corporate social responsibility marketing of american and western european multinational...

8/14/2019 Corporate Social Responsibility Marketing of American and Western European Multinational Enterprises: A Longitudinal Study of Stakeholder Engagement

1/94

HGPZGPKTF XGHAKL PFXZGMXA@ALATQ EKPBFTAMC HGEEVMAHKTAG

GI KEFPAHKM KMD SFXTFPM FVPGZFKM EVLTAMKTAGMKL

FMTFPZPAXFX> K LGMCATVDAMKL XTVDQ GI XTKBFOGLDFPFMCKCFEFMT

@q

XZFMHFP E PGXX

Xv`eattfd am zkptakl ivliallefmt gi tof pf{vapfefmtx

igp tof dfcpff gi Ekxtfp gi @vxamfxx Kdeamaxtpktagm

XT- NGOM X VMAYFPXATQ

EKQ 0::?

Xv`eattfd Kzzpgykl

Dktf> Dktf>

WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW WWW

Xtvdfmt Mkef'Xacmktvpf Tofxax Xvzfpyaxgp x Mkef'Xacmktvpf


2/94

HGPZGPKTF XGHAKL PFXZGMXA@ALATQ EKPBFTAMC HGEEVMAHKTAG

GI KEFPAHKM KMD SFXTFPM FVPGZFKM EVLTAMKTAGMKL

FMTFPZPAXFX> K LGMCATVDAMKL XTVDQ GI XTKBFOGLDFPFMCKCFEFMT

K`xtpkht

@q

XZFMHFP E PGXX

Tof g`nfhtayf gi toax zkzfp ax tg zpgyadf cfmfpkl hgezkpaxgmx `ftsffm

hgpzgpktf xghakl pfxzgmxa`alatq /HXP! ekpbftamc hgeevmahktagmx tgglx gi Kefpahk

kmd Sfxtfpm Fvpgzfkm evltamktagmkl fmtfpzpaxfx /EMF!- Tof pfxvltx gi tof

hgezkpaxgmx dfegmxtpktf tokt tofpf ax xacmaiahkmt /qft vmfezapahkllq zpgyfm! fyad

gi ykpafd kzzpgkhofx tg vxamc ekpbftamc hgeevmahktagmx tgglx kx k efkmx gi xtkbfogldfp fmckcfefmt-

Am tof iapxt hokztfp gi tof zkzfp, tof zpg`lfe kmd zvpzgxf kpf xft gvt, klgmc

sato dfiamatagmx gi xgef HXP tfpeamglgcq kmd dflaeatktagmx gi tof zkzfp- Am tof

xfhgmd hokztfp, latfpktvpf ipge ykpagvx xgvphfx xvho kx tof Zpg[vfxt flfhtpgmah

dktk`kxf ax pfyafsfd kmd hpata{vfd- Tof toapd hokztfp gi toax zkzfp ighvxfx gm k

zpkhtahkl kzzlahktagm gi HXP ekpbftamc hgeevmahktagmx vmdfp tof xhgzf gi k tqzf

ekpbftamc bmgsm kx cpffmskxoamc kmd df`ktfx tof zpkhtahf x zgxatayf kmd mfcktayf

hgmxf{vfmhfx- Tof igvpto hokztfp gi toax zkzfp zpfxfmtx hkxf iamdamcx `q hgezkpa


3/94

kmd hgmtpkxtamc HXP'xvxtkamk`alatq pfzgptx ipge topff daiifpfmt Kefpahkm EMFx

pfzgptx ipge topff daiifpfmt Sfxtfpm Fvpgzfkm EMFx- Tofxf iamdamcx kpf ivptofp

xqmtofxa~fd am hokztfp iayf, soaho hgmtkamx km gyfpkll kmklqxax gi iamdamcx amtsg, topff, kmd igvp- Hokztfp xa hgmtkamx hgmhlvdamc pfekpbx gm tof xv`nfht ektt

kmd xvccfxtfd dapfhtagmx igp ivptofp fezapahkl pfxfkpho gm tof xv`nfht-


4/94

aa

Khbmgslfdcfefmtx

Toax tofxax hgvld mgt okyf `ffm hgezlftfd satogvt tof lgyf, xvzzgpt, kmd zktafmhf gi eq iakmhf, Nvdato- Satogvt ofp, A ekq okyf mfyfp zvpxvfd eq dpfkex- /A ekq mfyfp

okyf xtgzzfd pfxfkphoamc tg xtkpt spatamc toax tofxax fatofp-!

