Chapter 11

4 Read the following passage, and then underline instances of oxymoron.

Here's much to do with hate, but more with love.Why then, O brawling love! O loving hate!

O anything, of nothing first create!

O healy lightness! serious vanity!

Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms!

Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health!

Still-waking sleep, that is not what it isThis love feel I, that feel no love in this.

- from Romeo and Juliet by William Shakes:o.::

5 what is the effect of Romeo's use of oxymoron in this passage?

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CoruruorAloNs AND DenornroNsPart of extending your vocabulary should include knowing the difference between theconnotations (emotional associations) and the denotations (literal meanings) of words. i: :example, the words delicate andf"agite can both mean "easily broken," but ihey ha'e ditli:.:_nuances,orsubtleshadesofmeaning.Ifyoutoldaballerinathathermovementswere dei:::-.the ballerina would probably thank you. However, if you told the same person her mor-er::--. -,werefragile, she would probably be offended. While both of these words denote ,,easih'broken," the connotation of delicale is positive, while that of fi"agile is negative.Both the words blameless and harmless are denoted as "innocent." However, withoutunderstanding their connotation, these words can be misused. Read the following senten,--:

I . The nine jury members found the defendant harmless of the charges.

2.The hamster is relatively blameless in comparison to the tiger.In sentence l, the word hannless seems awkward because of its connotation as "not danseri,_.-instead of "not guilty."In sentence 2, the word blanteless seems awkward because of its connotation as "innocer:"instead of "not dangerous."

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Vocabulary

Asstatedbefore,it,simportanttoremembertheconteo*h:lJouchooseyourwords.Otherwise, your writing may not be as precise or clear as you intend'

writers use connotations and denotations so that you must make inferences about what each

word means. When you una.rrtand what irtt *'l*' is infening' then you can take in the full

;;;;i;g of the wori and the text as a u'hole'

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ffiosencertainwordstodescribehowDerekdidhishomework'Words1ikeserious, carefuttv,and sotvedail create "";P;;*i,1i:-i*-:*#:,ttil'[fr:Tfr:::t#-'i{J,!';J[{i,jJ.1Xl,iiiffi l;jffi:&ilT;;il;,"r.,rookatthesamepassagewithsome words replaced. The new words "11ht"; 'i-ilut denotations to the words they replaced'

but they have very different connotationr;;;;;; t"" feel about Derek's study habits after

For examPle,look at this Passage'

reading this version ofthe passage:

Derek was sullen about his homework. He read the assigned,:luott'cautiously' and then

he jotted an outtine f"H;;;il; r-try"g^*. fru.ti.. q:uestions at the end of the chapter'

ffin,cautiously,1o1ted,s'kimmed,andretortshavenegativeconnotationsthathave turned the hardworking Derek fi'"' #'ilil;+19i'-li::T:"il:1: filit"li:f ,,[ffi.TTlt":T,tTT, "*Jff:rffiJon., you don,t recognize, be sure to rook them up

in a dictionary'

Derek was serious about his homework. He read ll. t:"gt:^lchapter carefully' and then

he wrote an outline f"d;;lt" 'Ji"g 'rtt ptt"itt quJstions at the end of the chapter'

adding his answers to the outline in his journal'

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Chapter 11

Practice 5: Connotations and DenotationsL 5.b

DTRECT|Of{5 Read this passage, and then answer the questionr thut fottort

The Arctic FoxThe arctic fox, as its name indicates, lives in the Arctic region of the Northern

Hemisphere. In order to protect itself from the bitter cold of the fundra, the arctic fox grou sa thick, white coat in the winter. The white coat also provides impressive camouflale tt:its snowy sunoundings. Sometimes its coat has a blue-gray hue io it. Blending into itssurroundings helps the arctic fox catch its prey, while avoiding hungry polar blears at thesame time. When temperatures rise in the summer, the rocks una ptunir^of the tundra areexposed. To maintain its camouflage, the arctic fox's coat turns uiro*n or gray color.

The arctic fox finds food in a variety of ways and will eat almost anything. It will er e:eat vegetables! The fox typically feeds on small mammals, but when food is-scarce, it q-il1also eat apolar bear's leftovers. Foxes that live near the coast will also feed on smali birds.such as puffins. When it finds itself with an abundance of food, the fox will bury some olit in the snow and eat it later.

I Select the answer choice that best corresponds to the denotation of the underlinedword.

