EUR 19226

Index for the Public

EUR 19226

UV- Index for the Public

A guide for publication and interpretation of solar UV Index forecasts for the public prepared by the Working Group 4 of the COST­713 Action

'UVB Forecasting'

Karel Vanicek Thomas Frei

Zenobia Litynska Alois Schmalwieser

COST­713 Action Brussels, 2000

PARLEMENT EUROPEEN LUXEMBOURG

CENTRE DE DOCUMENTATION

M C. ¿xAtt Λ ^ Ή 6 C L 7

A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.lnt).

Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.

Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000

ISBN 92-828-8142-3

© European Communities, 2000 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

Printed in Belgium

COST-713 participating countries

Azores

rmany

Swi^ECK

Balearen

Madeira

Cañarían

Acknowledgements 77ie authors are grateful to Mrs. Hana Kujanová, Information Section ofCHMl,for her assistance in graphical design of the publication and to Mr. Paul Eriksen, DMI, for his review of the English text.

Contents 1. Introduction 4 2. UV solar radiation - a basic review 6

Atmospheric ozone Solar elevation Altitude Atmospheric scattering Clouds and haze Ground reflection

3. Definition of the UV Index and its physical explanation 8 UV radiation and action spectra Minimal Erythemal Dose The UV Index - a UV parameter for the public UV Index forecasting

4. Practical use of the UV Index 11 UV Index and its modification by clouds and altitude Skin types Sunburn times Exposed to the sun Protection of the skin Sunscreens and Sun Protection Factor Protection of the eye

5. Estimation of the UV Index climatology - examples 16

6. UV Index in the 21st century 19

Appendix A: 20 key questions and answers about the UV radiation 20 Appendix B: Reference institutions in the COST-713 countries 22 Appendix C: UV Index forecasting systems in the COST-713 countries 24 Appendix D: List of the Internet Web pages with UV information - 1999 26 Appendix E: List of the reference UVI and COST-713 publications 27

1. Introduction

Solar radiation is an important natural factor because it forms the Earth's climate and has a significant influence on the environment. The ultraviolet part of the solar spectrum (UV) plays an important role in many processes in the biosphere. It has several beneficial effects but it may also be very harmful if UV exceeds "safe" limits. If the amount of UV radiation is sufficiently high the self-protection ability of some biological species is exhausted and the subject may be severely damaged. This also concerns the human organism, in particular the skin and the eyes. To avoid damage from high UV exposures, both acute and chronic, people should limit their exposure to solar radiation by using protective measures.

The diurnal and annual variability of solar UV radiation reaching the ground is governed by astronomical and geographical parameters as well as by the atmospheric conditions. Since human activities affect the atmosphere, such as polluting the air and influencing the ozone layer, they also affect the UV radiation reaching the ground. As a consequence, solar UV radiation is a highly variable environmental parameter that differs widely in time and space. The need to reach the public with simple-to-understand information about UV and its possible detrimental effects led scientists to define a parameter that can be used as an indicator of the UV exposures. This parameter is called the UV Index. It is related to the well known ery-themal effects of solar UV radiation on human skin and it has been defined and standardised under the umbrella of several international institutions such as WMO, WHO, UNEP and ICNIRP (see Appendix E).

The UV Index (UVI) is now widely used in many operational weather reports and forecasts. In Europe, for example, there are more than a dozen forecasting centres that release estimated UVI values for coun­tries or regional areas. Different methods are used to predict the UVI and all kinds of information systems and presentations are seen. To co-ordinate these activities and to improve their scientific background an international research project was established under the program "Cooperation in Science and Technology" (COST) of the European Commission. The project titled COST-713 action (UV-B Forecasting) was initiated in 1996. The following European countries participated: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland. A list of the participating institutions is given in Appendix A.

The development of efficient methods for dissemination of the UVI forecasts and the improvement of how they are interpreted by the public were key tasks for COST-713. This booklet is one product of the action and is mostly intended for users coming from different professional communities who can assist in a wider use of the UVI. It may also be useful to users who want to know about the details of the physical and bio­logical background.

It is expected that the readers will use this information not only in their professional activities but also for communication to the public. The international and local institutions listed in the booklet (Appendix B) may serve as reference centres for further information and assistance.