Am kddatagm, A tokmb eq zkpfmtx kmd eq xaxtfp igp oflzamc xvzzgpt ef, `gto

fegtagmkllq kmd iamkmhakllq, am eq `vxamfxx xhoggl fmdfkygpx-

Dvpamc tof pfxfkpho gi toax zkzfp, eq amatakl kdyaxgp, Dp- Ngom S- Dg`àmx skx

dakcmgxfd sato hkmhfp kmd xv`xf{vfmtlq zkxxfd kskq am Ekpho 0::?- A sgvld labf tg

pfhgcma~f eq kdyaxgp, Dp- Nkfxfgb Nfgmc igp kxxveamc kdyaxamc pfxzgmxaàlata

toax zkzfp lgmc kitfp atx gpacamkl dfkdlamf kmd igp khtamc kx k efmtgp am

fmhgvpkcamc eq khkdfeah zvpxvatx-

A sgvld klxg labf tg tokmb eq igpefp hgllfkcvfx kt tof MfsKllakmhf @kmb am YfpmgmHgmmfhtahvt am zkptahvlkp, Ep- Mktokm Cgezzfp, eq igpefp ekmkcfp igp zvxoamc

ef tgskpdx `fttfp khkdfeah kmd hkpffp kxzapktagmx kmd igp kllgsamc ef tg f zlgpf eq

ivll zgtfmtakl-

Iamkllq, A evxt efmtagm tof aezkht tokt Xtkp`vhbx Hokapekm kmd Hoafi F fhvtayf

Giiahfp Ogskpd Xhovlt~ okx okd gm eq laif- Oax `ggb,Zgvp Qgvp Ofkpt Amtg At> Ogs

Xtkp`vhbx @valt k Hgezkmq Gmf Hvz kt k Taef skx kegmc tof bfq amxzapktagmx igp

ef tg kttfmd `vxamfxx xhoggl kmd f zlgpf tof zgxxaàlatafx gi hgpzgpktf xghakl

pfxzgmxaàlatq-


5/94

aaa

Hgmtfmtx

;- Amtpgdvhtagm ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;-; Igp Hgpzgpktf Xghakl Pfxzgmxa`alatq------------------------------------------------------------;-;-; Zpg`lfe ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

;-;-0 Zvpzgxf---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------;-;-8 Dfiamatagm gi Tfpex ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

;-;-4 Dflaeatktagmx -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0- Latfpktvpf Pfyafs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

0-; Hogahf gi Xv`nfht -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

0-0 Pfxfkpho Kzzpgkho ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

0-8 Latfpktvpf Xtvdq --------------------------------------------------------------------------------0-4 Hpata{vf gi Xgvphfx ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

8- Kzzlafd Iamdamcx ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8-; Eftogdglgcq -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8-;-; Cpffmskxoamc Ekpbftamc ----------------------------------------------------------------8-;-0 Daxtpvxtamc kttatvdfx tgskpd HXP ekpbftamc ---------------------------------------8-;-8 Hpfktamc zgxatayf kttatvdfx topgvco HXP ekpbftamc -------------------------------

8-;-4 Lambamc hgpf hgezftfmhafx, xghakl pfxzgmxa`alatq, kmd kdyfptaxamc ---------

4- Hkxf Iamdamcx ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4-; Eftogdglgcq -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4-0 Zpghtfp ) Cke`lf'Vmalfyfp ------------------------------------------------------------------4-0-; Zpghtfp ) Cke`lf ----------------------------------------------------------------------------4-0-0 Vmalfyfp -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------4-0-8 Hkxf Iamdamcx ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4-8 Skl%Ekpt'Hkppfigvp ------------------------------------------------------------------------4-8-; Skl%Ekpt -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4-8-0 Hkppfigvp ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------4-8-8 Hkxf Iamdamcx ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4-4 Mabf'Kdadkx ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------4-4-; Mabf -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4-4-0 Kdadkx -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


6/94

ay

4-4-8 Hkxf Iamdamcx ---------------------------------------------------------------------------6- Kmklqxax ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9- Hgmhlvxagm ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Pfifpfmhfx---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


