corruption in defence
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Corruption in Defence. Leah Wawro 26 November 2012. Agenda. Why it matters The TI Defence & Security Programme Defence Companies Anti-Corruption Index Government Defence Anti-Corruption Index. Defence officials tell us that corruption: Wastes scarce resources - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Corruption in Defence
Leah Wawro26 November 2012
Agenda
1. Why it matters2. The TI Defence & Security Programme3. Defence Companies Anti-Corruption Index4. Government Defence Anti-Corruption Index
Why defence & security corruption matters
Defence officials tell us that corruption:
• Wastes scarce resources
• Hurts operational effectiveness
• Diminishes public trust
Defence and security sectors are there to protect a country and its citizens. When the sector is corrupt, it can’t do that.
High risk:• Huge contracts• High secrecy• Unique corruption risks.
Impact on peacekeeping, conflicts
TI-DSP Approach
National defence & security forces
Civil SocietyDefence Industry
Inside: Facilitate discussionReframe the problemAnalysis/action planTraining
Build confidence that D&S can be tackledCollaborate on researchExpertise
Direct engagementIndexEstablish global forum for a-c standardsResearch, publicise high risk areas
Outside:Measuring and analysingExternal oversightWork with NATO, UN
Defence Companies Anti-Corruption Index
TI assessment
Company review and
input
TI analysis
Peer review
TI final review
External measure of extent and depth of anti-corruption capabilities and programmes—measuring capability
Aims: improve standards benchmark progress Competition
Based on Typology for good corporate anti-corruption system
A-F banding 35 Questions; 0-2 scoring
133 Companies Worldwide• Top 100 global defence
companies (2010 defence revenue, compiled by Defence News & SIPRI)
• Defence revenue of $100 M and a nationality not represented in top 100
Launch: October 4th
The Defence Companies Index
• The ability of companies to prevent and tackle corruption risk in the defence and security sector.
Government Defence Anti-Corruption Index
What is it?
• A global Index to measure levels of corruption risk in national defence and security establishments worldwide.
• A means to monitor the success of anti-corruption mechanisms over time
• Comparison between countries• A project that uses a wide range of input: from
National Chapters, Civil Society experts, Defence and Security sector experts, and governments themselves.
Methodology• An objective questionnaire filled out by an expert
independent assessor, reviewed by two independent peer reviewers, a government reviewer and finally a TI National Chapter reviewer.
• 76 questions, scored on a 5-point scale. Model answers guide assessor’s responses.
• Using of Global Integrity’s field research software, Indaba.
Assessor completes Questionnaire
Peer Review x 2 Government Review
TI National Chapters Review
Libel Review
Ongoing TI-DSP review and
standardisation throughout
process
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POLITICAL
Contracts
Secret budgets
Collusive bidders
Technical requirements / specifications
Single sourcing
Offsets
Disregard of corruption in country
Agents/brokers
Financing packages
PROCUREMENT
Values & Standards
Salary chain
Payroll, promotions, appointments, rewards
Conscription
PERSONNEL
OPERATIONS
Seller influence
Contract award, delivery
Asset disposals
Military-owned businesses
Illegal private enterprises Private Security Companies
Corruption within mission
Subcontractors
Leadership Behaviour
Small Bribes
FINANCE
Defence & security policy
Control of intelligence services
Export controls
Organised crime
Nexus of defence & national assets
Defence budgets
Typology of Defence Corruption Risks
GOVERNMENT DEFENCE INTEGRITY INDEX: QUESTION SCORECARD
Question Number: Sources and References:
SCORE GIVEN:
Score 4:
Score 3:
Score 2:
Score 1:
Score 0:
N/A:
Justification for score:
Peer reviewer 1’s comments:
Peer reviewer 2’s comments: Govt. reviewer’s comments:
TI-NC’s comments: Final, standardised score:
Example Question:
Has the country signed up to international anti-corruption instruments such as, but not exclusively or necessarily, UNCAC and the OECD Convention?
Answer guidelines:4. The country has signed up to all relevant instruments, there has been formal ratification, and there is evidence of compliant activity.3. The country has signed up to all relevant instruments, but there is limited evidence of compliance (e.g. partial shortcomings in complying with specific parts of the conventions).2. The instruments have been signed up to and ratified; there has been no evidence of compliance.1. The country has signed up to but not ratified all relevant instruments0. The country has not signed up to the instruments.
Transparency International Defence & SecurityProgramme: Government Defence Anti-Corruption Index
Government Defence Anti-Corruption Index
Scoring:1. A-F 2. Integrity scores for each major corruption
risk, enabling understanding of where risks are most prevalent.
3. Regional scoring patterns and scores associated with country clusters – i.e. BRIC / N11; Big Spenders; Countries in Conflict.
Outputs
• An online scorecard for each question. • A country summary: Key findings, reform
recommendations.• An overall report: key learnings across the
entire index; also MENA-specific report.• Spin off research: articles covering
country-specific and regional analysis, methodological developments, and typology tests.
Advocacy• 50 TI National Chapters involved
in process—assessment or review
• Roadmap to Reform; specific, targeted actions
• National/ regional launches• Prompting engagement with
MOD: TI Taiwan
Asia Pacific: China, South Korea, Singapore, India, Thailand, Pakistan, Australia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Nepal, Afghanistan
Europe/Central Asia: Italy, Greece, UK, Germany, Spain, France, Norway, Austria, Czech Republic, Sweden, Cyprus, Turkey, Russia, Belarus, Poland, Bulgaria, Georgia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Serbia, Hungary, Uzbekistan, Croatia, Latvia, Bosnia, Slovakia, Israel
MENA: Iran, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Iraq, Morocco, Algeria, Bahrain, Qatar, Yemen, Kuwait, Tunisia, UAE, Oman, Palestinian National Authority
Sub-Saharan Africa: Angola, South Africa, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Nigeria, DRC, Zimbabwe, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Somalia, Cameroon
Americas: Colombia, Brazil, Chile, Venezuela, Argentina, Mexico, USA
Countries: Government Defence Anti-Corruption Index
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Planned Publications, 2012-2013: Single Source ProcurementPolice ReformPolitical Economy & Expeditionary ContractingMilitary-Owned BusinessesToolkit for Civil SocietyDefence Corruption Literature Review
Research
Recent Publications: Single Source ProcurementPolice ReformPolitical Economy & Expeditionary ContractingMilitary-Owned BusinessesToolkit for Civil SocietyInternal audit and security corruption