The main goal o f t h e publication is to

Present a basic description of solar UV radiation

Define the UV Index and the reasons for its implementation

Describe the methods for UV Index forecasting

Describe how the public can use the UV Index in practice

Inform about the variability of the UV Index in Europe and in the World

Give a list of participants and other reference institutions in the COST-713 countries

Inform about Internet Web pages and other sources with information on the UV Index

2. UV solar radiation - a basic review

Solar radiation includes ultraviolet (UV) radiation, visible radiation (light), and infrared (IR) radiation. The radiation is often characterised by its wavelength, usually expressed in nano­meters (lnm=10­9m). When describing biological effects ultraviolet radiation is often subdivided into three spectral bands: UV­

C radiation (100­280nm), UV­B radiation (280­315nm) and UV­Α radiation (315­400nm). UV radiation can be measured as an irradiance ­ the power incident upon a surface unit area ­ in units of W/m2, or as a radiant exposure, or dose ­ the energy incident upon a surface unit area during a specified period of time ­ in units of J/m2. The most important factors affecting the UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface are described below.

Atmospheric ozone UV radiation is absorbed and scattered in the atmosphere. UV­C radiation is completely absorbed in the upper atmosphere by oxygen and ozone molecules. Most of the UV­B radiation is absorbed in the strato­

sphere by ozone molecules and only a few percent reach the surface of the Earth. Therefore, at the surface of the Earth the solar UV radiation is composed of a large amount of UV­Α radiation and only a very small amount of UV­B radiation. UV­B radiation is known to be biologically damaging, whereas UV­Α radia­

tion is much less damaging but is known for its ability to tan the human skin. As ozone is the main absorber of UV­B radiation the UV­B intensity at the Earth's surface depends strongly on the total amount of ozone in the atmosphere, thus on the thickness of the ozone layer. A factor, which describes the relation between the sensitivity of the UV­B intensity to changes in total ozone, is the so­called Radiation Amplification Factor (RAF). For small changes in the ozone layer thickness the RAF represents the percent change in UV­B intensity for a 1­percent change in the total column ozone. For CIE­weighted irradiance, i.e., for the erythemally effective UV radiation, and for varying solar elevations and ozone, the RAF's are in the range of 1.1­1.3.

Solar elevation Solar elevation is the angle between the horizon and the direction to the sun. The solar zenith angle (SZA) is often used in place of the solar elevation: it is the angle between the zenith and the direction to the sun. For high solar elevations the UV radiation is more intense because the rays from the sun have a shorter path through the atmosphere and therefore pass through a smaller amount of absorbers. As the UV irradi­

ance depends strongly on the solar elevation it changes with latitude, season and time, being highest in the tropics, in summer and at noon.

Altitude The UV irradiance increases with altitude because the amount of absorbers in the overlaying atmosphere decreases with altitude. Measurements show that the UV irradiance increases by 6-8% per 1000 m increase in altitude.

Atmospheric scattering At the surface of the Earth solar radiation is composed of a direct and a scattered (diffuse) components. Solar radiation is scattered on air molecules and on particles such as aerosols and water droplets. The direct component consists of the rays from the sun that has passed directly through the atmosphere with­out being scattered or absorbed. The diffuse component consists of rays that have been scattered at least once before reaching the ground. Scattering depends strongly on wavelength. The sky looks blue because blue radiation is scattered more than the other components. UV radiation is scattered even more and at the surface of the Earth the UV-B is roughly composed of a 1:1 mixture of direct and diffuse radiation.

Clouds and haze The UV irradiance is higher when the sky is cloudless. Clouds generally reduce the UV irradiance but the attenuation by clouds depends on both the thickness and the type of clouds (optical depth of clouds). Thin or scattered clouds have only a little effect on UV at the ground. At certain conditions and for short times a small amount of clouds may even enhance the UV irradiance comparing the fully clear skies. In hazy conditions UV radiation is absorbed and scattered on water droplets and aerosols and this leads to decreas­ing of the UV irradiance.

Ground reflection Part of the UV radiation that reaches the ground is absorbed by the Earth's surface and part of it is reflect­ed back to space. The amount of reflected radiation depends on the properties of the surface. Most natu­ral surfaces such as grass, soil and water reflect less than about 10% of the incident UV radiation. Fresh snow, on the other hand, may reflect up to about 80% of the incident UV radiation. During spring and a cloud-free sky the reflection of snow may increase the UV irradiance on inclined surfaces to summer val­ues. This is important at higher altitudes and at higher latitudes. Sand may reflect about 25% of the UV radiation and can increase the UV exposure at the beach. About 95% of the UV radiation penetrate into the water and 50% penetrate to a depth of about 3 m.

3. Definition of the UV Index and its physical explanation

UV radiation and action spectra An action spectrum describes the relative effectiveness of UV radiation at a particular wavelength in pro­ducing a particular biological response. The biological response may refer to various detrimental effects on biological subjects including humans, animals or plants. An action spectrum for a given biological effect is used as a wavelength-depending weighting factor to the spectral UV irradiance (280 to 400nm) and then integrating over wavelength to find the actual biologically effective irradiance (in W/m2). The effective UV dose (in J/m2) for a particular exposure period is found by summing (integrating) the effec­tive irradiance over the exposure period. The most important for common use are the erythemal, DNA absorption and non-melanoma skin cancer action spectra.