7/94

;

;- Amtpgdvhtagm

Toax hokztfp cayfx tof pfkdfp km amtpgdvhtagm tg tof xv`nfht kmd daxhvxxfx tof zvpzgxf

gi toax tofxax-

;-; Igp Hgpzgpktf Xghakl Pfxzgmxaàlatq

Lkdlfq> Fyfpq`gdq#x igp fhglgcq- @vt axm#t tof cgkl gi hgpzgpktagmx tg ekbf egmfq7Tofq hkm#t f axt vmlfxx tofq dg-Tofg Ov tk`lf> Qfko, `vt qgv xff, at#x k {vfxtagm gi klkmhf- A efkm, kll khgpzgpktagm ax ax k cpgvz gi hata~fmx- Kmd tof hata~fmx okyf tg `f pfxzgmxa`lf, amxadftof hgpzgpktagm kmd gvtxadf am tof pfkl sgpld-

Kmdfpxgm> Sfll tokt#x yfpq tpvf, Lfg RxahU- @vt qgv#d `f xvpzpaxfd kx tg ogs daiiahvlt at ax tg cft zfgzlf tg vmdfpxtkmd tokt hgmhfzt-Tofg Ov tk`lf> Pfkllq7 @vt at#x xg hlfkp- Kx lgmc kx qgv pfxzfht zfgzlf kxamdayadvklx, sokt flxf ax tofpf7

Tof Hgx`q Xogs

Am ;138, Sallake Salxgm, Zpfxadfmt kmd Hoafi F fhvtayf Giiahfp gi

kdyfptaxamc kcfmhq Dkmafl Xtkpho ) Xtkii, Amh- zpfdahtfd tokt tofpf sgvld `f k xoai

zv`lah ighvx gmtg tof zpayktf xfhtgp- Toax sgvld lfkd tg zv`lah xbfztahaxe tokt sgvld

xokbf hgpzgpktagmx amtg khhgvmtkàlatq- Am zkptahvlkp, toax kxxfxxefmt skx `kx

tof ikht tokt tof hgmxvefpaxt mktvpf gi Kefpahk skx egyamc kskq ipge zpgdvhtagm kx

tof aezftvx igp xklfx kmd amxtfkd fezokxa~amc ekpbftamc kx atx zpaekpq dpayfp-

Gmlq k ifs qfkpx fkplafp, Kefpahkm fhgmgeaxt Ealtgm Ipafdekm zv`laxofd km

kptahlf am tof Mfs Qgpb Taefx Xvmdkq Ekck~amf fmtatlfdTof Xghakl Pfxzgmxaàlatq

gi @vxamfxx ax tg amhpfkxf zpgiatx /Ipafdekm, ;13:!- Am toax `pafi, qft xfeamkl

la`fptkpakm kptahlf, Ipafdekm gvtlamfd tokt tof mffd igp `vxamfxxfx tg amhpfkxf tofa


8/94

0

zpgiatx xvzfpxfdfx kmq ekmkcfefmt amtfpfxtx tg khhgvmt igp fmyapgmefmtkl, xghak

hgpzgpktf cgyfpmkmhf hgmhfpmx-

Tofpfam, tof egyfefmt igp hgpzgpktf xghakl pfxzgmxaàlatq /HXP! okx atxadfglgcahkl hgvmtfpzgamt- Xamhf tof zfpagd gi taef sofm HXP hgmhfztx sfpf iapxt

df`ktfd, tof clg`kl ekpbftzlkhf okx vmdfpcgmf dpkxtah xoaitx `q skq gi amtfpmktagmk

tpkdf- Tof amhpfkxfx am tfhomglgcahkl ammgyktagm kmd khhfxx tg amigpektagm o

hgezgvmdfd tof amhpfkxf am tpkdf la fpkla~ktagm- Tof zpglaifpktagm gi tof amtfpmf

tof Sgpld Sadf Sf` okx igphfd ovekm xghaftq tg pffyklvktf ogs at hgmdvhtx

`vxamfxx kmd sato soge at tpkmxkhtx `vxamfxx- Kegmc tof khtgpx amyglyfd am toax

zkpkdace xoait kpf evltamktagmkl fmtfpzpaxfx /EMF!, igp soaho clg`kl f zkmxagm ok

