 2 1 1 402 1059 95 365 32 -72 1478
LMFA 2 1 3 407 1056 97 370 32 -71 1485
LMFA 2 1 1 419* 1039 95 381 33 -71 1478
LMFC 1 1 1 692 941 119 519 54 -66 1568
LMFA 1 1 1 713 916 119 534 56 -64 1561
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Addendum to Table 5.3c: New build Macroeconomic Costs (High energy price, 5% discount
rate, EUR/m²)
Building
Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Health -
Hospital AC
LMF - 30 year
calc
LMFB 3 1 3 340 1170 97 465 27 -77 1682
LMFA 3 1 1 367 1133 95 502 29 -75 1685
LMFC 2 1 3 388 1082 97 547 30 -73 1683
LMFC 2 1 2 394 1074 96 555 31 -73 1683
LMFB 2 1 2 396 1067 96 557 31 -72 1679
LMFB 2 1 1 402* 1059 95 565 32 -72 1678
LMFA 2 1 3 407 1056 97 574 32 -71 1689
LMFA 2 1 1 419 1039 95 590 33 -71 1687
LMFC 1 1 1 692 941 119 811 54 -66 1860
LMFA 1 1 1 713 916 119 834 56 -64 1861
Addendum to Table 5.3d: New build Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 3% discount
rate, EUR/m²)
Building
Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Health -
Hospital AC
LMF - 30 year
calc
LMFB 3 1 3 340 1307 123 480 35 -134 1811
LMFA 3 1 1 367 1271 120 518 38 -131 1817
LMFC 2 1 3 388 1205 122 566 40 -128 1805
LMFC 2 1 2 394 1196 121 574 41 -128 1805
LMFB 2 1 2 396 1190 121 577 41 -127 1802
LMFB 2 1 1 402* 1181 120 585 41 -127 1801
LMFA 2 1 3 407 1179 122 594 42 -123 1814
LMFA 2 1 1 419 1162 120 611 43 -123 1812
LMFC 1 1 1 692 1045 150 837 71 -116 1988
LMFA 1 1 1 713 1019 150 861 74 -111 1993
Addendum to Table 5.3e: New build Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount
rate, Alternative PEF, EUR/m²)
Building
Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Health -
Hospital AC
LMF - 30 year
calc
LMFB 3 1 3 311 1170 97 381 25 -77 1596
LMFB 3 1 1 321 1153 95 394 26 -77 1591
LMFA 3 1 3 324 1150 97 398 26 -75 1597
LMFC 2 1 3 352 1082 97 449 28 -73 1583
LMFB 2 1 3 355 1076 97 451 28 -72 1579
LMFB 2 1 2 360 1067 96 458 28 -72 1577
LMFB 2 1 1 365* 1059 95 464 29 -72 1575
LMFA 2 1 2 375 1048 96 478 30 -71 1581
LMFA 2 1 1 380 1039 95 485 30 -71 1578
LMFA 1 1 1 648 916 119 683 51 -64 1706
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Addendum to Table 5.3f: New build Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount
rate, Alternative Cost of Carbon, EUR/m²)
Building
Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Health -
Hospital AC
LMF - 30 year
calc
LMFB 3 1 3 340 1170 97 381 35 -77 1606
LMFA 3 1 1 367 1133 95 412 37 -75 1603
LMFC 2 1 3 388 1082 97 449 39 -73 1594
LMFC 2 1 2 394 1074 96 456 40 -73 1592
LMFB 2 1 2 396 1067 96 458 40 -72 1589
LMFB 2 1 1 402* 1059 95 464 41 -72 1586
LMFA 2 1 3 407 1056 97 471 41 -71 1595
LMFA 2 1 1 419 1039 95 485 42 -71 1591
LMFC 1 1 1 692 941 119 664 70 -66 1729
LMFA 1 1 1 713 916 119 683 72 -64 1727
Addendum to Table 5.4a: New build Financial Costs (Central energy price, 7% discount rate,
EUR/m²)
Building
Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Health -
Hospital AC
LMF - 30 year
calc
LMFB 3 1 3 340 1220 79 353 - -50 1601
LMFA 3 1 1 367 1178 78 381 - -49 1588
LMFC 2 1 3 388 1132 79 416 - -48 1579
LMFC 2 1 2 394 1122 78 422 - -48 1575
LMFB 2 1 2 396 1115 78 424 - -48 1570
LMFB 2 1 1 402 1105 77 430 - -48 1565
LMFA 2 1 3 407 1103 79 437 - -46 1572
LMFA 2 1 1 419* 1083 77 449 - -46 1563
LMFC 1 1 1 692 987 97 616 - -43 1656
LMFA 1 1 1 713 958 97 633 - -42 1646
Addendum to Table 5.4b: New build Financial Costs (Low energy price, 7% discount rate,
EUR/m²)
Building
Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Health -
Hospital AC
LMF - 30 year
calc
LMFB 3 1 3 340 1220 79 276 - -50 1525
LMFA 3 1 1 367 1178 78 299 - -49 1506
LMFC 2 1 3 388 1132 79 327 - -48 1490