Minimal Erythemal Dose As sunburn is a frequent detrimental effect on human skin the CIE Erythemal action spectrum is recom­mended for use in assessing the skin-damaging effect of UV radiation. The "Minimal Erythemal Dose" (MED) is used to describe the erythemal potential of UV radiation and 1 MED is defined as the effective UV dose that causes a perceptible reddening of previously unexposed human skin. However, because human individuals are not equally sensitive to UV radiation due to different self-protection abilities of their skin (pigmentation), 1 MED varies among the European population within the range of between 200 and 500 J/m2. If national studies of the erythemal sensitivity of the population are not available the values of MEDs for different skin types according to DIN-5050 shown in Table 2 may be consulted.

The UV Index - a UV parameter for the public Originally the UV Index was formulated independently in several countries and used in programmes for public information about UV radiation. Its definition has later been standardised and published as a joint recommendation by the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation (ICNIRP) (see Appendix E). The UV Index is recommended as a vehicle to raise the public awareness about the potential detrimental effects on health from solar UV exposure and to alert people of the need to adopt protective measures. If cloud cover and other relevant environmental variables are accounted for when calculating the UV Index, the modifying factors that are used in the calcula-

tion should be stated. Although the UV Index is defined for an exposed horizontal surface the exposure conditions for an inclined surface may be more relevant to human exposure. If the UV Index is referring to an inclined surface it must be stated.

• ( T O amai Is a unit of measure of UV levels relevant to the effects on human skin (UV induced erythema)

Is defined as the effective irradiance obtained by integrating the spectral irradiance weighted by the CIE (1987) reference action spectrum up to and including 400 nm normalised to 1.0 at 297nm

Is expressed numerically as the equivalent of multiplying the time weighted average effective irradiance (W/m2) by 40

Example: An effective irradiation of 0.2 W/m2 corresponds to a UV Index of 8.0

If daily maxima are reported or forecast a 30-minute time averaged values of the effective irradiance should be used when calculating the UV Index

If real-time observations of the UV Index are presented, it is recommended to use 5-10 minute averages

UV Index forecasting Operational UV Index forecasting has already been implemented in many countries (see Appendix C and D). The forecast methods vary from simple statistical methods used for local areas to more complicated methods with global coverage and with forecast times from a few hours to several days, either for clear sky or all sky conditions. A general forecast approach is described in the diagram shown in Figure 1. The accuracy of UV forecasts is limited mainly by the amount and quality of the input data. In the future, a large­scale assimilation of ground­based and satellite observations of ozone, aerosol and clouds may con­

siderably improve the accuracy.

Actual input data Ozone, stratospheric temp., pressure

Ground/satellite observations

Predicted input data Temp., pressure, vorticity, clouds, &

Numerical weather models

Τ I Prediction of ozone

Regression or dynamical models

ΐ Í Prediction of the UV radiation for clear sky

Regression or radiative transfer models

r~r Calculation of the predicted UV Index values

CIE weighting, cloud corrections, geograph. distribution

Figure 1: A general approach for forecast the UV Index

10

4. Practical use of the UV Index

UV Index and its modification by clouds and altitude As mentioned in section 2 the UV irradiance at any given place is affected by clouds and depends on the altitude above sea level. If, at a certain altitude, UVI0 represents the UV index for a cloud­free sky the fol­

lowing equation may be used to calculate the UV index, UVI, for a cloudy sky and at a different altitude:

UVI = UVI0 χ CMFx (1+ 0.08 χ AH)

where CMF is a so­called Cloud Modification Factor (a number between 0 and 1 ­ see Table 1 ) and ΔΗ is the difference in altitude (in km) from where UVIO is referring to. Table 1 shows CMFs for different cloud types and different cloud cover.

Amount of clouds

Octas

High Middle Low Fog Rain

•j &<<,.,

{-^_sK-S^

0 - 2

1.0 1.0 1.0

-

-

Λ Λ

^~-^_y^_^-J

3 ­ 4

1.0 1.0 0.8

-

-

y^v W ^ v ^ ^

5 ­ 6

1.0 0.8 0.5

-

-

r\

7 - 8

0.9 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.2

Table 1: Cloud Modification Factors for different cloud types and amounts of cloud cover (O octas representing clear sky, 8 octas representing overcast sky)

Skin types The harmful effects of UV radiation depend not only on the received UV dose but also on the sensitivity of the individual. Human skin is often classified into four main groups according to the skin's ability to tan. This classification is shown in Table 2 which also gives the approximate dose (in J/m:) required to obtain a reddening of the skin (1 MED). Thus 1 MED varies for different skin types.