`fhgef km amtfcpkl zkpt gi tof `vxamfxx egdfl-

At ax tof gzamagm gi tof kvtogp tokt tof kxxveztagmx `q Salxgm /;138! tgskpd

HXP okyf amhpfkxamc efpat igp `vxamfxxfx am tof tsfmtq%iapxt hfmtvpq am zkptahvlkp, kx

tof amhpfkxfx am clg`kl tpkdf ekbf tofap skq tg fefpcamc ekpbft fhgmgeafx- Toff zkmxagm gi clg`kl xvzzlq hokamx mfhfxxatktfx hgpzgpktf khhgvmtkàlatq kmd

tpkmxzkpfmhq- Kddatagmkllq, HXP okx tof kàlatq tg kdd zgxatayf yklvf kmd `pkmd

f{vatq tg k hgpzgpktagm `q fmk`lamc at tg dfegmxtpktf atx zgtfmtakl kx kcggd

hgpzgpktf hata~fm /Nfvpaxxfm, 0::4!-

At ax mgt zpgiatx klgmf tokt fmokmhf xokpfogldfp yklvf, `vt `pkmd mkef kmd

`pkmd yklvf hgmxtpvhtx kx sfll- Tof hkxf igp hgpzgpktf xghakl pfxzgmxaàlatq ax mg

satogvt atx hpatahx, ogsfyfp xoaitamc adfglgcahkl zpamhazlfx igllgsamc tof 0::;

iamkmhakl hgllkzxfx gi Kefpahkm hgpzgpktagmx hpfktfd k pfxvpcfmhf gi amtfpfxt am


9/94

8

skq `vxamfxx amtfpkhtx sato xghaftq- Lkvifp /0::8! xvccfxtx tokt, sofm kxxfxxamc

hgpzgpktf hgeevmahktagmx, pflqamc gm khgezkmq x amtfcpatq klgmf sgvld `f k pktofp

mkyf zpkhtahf, zkptahvlkplq am tof kitfpekto gi tof Kefpahkm hgpzgpktf xhkmdklx g0::;-

Tof pacotfgvx /kmd yglvmtkpq! khtagmx gi k hgpzgpktagm tgskpd xghakl

hgeeatefmt xogvld `f appfxzfhtayf gi khgezkmq x iamkmhakl zgxatagm- HXP ax

hgmhfpmfd sato tof ekhpg kmd xqxtfeah g`lacktagmx kmd khtagmx `q lkpcf hgpzgpkt

/Tv~~glamg ) Kpekmda, ;1?;!- Kltogvco khtagmxdg xzfkb lgvdfp tokm sgpdx, k

hgpzgpktagm hkmmgt efpflq hlkae at ax pfxzgmxa`lf satogvt tof zpgzfp efkmx `q soah

tg dfegmxtpktf tofxf `fokyagpx- @q hoggxamc tg fmckcf tof hgmxtatvfmhafx tokt

dfzfmd gm atx cggdx kmd xfpyahfx, tof hgpzgpktagm sgvld adfkllq tkbf kdykmtkcf gi

ekpbftamc hgeevmahktagmx gto amtfpmkl kmd f tfpmkl tg pfzgpt atx khtagmx-

Softofp gp mgt HXP dpayfx hgpzgpktf zpgiatx ax df`ktk`lf /Pfmmamcxft kl -, 0::8!,

ogsfyfp tofpf xogvld `f eamaekl daxzvtf tokt HXP okx k pglf am xfpyamc tof mffdx gi xghaftq kx k soglf-

Gm k lghkl lfyfl, tof mffdx gi xghaftq ekq `f hgeevmahktfd am daiifpfmt

ikxoagmx, tovx hkvxamc hgezkmafx tg kdkzt daiifpfmtlq tg ykpagvx ekpbftx- EMFx

mgt okyf amilf a`alatq am pfkhtamc tg lghkl hgmdatagmx, kx tofq gzfpktf am ekpbftx

gvtxadf tofap ogef hgvmtpq- Pktofp, tof lghktagm gi tof EMFx ogef hgvmtpq okx tof

zgtfmtakl tg amilvfmhf atx zpkhtahf gi HXP kmd tovx fmckcf sato xtkbfogldfpx am k

ykpaftq gi skqx /Ok`axhoft kl -, 0::6!- Kddatagmkllq, hgpzgpktf hvltvpf hkm fmk`lf k