LMFC 2 1 2 394 1122 78 332 - -48 1484
LMFB 2 1 2 396 1115 78 333 - -48 1479
LMFB 2 1 1 402 1105 77 338 - -48 1473
LMFA 2 1 3 407 1103 79 343 - -46 1478
LMFA 2 1 1 419* 1083 77 353 - -46 1467
LMFC 1 1 1 692 987 97 481 - -43 1521
LMFA 1 1 1 713 958 97 494 - -42 1507
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Addendum to Table 5.4c: New build Financial Costs (High energy price, 7% discount rate,
EUR/m²)
Building
Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Health -
Hospital AC
LMF - 30 year
calc
LMFB 3 1 3 340 1220 79 431 - -50 1679
LMFA 3 1 1 367 1178 78 465 - -49 1672
LMFC 2 1 3 388 1132 79 507 - -48 1670
LMFC 2 1 2 394 1122 78 514 - -48 1667
LMFB 2 1 2 396 1115 78 516 - -48 1662
LMFB 2 1 1 402* 1105 77 524 - -48 1659
LMFA 2 1 3 407 1103 79 532 - -46 1667
LMFA 2 1 1 419 1083 77 547 - -46 1661
LMFC 1 1 1 692 987 97 751 - -43 1792
LMFA 1 1 1 713 958 97 773 - -42 1786
Addendum to Table 5.4d: New build Financial Costs (Central energy price, 10% discount rate,
EUR/m²)
Building
Package PE
(KWh/m²)
Initial
Investment
Cost
Annual Costs Cost of
Emissions
Residual
Value
Macro
Cost Fabric Services Heating PV Maintenance Energy
Health -
Hospital AC
LMF - 30 year
calc
LMFB 3 1 3 340 1115 61 272 - -23 1425
LMFA 3 1 1 367 1073 60 294 - -22 1405
LMFC 2 1 3 388 1039 61 321 - -22 1399
LMFC 2 1 2 394 1029 60 326 - -22 1393
LMFB 2 1 2 396 1022 60 327 - -21 1388
LMFB 2 1 1 402 1012 59 332 - -21 1382
LMFA 2 1 3 407 1009 61 337 - -21 1386
LMFA 2 1 1 419* 990 59 347 - -21 1375
LMFC 1 1 1 692 908 74 475 - -20 1438
LMFA 1 1 1 713 879 74 489 - -19 1423
Cost Optimal Level
The macro-economic cost optimal curve for the hospital building is shown in Figure 6.1n. The costs are
based on the central energy price and 5% discount rate.
The economic optimal energy performance level in primary energy (kWh/m2/yr) is shown in addendum
to Table 6.1 below. To provide some allowance for sensitivity in the price of the fabric/ services/
renewable energy measures, we have included those primary energy values that are within 5% of the
lowest macro-economic cost in the central analysis.
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Figure 6.1n: Results of the cost optimal analysis – Hospital AC LMF (Macro-economic costs,
central energy price, 5% discount rate)
Addendum to Table 0.1: Economic Optimal Energy Performance Level in Primary Energy
Reference building Construction Type Primary Energy
(kWh/m2/yr)
Sensitivity Range
(kWh/m2/yr)
Hospital (Air-
conditioned) Light metal frame 402 340 - 419
Comparison of Current Building Regulations and Cost Optimal Level
The table below shows the current Building Regulations requirement compared to the cost optimal level. As can be seen, there is no gap between current regulations and the cost optimal level for the hospital building.
Addendum to Table 0.2: Comparison Table
Reference building Construction Type Cost Optimal
Level
(kWh/m2/yr)
Current
Requirement
(kWh/m2/yr)
Gap
Hospital (Air-
conditioned) Light metal frame 402 369
There is no gap between cost
optimal level and current
requirements. Current requirement
is better than cost optimal level
and within the sensitivity range.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Ma
cro
eco
no
mic
Co
st (
€ /m
² )
Primary Energy ( kWh/m² )
Scenario 1: Macroeconomic Costs (Central energy price, 5% discount rate, €/m²)
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 202
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM
AECOM Limited
Aldgate Tower
2 Leman Street
London
E1 8FA
aecom.com
Irish Cost Optimal Report 2019 203
Prepared for: Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government
AECOM