11

Skin type

I II III IV

Tan

never sometimes always always

Burn

always sometimes rarely never

Hair colour

red blond brown black

Eye colour

blue blue/green gray/brown brown

1MED

200 J/m2

250 J/m2

350 J/m2

450 J/m2

Table. 2: Definition of basic skin types for the European population

Sunburn times The sunburn time is the maximum time to stay unprotected in the sun without receiving a sunburn. Sunburn times can be calculated for each skin type from the UV Index and the value of 1 MED for each

skin type. As an example, Figure 3 shows the sun­burn times in minutes for different UV Index val-

160

140

120

100

c

i 80

60

40

20

Skin type

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 UV Index

ues and MEDs defined by DIN-5050 (shown in Table 2). It is important to point out that the value of 1 MED is not a precisely determined number for each skin type. Dermatological studies have shown that within one of the skin types the value of 1 MED may differ depending on the disposition of individuals. To further describe this phenome­non sophisticated regional studies of the photo­sensitivity of populations are needed.

Figure 2: Sunburn times in minutes for skin types I, II, III and IV and 1 MED according to DIN-5050 calculated for clear sky days

12

Exposed to the sun The skin and the eyes are the organs with the highest exposure to the sun's ultraviolet rays. Although hair and nails are well exposed they are less important from a medical point of view. Exposure to solar UV radiation may result in acute and chronic health effects to the skin, the eye and to the immune system. Acute effects of UV exposure include erythema (sunburn) of the skin and photokeratitis (welder's flash, snowblindness) of the eye. Chronic skin effects are skin cancer and premature ageing of the skin while chronic effects to the eye include cataract, pterygium and droplet keratopathy. While UV­B radiation main­

ly cause erythema and various skin cancers UV­Α radiation has a pronounced effect on the subcutaneous tissue and can alter the structure of collagen and elastin fibres and hence accelerate ageing of the skin. It is important to understand that the skin has a capacity to adapt to UV radiation by producing melanin (tan) that protects against UV exposure. The human eye does not have such a capacity.

Protection of the skin The skin is best protected by clothes. A shirt, a hat and trousers offer the best protection. UV­transparent clothes ought to be marked clearly. Skin parts that are not protected by clothes should be protected with a sunscreen containing UV­B and UV­Α filters. During the first exposures to the sun a sunscreen with a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of about 30 is recommended. Particular care should be exercised with babies and small children. Note that the protective effect of sunscreens depend not only on the quality of the sun­

screen but also on a correct application of the sunscreen. Most people apply too little and not often enough. A sunscreen with an SPF of at least 15 must be generously applied every 2 hours to be protective. It should be applied well before exposure to the sun and it should be reapplied after a swim. If sunscreens are prop­

erly used they can protect from sunburn, skin cancer and skin ageing.

How to choose and to use Sunscreens The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) stated on sunscreens indicate how efficient the product is. The higher the SPF, the more efficient the sunscreen. According to the evidence of damage caused to the skin by UVA radiation and because a standardised method to evaluate the UVA filtration of sunscreens does not yet exist, it is also recommended to check the presence of UVA filters in the product, which is generally print­

ed on the packaging. In all cases, sunscreens should not be used in order to prolong time of exposure but rather to limit the damage caused by sun exposure. That is why sunscreens should often be applied to parts of the skin that are not covered by clothing, especially to sensitive areas like the nose, the ears, the neck, the upper back, the top of the feet, etc. To choose the most appropriate sunscreen, users could refer to table 3 which indicates the SPF values to the different skin types and to the UV Index levels.

UV Index

1 ­ 3 4 ­ 6 7 ­ 9

10 and over

I 15 30 50 60

Skin types II III 12 9 25 15 40 30 50 40

IV 6 12 20 30

Tabic 3: Sun Protection Factors recommended for different skin types and UV Index values.

Besides of the skin type, possible cutaneous or ocular reactions could modify efficiency of protective measures. Such photosensitivity reactions may be caused by a number of external or internal agents. Some drugs like psoralens, porphyrins, coal tar, antibiotics or various kinds of anti­inflammatory agents, antimi­

crobial products, fragrances, plants etc. could cause erythema even for lower UV doses.