In order to pt'otect itselffrom the bitter cold of the tundra, the arcticfox wears a thick, white coat in the winter.

A Hostile

B FreezingCDryD Tasteless

To catch small prey such as lemmings and voles hiding beneath the surface of the snog-.the arctic fox listens for the sound of scurrying rodents. ihen it jumps up and down on the

fisnow to break through it and catch the rodent with its paws.,,#;" -

^., : ".-:,'

:":*u,' rr 4uu v4lrell rutr ruutrl_rL wrril lLs paws.

e'#, lh9 fox's body has_adapted to its frigid environment. Its ears, nose, and legs are all small $W,?"dthus have a small surface area. Tiis reduces heat loss, because there is less skin for fl'"ffiheat to escape from. The thick fur on its paws protects the fox's feet from the snow an"d ry

ffi kt:o: frost out' Its long, bulhy tail helps maintain balance and also provides .*ou.orlJ, $

ffin,helv keep. it wann in cold weather. The fur on its body is the warmest of any mammal. iffi

t},e physical features and behavioral characteristics of the arctic fox are a striking exampte -@

of how all animals adapt in order to survive in their sunoundings. .l

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To catch smallpre1,surface of the snov),rodents.

A BoltingB StalkingC PacingD Scampering

which underrined word in the answer choices below has the most positiveconnotation, as it is used in the phrase?A Provides impressive camouflageB Helps the arctic fox snag its preyC Has adapted to its frigid environmentD The rocks and prants of the tundra are exposed

Select the answer choice that best matches the denotation of the underlined word.Thefox typicailyfeeds on smail mammars, but whenfood is $carce. itwill also eat a polar bear,s leftovers.

strch as lernrnings and voles hiding beneath thethe arcticfox listensfor thr rorn] of UUrying

Select the answer choice that hasword.

Rare

AvoidantInsufficientDemanding

Vocabularythe most similar connotation to the underlined

ABCD

A:., ,1 +

fud#.

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Chapter 11

VocneuLARywhen you are reading a story and you come across a word you don,t knou,. \\.::: i:Do you skip over it and hope it doesn't come up again? or do you put down yorJr rr-rrti,ia dictionary so you can look the word up?

Understanding new vocabulary helps you to communicate more clearly. vocabu., vtvarty. vocaDu_l-,basic words that you use daily (extremely, respectful, conundrum, and so on) as -.i:_.__ __-,J,voyewLJuLrLutrutturUtnraIlUS0OnlaSi-,:..

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l:-.,n_"]:t words, also known as domain-rpe.ifi. words, used in specific subjec:s . _; : :r

and science (exponentti)j: ':;;;;;;,"ii,ii,,,',^^il'J;l'):L'.H,',ifiHlillii;-_:' 1;your studies and in yow conversations. There are many vocabulaft strategiei ..., -,.,nt.*,.iu.r:;;;,=. ,",vrsrJ. rwu u4rl u)u r"uIILgxL ulugs, coma:: :qljldenotations, roots and affixes, and even etymoiogy to learn new words. In this gfie--.- ,",,discuss each ofthese strategies.

Corurexr CluesUsing context clues is one method of finding the meaning of a word. Thismeans looking at the way words are used in combination wittr other wordsin the same setting. Look at the words around an unknown word. Thinkabout the meanings of these words or the idea of the whole sentence. Then,match the meaning of the unknown word to the meaning ofthe known text.

in the following example, choose the word which best reflects the meaningof the underlined word.

Heath Ledger, who died shortly after acting in The Dark Knighl, \\.asawarded an Oscar posthumousl)z for his .ol. u, the Joker.

After death

WrongfullyWith honorsAppropriately

ABCD

f1 thts sentence, you are given a clue in the clause "who died shortly after acting in Tiic _Kyight,'Heath Ledger died, but the Academy Award was given in his name roit is poi:::of the Joker. Answer A makes sense, because the award was made after his death. Ans*::does not fitatall,and answers C and D are redundant-an award is naturally givenv,itlt ltr,.,:and it is given appropriately to a person who has shown merit.

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Vocabulary

.\s you try to determine the meanings of words in a passage, remember that some words withmultiple meanings actually mean different things in different contexts. These include words'.r ith technical meanings in different subject areas.

