Table 1Total cohort(n = 15,551)No GDM(n = 13,436)GDM(n = 2097)ANOVA,PNormal weight(n = 9317)Overweight(n = 4075)Obesity(n = 2159)ANOVA,P

CharacteristicsPregravid BMI (kg/m2 ) BMI classification24.6 4.724.6 4.724.9 4.8< 0.001< 0.0121.6 1.626.6 1.4a33.6 4.0a , b< 0.001

Normal weight (%)9317 (59.9)8127 (60.4)1190 (56.7)

Overweight (%)4075 (26.2)3489 (25.9)586 (27.9)

Obesity (%)2159 (13.9)1838 (13.7)321 (15.3)

Age (years)29.7 5.829.6 5.830.6 5.8< 000.129.7 5.929.9 5.829.7 5.9NS

Parity (n)2.1 1.32.0 1.32.2 1.4< 000.12.0 1.22.1 1.3a2.2 1.4a< 0.001

Multiparity (%)9045 (58.2)7728 (57.4)1317 (62.8)< 000.15315 (57.0)2426 (59.5)a1304 (60.4)a< 0.01

Maternal smoking

Before pregnancy (%)2243 (14.4)1994 (14.8)249 (11.9)< 000.11421 (15.3)526 (12.9)a296 (13.7)< 0.001

During pregnancy (%)1503 (9.7)1352 (10.0)151 (7.2)< 000.1946 (10.2)344 (8.4)a213 (9.9)< 0.01

Ethnicity< 000.1< 0.01

Caucasian (%)9881 (63.5)8434 (62.7)1447 (69.0)5998 (64.4)2530 (62.1)1353 (62.7)

Sub-Saharan African (%)3566 (22.9)3181 (23.6)385 (18.4)2058 (22.1)1020 (25.0)488 (22.6)

Caribbean (%)1365 (8.8)1196 (8.9)169 (8.1)817 (8.8)324 (8.0)224 (10.4)

Other (%)739 (4.8)643 (4.8)96 (4.6)444 (4.8)201 (4.9)94 (4.4)

Family history of diabetes (%)3227 (20.8)2718 (20.2)509 (24.3)< 000.11950 (20.9)833 (20.4)444 (20.6)NS

Previous pregnancy with macrosomia (%)457 (2.9)366 (2.7)91 (4.3)< 000.1266 (2.9)124 (3.0)27 (3.1)NS

Previous pregnancy with GDM (%)498 (3.2)268 (2.0)230 (11.0)< 000.1276 (3.0)136 (3.3)86 (4.0)a< 0.05

EventsGDM (%)2097 (13.5)1190 (12.8)586 (14.4)a321 (14.9)a< 0.01

Gestational weight gain (kg) Gestational weight gain classification8.9 5.79.0 5.78.5 5.5< 000.1< 0.019.1 5.68.8 5.68.5 5.8a< 0.001< 0.001

< 7 kg (%)5041 (32.4)4272 (31.8)769 (36.7)2902 (31.1)1362 (33.4)777 (32.4)

711.5 kg (%)5695 (36.6)4945 (36.8)750 (35.8)3481 (37.4)1471 (36.1)743 (29.6)

11.616 kg (%)3586 (23.1)3149 (23.4)437 (20.8)2180 (23.4)929 (22.8)477 (22.1)

> 16 kg (%)1229 (7.9)1088 (8.1)141 (6.7)754 (8.1)313 (7.7)162 (7.5)

Large-for-gestational-age babies (%)1341 (8.6)1028 (7.6)313 (14.9)< 000.1778 (8.4)361 (8.9)202 (9.4)NS

Small-for-gestational-age babies (%)2114 (13.6)1837 (13.7)277 (13.1)NS1332 (14.3)517 (12.7)a123 (13.9)a< 0.01

Caesarean section (%)3265 (21.0)2696 (20.0)569 (27.1)< 000.11944 (20.9)863 (21.2)458 (21.2)NS

Preeclampsia (%)335 (2.2)269 (2.0)66 (3.1)< 000.1185 (2.0)88 (2.2)62 (2.9)a< 0.05

Preterm delivery (%)1207 (7.8)1032 (7.7)175 (8.3)NS733 (7.9)296 (7.3)178 (8.2)NS

Shoulder dystocia (%)231 (1.5)193 (1.4)38 (1.8)NS137 (1.5)59 (1.4)35 (1.6)NS

Table 2Total cohortWomen without GDMWomen with GDM

Multivariate analysisMultivariate analysisMultivariate analysis

OR [95 CI]POR [95 CI]POR [95 CI]P

Age (10 years)NSNS1.29 [1.071.51]< 0.01

Maternal BMI (10 kg/m2 )1.12 [1.001.24]< 0.051.17 [1.031.31]< 0.001NS

Multiparity (%)1.87 [1.642.14]< 0.0011.90 [1.642.21]< 0.0011.74 [1.302.35]< 0.001

Maternal smokingNo (%)REFREFREF

Before (%)Before and during (%)0.48 [0.370.61]NS< 0.0010.42 [0.320.56]NS< 0.001NSNS

EthnicityCaucasian (%)Sub-Saharan African (%)0.74 [0.640.89]REF< 0.0010.70 [0.590.83]REF< 0.001REF NS

Caribbean (%)Other (%)0.63 [0.500.80]< 0.001NS0.64 [0.490.83]< 0.001NSNSNS

Family history of diabetes (%)1.16 [1.011.33]< 0.051.18 [1.011.38]< 0.05NS

Previous pregnancy with macrosomia (%)4.52 [3.656.00]< 0.0014.86 [3.826.19]< 0.0013.78 [2.395.96]< 0.001

GDM (%)2.01 [1.752.32]< 0.001

Preeclampsia (%)0.49 [0.290.83]< 0.010.42 [0.210.84]< 0.05NS

GWG classication< 7 kg (%)NSNSNS

711.5 kg (%)11.616 kg (%)1.74 [1.492.03]REF< 0.0011.64 [1.381.95]REF< 0.0012.14 [1.542.97]REF< 0.001

> 16 kg (%)3.42 [2.834.13]< 0.0013.58 [2.914.40]< 0.0012.65 [1.684.17]< 0.001

Table 3Total cohortWomen without GDMWomen with GDM

Multivariate analysisMultivariate analysisMultivariate analysis

OR [95 CI]POR [95 CI]POR [95 CI]P

BMI classicationNormal weight (%)REFREFREF

Overweight (%)0.87 [0.780.97]< 0.050.86 [0.770.98]< 0.05NS

Obesity (%)Multiparity (%)0.83 [0.720.96]< 0.05NS0.84 [0.720.98]0.90 [0.821.00]< 0.050.05NSNS

Maternal smokingNo (%) Before (%)Before and during (%)1.2 [1.031.4]REF NS< 0.051.2 [1.031.4]REF NS< 0.05REF NS NS

Family history of diabetes (%)0.81 [0.720.91]< 0.0010.84 [0.740.95]< 0.010.65 [0.470.91]< 0.05

Preeclampsia (%)1.87 [1.442.44]< 0.0011.90 [1.422.54]< 0.0011.85 [1.013.40]0.05GWG classication< 7 kg (%)1.13 [1.011.26]< 0.051.14 [1.011.29]< 0.05NS

711.5 kg (%)11.616 kg (%)> 16 kg (%)REFNS NSREFNS NSREFNS NS