Protection of the eye The eyes can be protected by sunglasses containing UV­B and UV­Α filters. According to the E.C. direc­

tive, 89/686/CEE, producersshould put forward the category of protection of the lenses against visible and UV light. For general use a category of 3 is recommended, for risk activities like mountaineering or boat­

ing, a category of 4 is recommended. Otherwise, because of the lateral exposure, it is recommended to wear wrap­around sunglasses. Such advice is especially important for children because the transmittance of UV radiation through the eye is higher for children than for adults ­ a child's retina is less protected. The rationale is that sunglases without UV protecting filters should not be used.

A simple guide for application of UV protective tools for different values of the UV Index and for the most photosensitive skin (skin type I and babies) and for more tolerant skin type III is given by Table 4. This guide only presents a rough guidance and is an example of how the public could be addressed in a leaflet.

14

UV Index Protective Tools

10 + extreme

7 - 9 high

4 - 6 medium

1 - 3 low

10 + extreme

7 - 9 high

4 - 6 medium

1 - 3 low

High photosensitivity - skin type I and babies

Sunburn Times

σο (X) (7Ό

Average photosensitivity - skin type

(TO σο σο

less 15 min.

20 min.

30 min.

over 60 min.

less 30 min.

40 min.

60 min.

over 60 min.

Table 4: A simple guide for application of'UV protective tools

5. Estimation of the UV Index climatology - examples

Operational forecasting of the UV Index gives information about its short­term changes in given the fore­

cast region. However, the temporal and geographical variation of the UV­Index are important for people moving or travelling to different climatic conditions where their home experiences with UV radiation can­

not be used. This concerns tourism in subtropical and equatorial regions in particular.

Figures 3 ­ 6 give a general overview of how the UV Index varies on clear days during the year and dur­

ing the day at different geographical latitudes. The figures have been produced from the model developed at the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna using ozone observations from satellites (NASA/EPTOMS, 1996­1999).

14­

12

10 X ο 8 c > 6

4

2

(

Annual courses of the UV Index noon, clear day, latitudes of NH

J_ /

7 /

/

/

50°

60°

70°

80°

\ \ \

\

V

. 0°

,10°

' 20°

30°

-40°

) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4 Day of the year

30

Figure 3: Annual courses of the UV Index for dif­

ferent latitudes ofNH at noon on clear days at sea level

161

14

12

Index

00

ι

> 6­

4­

2

Diurnal courses of the UV Index June, clear days , latitudes of NH

f ^

■If

Λ \ \

-<30°

- 30° -

i 40° !

- 50° I

- 60° !

­ 70° Γ

- 80° j -

o I k ^ 1 1 ^ —i 0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00

Time

Figure 4: Diurnal courses of the UV Index for dif­

ferent latitudes of Ν Η in June on clear days low amount of aerosol.

16

Figure 5: Estimation of geographical distribution of the UV Index in the European region in June, at noon, for clear days, orography included

17

1 |3|5|7|9|11|13|13

Figure 6: Estimation of global geographical distribution of the UV Index in the summer (July) and winter (January) months at noon, for clear sky

18

6. UV Index in the 21st century

The inverse correlation between the total ozone column and the UV-B irradiance has been confirmed by measurements at several locations. These measurements show that long-term changes of the stratospheric ozone layer may modify the UV climatology, particularly at middle and high latitudes. An expected recov­ery of the ozone layer in the middle of the 21st century should therefore also allow for a stabilisation of the UV-B radiation in the next decades.

The present trends and the behaviour of the ozone layer are strongly influenced by radiative, chemical and dynamical processes in the stratosphere. The significance of these processes may be augmented by human activities (e.g. the "greenhouse effect") and result in higher short-term variations of the ozone layer and the UV-B radiation. The negative impacts on human health could be eliminated by a professional public awareness based on, for example, UV Index information. In any case, the next century brings a challenge for a more active and individual control of UV exposure and protective measures, at least for the large pho­tosensitive part of the population.

Learn to control your exposure to solar UV radiation by using your own experience as well as professional recommendations

Adjust your exposure to solar UV radiation by respecting the changes in UV Index values

Learn to take protective measures and teach the young generation to use them

If you move from your home region adjust your behavior in the sun to the new climatic condition

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Appendix A 20 key questions and answers about the UV radiation

Fact or fiction

You cannot get sunburn on a cloudy day

Too much sun is dangerous no matter your age

Sunscreens protect me so I can sunbathe much longer

■'■ You should avoid the sun i between 11 and 16 h

If I don't feel the heat from staying in the sun I will not get

i sunburn ι

UV radiation not only concerns the skin but also the eyes

Just re­aply your sunscreen to stay longer in the sun

People with fair skin and red hair are particularly sensitive to UV radiation

j A tan protects you from an addi­

[ tional sunburn i

The negative effects of sun­

!" burns are cumulative

Answer

Wrong

Right

Wrong

Right

Wrong

Right

Explanation ~í!Bi£ia?KSs­.vS335ça

Although clouds attenuate UV the diffuse sky radiation is sufficiently intense to get a sunburn unless the clouds are low and thick