Examples: A white substance precipitated from the acidic solution.The toddler's meltdown at the store prcgipilqLgd stricter bedtime rules.

n the first sentence, pre cipitated is used in the scientific sense, meaning "to form a solid in a:r-rlution through a chemical process." The second sentence uses precipitated ina nonscientificJr-rrlt€xt, meaning "to cause something to happen unexpectedly or abruptly."

Examples: The poet used consonance with the words "came," "home," and "time."He played a song using chords that blended together with consonance.

l}e first sentence uses consonance inthe literary sense with the meaning "the repetition of final-rrl1Solloflt sounds." The second sentence uses consonance as the musical term meaning "a=rrup of tones that sound harmonious when played together."

l" r':ice how each word takes on a specific meaning based on the topic being discussed. Pay::sntion to the subject matter of a passage to determine whether words have diflerent. domain-.::cific meanings.

ContextClues Signal Words and Examples

Comparison also,like, resembling, too, both, than

Look for clues that indicate an unfamiliar word is similExample: The lake was plack! like a smooth sheet of glass.

at to a familiar word or phrase.

Contrast but, however, while, instead of, yet, unlike

Look for clues that indicate an unfamiliar word is opposite in meaning toa familiar word or phrase.

Example: The first speaker launched into a harangue, while the secondone spoke quietly and calmly.

Definition orRestatement

is, or, that is, in other words, which

Look for words that define the term or restate it another way.

Example: The preacher tried to temper, or soften, his stern words to thecongregation.

Example for example,for instance, such as

Look for examples used in context that reveal the meaning of anunfamiliar word.

Example: Many bingo players carry a talisman such as a rabbit's foot forgood luck.ilo1

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Chapter 11

Practice 1: Using Context CluesL 4.a

Many developing countries do not have fresh water to wash food or u'ar.s :; . :sfood cold, so meals are not very sanitary.

A Tasty

B MoistC CleanD Pretty

The reporters investigated a single bribe taken by a government official. Thei -:.:.r,tinstead, that comrption was rampant at city hall.

A Imaginary

B InventedC HushedD Pervasive

Our Constitution calls for a government with three discrete branches, which ca: >.* :to check and balance the power and decisions of the others.

A Separate

B ConnectedC SecretiveD Central

Mrs. Trumble loveddowntown.A Invited

B RegularC AnnoyingD Stylish

museums and was a frequent visitor to several art gallenes

A. Choose the answer that most nearly means the same es tuunderlined word in each sentence. Use context clues to heS ,,-nr

figure out unfamiliar words.

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Vocabulary5 When Suni babysat for the Thomas tw'ins, she would always contrive games and

activities to keep them busy. Otherwise, they could get into a lot of trouble!

A Plan

B OrderC PlayD Hide

6 Latoya worked hard on her leadership skills, so being voted student council presidentwas the pinnacle of her high school achievements.

A Tight spot

B High pointC Punch lineD Low point

DIRECTIONS B. Read the following sentences, and then supply the definitions ofthe underlined words-first in their domain-specific contexts andthen their other meanings. Use a dictionary if you need to.

I The nucleus of the amygdala glowed red on the CAI scan.

Meaning in this context:

Other meanings:

2 InJane Eyre, the cold,Edward Rochester.

Meaning in this context:

handsome St. John Rivers is a foil to the passionate, rough

Other meanings:

3 Margo downloaded an application on her smartphone to help her f,rnd newrestaurants.

Meaning in this context:

Other meanings:

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Chapter 11

PnrrenNs oF Wono CnnrucesYou may have noticed that some words look similar but have slightly different meanli:: - rlijrurirat the words anarchv, patriarch, and hierarchy forinrt*... il;r. words contain the sa:,. *, ,',,(arch)but have different beginnings o, .naing, that alter the ,n.uningr. you could look *: :,ey*words in a dictionary if you we.e infumiliur *irrr,r,.r. guiiiioura probabry arso he.: ,, :,- nrknow that the root irch'means;?ul;r;, i;; in monarch_, on. .ut.r,;.Most words used in the English language today have been borrowed or adapted from c:,:languages' Many Engrish w-ords .otti. n?r the Latin

",. c;.;kl;"guages. An Engrish .,r, ::: ;!mconsist of these three parts: a root, a prefix, and a suffrx. rt,nrv u. possibre to guess the n_:=_:*