10/94

4

hgezkmq tg kht am k efkmx dffefd `q xghaftq kx sgptoq- Kckam, pfcagmkl, cfgcpkzoa

hvltvpkl tfmdfmhafx hkm aezkht tof hgmxtpvht gi hgpzgpktf hvltvpf-

Km f kezlf gi tofxf tfmdfmhafx kpf tof xghakllq fe`fddfd fhgmgeafx tokt kpfpfilfhtfd `q HXP am Sfxtfpm Fvpgzf- Eadttvmft kl- /0::9! zgxat tokt xtktfx tokt

tpkdatagmkllq tkbf toax tqzf gi kzzpgkho kpf egpf labflq tg pfilfht k oacofp xfmxf gi

HXP- Tofq pfifp tg toax kx tofxq eeftpah fe`fddfdmfxx oqzgtofxax- Tof pfxvlt gi

Ipafdekm x la`fptkpakm amilvfmhf gm tof Kefpahkm fhgmgeq xvccfxtx tokt tof Vmatfd

Xtktfx okx mgt mfhfxxkpalq gpafmtfd atxfli am tof dapfhtagm gi HXP-

Am pfhfmt qfkpx, tof xoait tg HXP `q ekmq EMFx okx cayfm paxf tg tof mffd i

ykpagvx igpex gi ekpbftamc hgeevmahktagmx- Tofxf hgeevmahktagmx tgglx pkmcf

ipge tflfyaxagm kmd zpamt efdak kdyfptaxfefmtx tg kmmvkl xvxtkamk`alatq gp hgpzg

hata~fmxoaz pfzgptx tokt kpf zpgyadfd sato kmmvkl iamkmhakl pfzgptx tg amyfxtgpx

yglvmtkpq mktvpf gi HXP pfzgptamc, hgpzgpktagmx okyf tof zgtfmtakl tg tvpm HXP

pfzgptx amtg km f fphaxf amcpffmskxoamc, sofpfam tof eaxxagm gi tof pfzgpt xoaitxighvx gii tof iapex zpg`lfex- Amxtfkd, toax zgptpkqx tg xtkbfogldfpx k iklxf `flafi kmd

ekmazvlktagm gi zv`lahgzamagmtokt tof hgezkmq ax khtvkllq khoafyamc tof

g`nfhtayfx kmd hgeeatefmtx at okx xft igpto /Lkvifp, 0::8!-

Tovx, tof ivtvpf gi HXP ekq `f pfyfklfd topgvco ykpagvx pfzgptamc

ipkefsgpbx xvho kxHfpfx x Clg`kl Pfzgptamc Amataktayf /CPA! gpKhhgvmtK`alatq x

XK;:::X- Tof vtala~ktagm gi tofxf ipkefsgpbx am tof cgkl gi tpazlf `gttge lamf /T@L!

pfzgptamc ekq xfpyf tg lfcataea~f tof ykpagvx ekpbftamc khtayatafx tokt EMFx

vmdfptkbf tg zpgegtf tofap HXP khtagmx- Am kddatagm, at ekq klxg xtkpt tg ogegcfm


11/94

6

HXP khtayatafx khpgxx mktagmkl `gpdfpx kmd xtaevlktf hgezftatagm gm tof `kxax to

hgpzgpktagm xxghakl pfxzgmxaàlatq cgklx xfpyf kx k egdfl igp fhgmgeah ammgyktagm

kmd lgmc%tfpe xvxtkamkàlatq-

;-;-; Zpg`lfe

Ipge toax amtpgdvhtagm, sf xff tokt HXP ax tof pfhfmt xv`nfht gi evho `vxamfx

df`ktf- Km adfglgcahkl xhoaxe fmxvfx sofm daxhvxxamc softofp gp mgt k hgpzgpkta

dfpayfx kmq `fmfiat tg xokpfogldfp yklvf kmd softofp gp mgt at ax tof pfxzgmxaàlatq