The human skin and the immune system are sensitive to UV radiation through a whole life cycle

Sunscreens protect you but their efficiency decrease after application ­ you should not stay longer in the sun than the SPF warrants

Due to the highest sun elevation the UV radiation is the strongest during a day at this time

UV radiation can not be sensed by the human because it is absorbed in the outermost skin layers

Sunburn is perhaps the most known effect, but UV radiation may also cause development of cataract

Wrong The sunscreens protects only for a certain length of time. After this any additional UV exposure is harmful

Right The people with this skin and hair type combination is the most sensitive group of the population

Wrong Atan is already a reaction on UV exposure and it only partially protects your skin

Right The ability of the human body to protect and repair UV­induced damages decrease during a lifetime

20

Fact or fiction Answer Explanation

-The sun in winter and spring is Wrong not dangerous

Children should be especially Right protected

The darker your skin the more Wrong attractive you are

Reflection of UV radiation by sand Right and water must be considered

It is necessary to stay in the sun Wrong because vitamin D is produced by UV radiation

The shorter your shadow is the Right more dangerous the sun burns

You cannot get a sunburn while Wrong you are in the water

The higher the altitude the more Right the sun burns your skin

It is not important to change your Wrong sun habits

The cheapest and the best sun Right protection is shade

The UV intensity depends also on latitude, altitude and ground reflection like of snow

Because of the high sensitivity of their skin and the cumulative effects of sunburns

This social attitude is changing - just a century ago you were more attractive when you were pale

The direct rays from the sun and the diffuse sky radiation are equally important for UV exposures after reflection at the ground

The time of exposition you need for vitamin D production is so short, that you always get enough without sunbathing

When your shadow is short the sun elevation is high and UV radiation is more intense

Water attenuates UV radiation but you may easily get a sunburn when swimming

The higher the altitude the smaller is the attenuation of UV radiation by the atmosphere

A change of personal habits is a first step in active protection against UV exposure

Shade protects you against the direct rays. However, you should still protect yourself against the diffuse sky radiation

21

Appendix Β Reference institutions in the COST­713 countries

Austria Inst, of Med. Physics and Biostatistics

University of Veterinary Medicine Veterinaerplatz 1, A­1210 Vienna Mr. Guenther Schauberger Phone: +43­1­25077.43.06 E­mail: gunther.schauberger@vu­wien.ac.at

Central Institute For Meteorology and Geodynamics Hohe Warte 38, A­1190 Vienna Mr. Hartwig Dobesch Phone: +43­1­36026.22.02 E­mail: dobesch©zamg.ac.at

Denmark Danish Meteorological Institute

Lyngbyvej 100, DK­2100 Copenhagen Mr. Paul Eriksen Phone: +45­39­15.75.00 E­mail: pe@dmi.dk

Finland Finnish Meteorological Institute

Vuorikatu 24, FIN­00100 Helsinki Mr. Tapani Koskela Phone: +33­1­48 97 16 97 E­mail: solaire@club­internet.f

ΠBelgium Royal Meteorological Institute

Avenue Circulaire 3, B­1180 Bruxelles Mr. Hugo De Backer Phone: +32­2­373.0594 E­mail: E­mail: hugo@oma.be

ΠFrance Sécurité Solaire

25 rue Manin, F­75019 Paris Mr. Pierre Cesarini Phone: +33­1­48 97 16 97 E­mail: solaire@club­internet.fr

Czech Republic Czech Hydrometeorological Institute

Solar and Ozone Observatory Hvezdarna 456, 500 08 Hradec Kralove Mr. Karel Vanicek Phone: +420­49­526.0352 E­mail: vanicek@chmi.cz

Germany Meteo. Inst., University Muenchen

Theresienstrasse 37, D­80333 Muenchen Mr. Peter Koepke Phone: +49­89­2394.43.67 E­mail: peter.koepke@lrz.uni­muenchen.de

22

German Meteorological Service Stefan-Meier Str. 4, 79104 Freiburg Mr. Henning Staiger Phone: +49-761-28202-59 E-mail: hstaiger@dwd.d400.de

Federal Office for Radiation Protection Institute for Radiation Hygiene Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Oberschleissheim Mr. Manfred Steinmetz Phone: +49-89-31603-0 E-mail: msteinmetz@bfs.de