;ff",i}f'X1il.T:1 3J, *owing'd; ;;;il; ; 'il ;;;; #""ing prenxes-#,,n,., - ., -=

The root is the base element of the word that contains its basic meaning. For exampre. rJ,:: ia root word that can lead to these three definitions: -'- - ^'v4'r'B' ror example

ffi.lrins,::they are linked in terms nf rnco-i-- .rL^-. ^- , .they are linked in terms of meaning. il;;;;;;;il;: #i:Hff,;In a word family, ail the words share parts of the same spelring and have linked meani

Js and tr'. *ora anit;.;;;;;;;#ffit'

ItishelpfultoknowrootwordsforafewIeaSonS.First,you.unffiilif ;:iTffi'Hnf,ffi:','"?:: in5T,TT #:ffilil 'n.",, .,;;;in* i, .u"

agree: to go along with, to tuk. on.t-ri[i-[p.Gagreeable: easy to get along withdisagree: to go against, to not take one,s side

use useless. usable, ur.d. uri

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employment, un.employ

manage

beauty beautiful, n.uutifrltyS.uuti.*r,

faith faithful,fuitnnlt@

t is helpfu

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Vocabulary

Affixes consist of prefixes and suffrxes. They are called ffixesbecause they are affixed' or

attached, to a root. A prefix is a word :t#i.:]';: :.i:i*::","1;il:T:ffi1;::iff:J::*3.}:*::ffi];i#:iliffi;i [,"in' rs a*ord erementthat is praced arterthe root

The sufflrx changes tne word's meaning as well as its use-as a noun' verb' adjective' and to on

microscoPemultiPlYpedestriansympathYtelephonetransPortradiationmicroscoPescripturetelevisionconvenevital

smallmanyfootfeelingsoundconveylightseeto writedistanceto come,life

mlcromultipedpathphonportradscopescribetelevenviv, vit

annualaquariumauditoriumbibliograPhYbiographYcenturychronologicaldictiongeneticinjectionmagnifl'medium

yeatwaterhearbooklifehundredtimeto speakrace, kindputlarge, greatmiddle

annaquaaudbibliobiocentchronodicgenjectmagnimed

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interstateintramuralmistakennonathleticpostnatalpremixproclaimreviewsemicirclesubmarineunknown

betweenwithinincorrectnegativeafterbefore, in front ofin suPPort ofagainpartial, somewhatunder, beneathnot

inter-intra-mis-non-post-pre-pro-re-semi-sub-un-

absentadhereantigravirybi-monthlYcommunitYderegulatedishonestendearextinguishillegalinsecure

away fromnear, atagainsttwice, twowithrevefse removeto cause to beout, notnotnot

ab-ad-anti-bi-com-de-dis-en-ex-i1-in-

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Chapter 11

Suffixes

Example

talka.:r -easih. _ _

emer{--;

thouE::.:,biolog.conte:::::neahessnen'oi:-irelatio:_.:_:consirL;::.:ventui3fonr aiihomeri.--:

Meaning-able-age-al, -jal-ance-dom-en

-er, -or

-ful-hood

capable of beinsrelated toact o{ of likestate or quality ofgeneral conditionmade o{to becomeone who

tull ofstate ofto makehaving quality of

inflammation

lovablemarriageindustrialacceptancefreedomwooden,reddenemployer,actorcheerfulchildhoodmagnifyfoolish,childisharthritis

-itive

-ize

-ly-less-logy-ment-ness-ous-ship-tion-ure-ward

having the natureof

cause to be orresemble

in a like mannerwithoutstudy ofcondition ofquality, degreeconditiontull ofaction, processstate of beingto a givendestination

Page 21g

Practice 2: Patterns of Word ChangesL r.b

Torie's of the literary passage was quite thorough.A AnalyzeB AnalyricalC AnalysisD Analyzable

2 To create a timeline, Matthew put the events inA ChronologyB ChronologicalC ChronologistD Chronologies

3 The puppy bounded around the house.A Hyperactive

B RetroactiveC InactiveD Interactive

order.

Vocabulary

Rachel's.4 There was no doubt in Thomas's mind-the handwriting was

A Unmistakable

B MistakablyC UnmistakenD Unmistakably

5 The lawyer on behalf of her client.A Advocated

B AdvocacyC AdvocatingD Advocator

Read the following sentences, and filt in itre blmDIRECTIONS . words.