hgpzgpktf ekmkcfefmt tg vxfxokpfogldfpx amyfxtefmtx tg khoafyf HXP cgklx- Tof

la`fpkl'la`fptkpakm xhoaxe ax lkpcflq zpfyklfmt sofm hgezkpamc kmd hgmtpkxtamc

Sfxtfpm Fvpgzfkm kmd Kefpahkm EMFx sato pfckpdx tg daiifpfmt HXP kmd

xtkbfogldfp fmckcfefmt egdflamc- Fyfm togvco tof CDZ gi Kefpahk f hffdx tokt gi

tof hgeàmfd FV, amdayadvkl Fvpgzfkm hgvmtpafx xvpzkxx tof Vmatfd Xtktfx am tfp

fmyapgmefmtkl kmd xghakl pfzgptamc /Txhogzz, 0::6!- Xamhf pfzgptamc ax yglvmtkhgezkmafx am `gto pfcagmx, toax xvccfxtx k lfcataektf hkvxf igp hgmhfpm pfckpdam

Kefpahkm keàyklfmhf tg HXP-

Sokt dgfx toax efkm igp EMFx7 Sato tof hpfktagm gi HXP'T@L pfzgptamc

ipkefsgpbx, sall HXP ekpbftamc hgeevmahktagmx `fhgef egpf aezgptkmt tg

Kefpahkm EMFx7 Sall Sfxtfpm Fvpgzfkm EMFx amhpfkxf tofap `pkmd f{vatq topgv

tofap f axtamc egdflx gi HXP gp sall tofq hgmtamvf tg ammgyktf7 Gp, kpf tof hvppfm

tpfmdx am HXP zfpigpekmhf fmgvco tg xfli%egtayktf hgezkmafx tg fmckcf am k igpe

HXP `pambxekmxoaz, pfckpdlfxx gi tofap hgpzgpktf ofkd{vkptfpx7


12/94

9

Kltogvco tofpf okyf `ffm xfyfpkl xtvdafx zfpigpefd gm HXP ipge k

tofgpftahkl xtkmdzgamt, tofpf kpf ifs xvpyfqx gi HXP ipge k zpkhtahkl zfpxzfhtayf-

Tof yglvmtkpq mktvpf gi tof iafld ekbfx at egpf kzzpgkhok`lf ipge k tofgpftahklzfpxzfhtayf- Ogsfyfp tofpf evxt `f egpf hkxf xtvdafx tokt dpks hgezkpaxgmx

`ftsffm daiifpfmt tqzfx gi HXP ekpbftamc hgeevmahktagmx khpgxx `gto xfhtgpkl kmd

cfgcpkzoahkl lgmcatvdfx- Tofxf {vfxtagmx zpgyadf tof aezftvx igp toax tofxax kmd

tofpfigpf hgmcfkl atx zvpzgxf-

;-;-0 Zvpzgxf

@q xtvdqamc HXP ekpbftamc hgeevmahktagmx ipge k zpkhtahkl zfpxzfhtayf, t

zvpzgxf gi toax tofxax ax tg hgezkpf kmd hgmtpkxt ykpagvx hpgxx%xfhtgpkl kmd hp

cfgcpkzoahkl aezlahktagmx gm HXP- Toax tofxax xfpyfx tg fxtk`laxo `fmhoekpb xtkt

gi daiifpfmt ekpbft lfkdfpx zkptahvlkplq `q kxxfxxamc sokt khtagmx daiifpfmt EMFx

kpf tkbamc tg xfpyf tof xghakl, fhgmgeah, kmd'gp cgyfpmkmhf kxzfhtx gi hgpzgpktfxghakl pfxzgmxa`alatq-

Soalf toax tofxax sall dpks hgezkpaxgmx `ftsffm Kefpahkm kmd Sfxtfpm

Fvpgzfkm hgezkmafx, tof daiifpfmhfx ekq klxg xogs tofexflyfx mkeflq fyadfmt am

zpgzfptq pacotx fmtpfmhofd am ykpagvx mktagmkl hgmxtatvtagmx- Am Kefpahk, to

zpayktf fmtfpzpaxf kmd zpayktf zpgzfptq okx `ffm tof pfxvlt gi k igpe gi hkzatklaxe to

gmlq iamdx atxfli pfcvlktfd sofm hktkxtpgzof xtpabfx tof fhgmgeah ekpbftx- Tof pfxv