Greece Laboratory of Atm. Physics

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki GR-54006 Thessaloniki Mr. Alkiviadis Bais Phone: +30-31-998.184 E-mail: abais@ccf.auth.gr

Π Italy CNR-IATA LAMMA

Via G. Caproni 8, 1-50144 Firenze Mr. Gaetano Zipoli Mr.Daniele Grifoni Phone: +39-55-301.422 E-mail: zipoli @ lamma.rete.toscana.it

grifoni@lamma.rete.toscana.it

Poland Institute for Meteorology and Water Management

Zegrzynska 38, 05-119 Legionowo Mrs. Zenobia Litynska Phone: +48-22-774 2741 E-mail: zenoblit@pol.pl

Portugal Portuguese Meteorological Institute

Rua C - Aeroporto de Lisboa, 1700 Lisboa Mr. Diamantino V. Henriques Phone: +351-1-848 39 61 E-mail: Diamantino.Henriques@meteo.pt

Spain Dept. of Astr. and Meteorology

University of Barcelona Avda Diagonal 647, E-08028 Barcelona Mr. Jerónimo Lorente Phone: +34-3-402.1123 E-mail: jeroni@mizar.am.ub.es

National Institute of Meteorology C/ San Sebastián 77, 38071 S/C de Tenerife Mr. Emilio Cuevas Phone: +34-922-373878 E-mail: ecuevas@inm.es

Switzerland Swiss Meteorological Institute

Section of Biometeorology Kraehbuehl Str. 58, POB-514, CH-8044 Zurich Mr. Thomas Frei Phone: +41-1-256.9264 E-mail: tfr@sma.ch

Centre météorologique Case postale 176, CH-1215 Geneva Mr. Pierre Eckert Phone: +41-22-717 8219 E-mail: pek@sma.ch

23

Appendix C UV Index forecasting systems in the COST-713 countries

Country

Austria

Institution Parameters Schedules Media Cooperation

Inst, of Medical Physics Univ. of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna

UV Index on clear days at noon world wide

Nowcasting and forecasts for 2 days January-December

Internet free

Central Institute for Meteorology

Belgium Royal Meteorological Institute

UV Index on clear days at noon

Nowcasting and forecasts for 1 day April-September

TV, press free

Czech Republic

Czech Hydrometeorologlcal Institute

UV Index, sunburn times on clear days at noon

Nowcasting and forecasts for 1 day April-September

Internet free TV, press commercial

Public health service Photobiol. Soc.

Denmark Danish Meteorological Institute

UV Index, sunburn times on clear days at noon

Nowcasting and forecasts for 1 day May-August

All free

Danish Cancer Soc, Nat. Board of Health

Finland Finnish Meteorological Institute

UV Index, sunburn times on clear April-September

Nowcasting and forecasts for 2 days Protect.

All free

Finnish Cancer Soc, Rad. days Institute

France Association Sécurité Solaire

UV Index, sunburn times on clear and cloudy days, 2 skins

Forecasts for 1 day May - September

Internet, TV, radio, press Minitel, free

National and local health authorities, private/public org.

Germany German Meteorological Service

Federal Agency for Radiation Protection

UV Index, tolerable exp. periods corr. clouds and altitude

UV Index, sunburn times on clear and cloudy days

Nowcasting and forecasts for 1 day April-September

Forecasts for 3 days April-September

TV, radio press.online commercial

Online, fax, Internet free

Health services, Fed. Environmet. Agency

German Meteo. Service, Federal Environment. Ag.

24

Country Institution Parameters Schedules Media Cooperation

Greece Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

UV Index, sunburn times on clear days

Nowcasting and forecasts for 1 day May-September

TV, radio, press free

Italy ENEA

Laboratory for Meteo, Clim. and Env. Model. Regione Toscana

UV Index on clear days

UV Index on clear days at noon

Forecasts for 1 day May-September

Forecasts for 2 days April-September

Press, Internet free

Internet free

Ital. Meteo. Serv. University of Thessaloniki

German Meteo. Service

Poland Institute for Meteorology and Water Management

UV Index for clear days at noon

Nowcasting, forecasts for 1-3 days May - August

Internet free radio, TV press com.

State Insp. for Env. Protection Pubi, health auth.