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Chapter 11

RerrneNcE MnrrntAlsIf you can't determine the meaning of a word by looking at context clues and word:.=:s:lu..and if your teacher permits it, then you can consult reference materials such as dic:::,r-r:,uxr-,thesauruses, and glossaries. A dictionary, either in print or electronic form, pror.id:. ' :"rmeanings, origins, pronunciations, and more. A glossary is like a dictionary in thar :: .- :1ll

word definitions, but these words may be in a special field or subject. For example. \'c.j: i;;i"j,illlrili1L

textbook may contain a glossary of historical terms, events, and figures. A thesaurus :::, r.ruBii

lists of synonyms and antonyms for words. Just remember that those words can har': ,-::rdifferences of meaning-you may want to double-check a dictionary to make sure a -,;, .:: :rirrlu

the particular meaning you're looking for,

Let's look at some of the specific ways a dictionary can help you with words.

Eryuor-ocyThe etymology (word origin) of a word is often included in its dictionary entry. Onl:-=dictionaries usually spell out the etymological information; it may be in a sidebar. oi ;. --r:beginning or end of the entry. In bound dictionaries, the origins are often abbreviated ::.: rlrtypically placed at the end of the entry after the part of speech. Some examples of th:s-abbreviations arc OE for Old English, ME for Middle English, Fr for French, Z for L":.:- ,,*Lul

Gr for Greek. Many times, etymologies range from the word's most recent usage to irs :-- s,n.For example, look at this dictionary entry.

As you can see, the earliest source for the word school is the Greek word, skhole. This u o:: -:::developed through Latin, Old English, and Middle English into the modern word schor,.' .:--history is what we call the word's etymology.

Etymologies are important, because they can help you understand where a word comes ::: -and can lead you to new, derived words.

school

n.

An institution for the instruction of children,

fME scole, from OE scdl, ftomL schola, scola, from Gr skhotel

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Vocabulary

PnoruurucnnoNDictionaries typically help with the pronunciation of a word by breaking it down intosyllables, showing the accented syllable(s), and sometimes giving a variant spelling. Here's anexample from the dictionary entry for quesadilla.

que' sa' dil' la [kay-suh-dee-uh; .!p. keh-sah-thee-yah]

You can see how the word is broken up into four syllables by the . symbol. The entry alsorespells the word phonetically and places the accented syllables in bold type. Because the wordquesadilla is Spanish in origin, the dictionary entry shows both the English and Spanishpronunciations.

Wono DenlvRloNsNew words often evolve from existing words. When this happens, the new words are calledword derivations. You have already seen how new words can be formed by adding affixes toroot words. For example, if we look at the word school as we did in the previous section, welearn that before you go to school,you go to preschool, and you can also be schooled,oreducated, in a specific subject. But there are also other ways to form new words from existingones. Words often change form as they change meaning. For example,to sing is to expressrvords and tones to music, bul a song is what is sung. These three words have certainrelationships with each other, and understanding how they relate can help you learn new wordsand meanings.

Panrs oF SPEEcHRemember also to check the part of speech of a word. Often, as theu'ord changes form into various derivations, so does its part ofspeech. The dictionary may abbreviate the labels for the parts ofspeech: noun (le.), verb (v.), adjective (adj.), and adverb (adv.).

'@*ffi-\4 *ffi

bg -4V

K&

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i

I

Chapter 11

Practice 3: Reference MaterialsL 4.c

store

n.

A place where products are offered for sale; a shop.

tt'.v.

To set aside or put away for future use.

To fill, supply, or stock.

IME stor, from OFr estor, from estorer, from L tnstaurare.f

which of the following words is not part of the etymology for the word store?A stor

B estorC storarD estorer

What is the origin of the wordTnstaurdre?A Old English

B LatinC Old FrenchD Middle English

Read this sentence.

The squirrels store food for the winter.In this sentence, the word store is used as what parl of speech?

A Noun

B AdjectiveC AdverbD Verb

A. Look at the following dictionary entries, and then ans\\er rhequestions.

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1

Vocabulary

grand

adj.

Large and impressive in size, scale, or amount; magnificent[ME, from OFr, from L grandis.l

which of the following actually contributes to the etymology of granilA Middle EnglishB Old FrenchC LatinD None of them contribute.

which of the following words would not be a word derivation of grand based on thedefinition above?A Grandeur

B GrandioseC GrandfatherD Grandly

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B. Look at the fotowing tirt or*o.o@word derivations as you can.

il&

@

ullt

d

r0,

'il.ll"

lii

I happy

2 present

3 swim

-l act

Page 223