Portugal Portuguese Meteorological Service

UV Index, sunburn times, UV-B irrad, at noon, clear days

Nowcasting for actual days April-October

TV, radio, press free

Public health authorities

Spain University of Barcelona UV-B eryth. doses, sunburn times on clear days

Forecasts for 1 day Press free

Switzerland Swiss Meteorological Institute

UV Index corrected for altitude and cloudiness

Forecasts for 1 day May-September

TV, radio, fax, online free

Public health authorities Cancer League

25

Appendix D List of the www pages with UV information 1999

COST-713 countries

Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany

Greece Italy Poland Portugal Spain

Switzerland

Others Argentina Australia Canada France Japan New Zealand Sweden Taiwan USA

Projects COST-713 SUVDAMA WMO-WOUDC WMO-UVB SC

http://www.med-physik.vu-wien.ac.at/uv/uv_online.htm http://www.meteo.oma.be/IRM-KMI/ozone/uvindex.html http://www.chmi.cz/meteo/ozon/o3uvb-e.html http://www.dmi. dk/f+u/ http://www.ozone.fmi.fi/o3group/o3home.html http://www.securite-solaire.org http://www.dwd.de/services/gfm/uv_index/ http://www.bfs.de/uvi/index.htm http://www.lap.physics.auth.gr/uvindex/ http://www.lamma.rete.toscana.it/uvweb/index.html http://www.imgw.pl http://www.meteo.pt/uv/uvindex.htm http://www.infomet.fcr.es http://www.solysalud.org/sys/indiceUV/indiceuv.html http://www.admin.ch/bag/strahlen/nichtion/uv/d/index.htm http ://www.admin.ch/bag/strahlen/nichtion/uv/f/index.htm

http://www.conae.gov.ar/caratula.html http://www.bom.gov.au/info/about_uvb.shtml http://www.weather.ec.gc.ca/text/fpcn48.wao.htm http://www.club-internet.fr/securite-solaire/ http://www.shiseido.co.Jp/e/e9708uvi/html http://www.niwa.cri.nz/lauder/homepage.htm http://www.smhi.se/egmain/index.htm http://www.envi.org.tw/Foundation6/English/home.html http://nic.fb4.noaa.gov/products/stratosphere/uv_index/index.html http://www.times-union.com/weather/ http://weathercenter.com/updates/tampcast.htm

http://159.213.57.69/uvweb/wwwcost.html http://www.ozone.fmi.fi/SUVDAMA/ http://www.tor.ec.gc.ca/woudc/woudc.html http://www.srrb.noaa.gov/UV

26

Appendix E List of the reference UVI and COST-713 publications

International Commission on Non­Ionizing Radiation Protection, Global Solar UV­lndex ­ WHG7WMO/INCIRP recommendation, INCIRP publication No.1/95, Oberschleissheim, 1995.

:

Koepke, P., A. Bais, D. Balis, M. Buchwitz, H. De Backer, X. de Cabo, P. Eckert, P. Eriksen, D. Gillotay, A. Heikkilä, T. Koskela, Β. Lapeta, Ζ. Litynska, J. Lorente, Β. Mayer, Α. Renaud, Α. Ruggaber, G. Schauberger, G. Seckmeyer, P. Seifert, A. Schmalwieser, Η. Schwander, Κ. Vanicek and M. Weber, (1998): Comparison of models used for UV Index calculations, Photochemistry and Photobiology 67 (6) 657­662.

WMO, Report of the WMO Meeting of Experts on UV­B Measurements, Data Quality and Standardization of UV Indices (Les Diablerets, 25­28 July, 1994). GAW, Report No.95, Geneva, 1995.

WMO, Report of the WMO­WHO Meeting of Experts on Standardization of UV Indices and their Dissemination to the Public (Les Diablerets, 21­24 July, 1997). GAW, Report No.127, Geneva, 1998.

WMO, Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project­ Rep. No. 44, Geneva 1998.

27

European Commission

EUR-COST713 Action

UV-B forecasting - UV index for the public

Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities

2000 ­ 27 pp. ­ 21 χ 20.6 cm

ISBN 92­828­8142­3

Price (excluding VAT) in Luxembourg: EUR 7

Solar radiation is an important natural factor in the life of the Earth. The ultraviolet part of the solar spectrum, more commonly know as UV radiation, plays an important role in many processes in the biosphere but it could be very harmful if its quantity exceeds safe limits. To avoid damage from high UV exposures the human being should limit their exposures to solar radiation. Solar UV radiation is a highly variable of environmental parameter that changes widely in time and space. Using ttie results of worldwide meteorological observation, measurements and fore­

casting technique a simple­to­understand parameter has been developed. The UV Index (UVI) is now widely used in many operational weather reports and forecasts. Different methods are used to predict the UVI. To coor­

dinate these activities and improve their scientific background a COST Action; titled 'UV­B Forecasting' was initi­

ated in 1996. This booklet/brochure facing the UV problems, its physical and biological background help the understanding of UVI forecast and promote the protection activity against the harmful radiation.

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