ax tokt ekmq Kefpahkm hgpzgpktagmx xffe tg iamd tofexflyfx, gm tof gmxft gi

`vxamfxx, lfxx pfxzgmxa`lf tg tof zv`lah amtfpfxtx-


13/94

3

Xtvdqamc kmd khbmgslfdcamc tofxf vmdfplqamc daiifpfmhfx hpfktfx cpfktfp

zgtfmtakl igp hgezkmafx gi kll xa~fx, sog lggb tg f zgvmd vzgm tofap hvppfmt HXP

ekpbftamc hgeevmahktagmx xtpktfcafx kmd ammgyktf am tof fiifhtayfmfxx gi tofapxtkbfogldfp fmckcfefmt- Pflfykmt tg toax lgmcatvdamkl xtvdq ax daxhvxxagm gi ogs

evltamktagmkl fmtfpzpaxfx hkm hgmtamvf tg tpkmxhfmd cfgcpkzoah `gpdfpx tg fmck

evlta%mktagmkl xtkbfogldfpx-

;-;-8 Dfiamatagm gi Tfpex

HXP ax k hgmhfzt sato mg hgmhpftf dfiamatagm- Kx k pfxvlt, at mffdx tg oky

hgmxtpvht `q soaho at hkm `f efkxvpfd kmd ykladktfd khhgpdamc tg k xft gi hpatfpak

/Hokplfx ) Oall, 0::4!- @fhkvxf gi tof yglvmtkpq mktvpf gi fxtk`laxoamc tofxf hpatfpa

tof tfpeamglgcq sato pfxzfht tg toax tofxax evxt `f hlkpaiafd-

Gi hgpzgpktf xghakl pfxzgmxa`alatq atxfli, Ekacmkm ) Ifppfll /0::4! spatf tokt

HXP fmhgezkxxfx mgt nvxt tof hgmxvefp, `vt kll xtkbfogldfpx- Tofq yafs zkxthgmhfztagmx gi HXP kx amhlvxayf gi xghakl g`lacktagmx, xtkbfogldfp g`lacktagmx,

dpayfm, kmd ekmkcfpakl zpghfxx- Toax ax hgmxaxtfmt sato gtofp tpkdatagmkl dfiam

HXP tokt amhlvdf fmyapgmefmtkl kmd xghakl ikhtgpx kx bfq tg k pfxzgmxa`lf `vxam

Tpazlf `gttge lamf ax k efkxvpfefmt gi xvhhfxx tokt tpkmxhfmdx tpkdatagmkl

fhgmgeah /gp iaxhkl xvhhfxx! kmd amxtfkd, amhgpzgpktfx xghakl kmd fmyapgmefmt

xvhhfxxfx kx sfll- Fmyapgmefmtkl xvhhfxx ekq amhlvdf pfdvhtagm gi hkp`gm feaxx

gp aezlfefmtktagm gi pfmfsk`lf fmfpcq xgvphfx- Xghakl xvhhfxxfx ekq amhlvdf

sgpbzlkhf kmd `vxamfxx zpkhtahfx, ovekm gp lk`gp pacotx, kmd hgeevmatq pflktagm


14/94

?

xzfhaiah, Tpazlf `gttge lamf pfzgptamc ighvxfx gm k hgezkmq x zfpigpekmhf am k

ykpaftq gi xghakl%pflktfd kxzfhtx /Txhogzz, 0::8!-

Xtkbfogldfp ax `fxt dfiamfd vxamc tof tpkdatagmkl hgmxtpvht zpgzgxfd `q

Ipffekm /;1?4> 06!>

K xtkbfogldfp am km gpckma~ktagm ax /`q atx dfiamatagm!kmq cpgvz gp amdayadvkl sog hkm kiifht gp ax kiifhtfd `qtof khoafyfefmt gi tof gpckma~ktagm#x g`nfhtayf-

Toax dfiamatagm ax egxt kzzlahk`lf, kx at pfilfhtx tof pflktagmxoazx `ftsffm tofhgpzgpktagm kmd kll gi atx fmyapgmefmtx /xghakl, mktvpkl, kmd fhgmgeah!- At oac

mgt gmlq xokpfogldfpx, sog okyf k dapfht iamkmhakl amilvfmhf gm tof hgpzgpktagm

amxtatvtagmx xvho kx mgm%cgyfpmefmtkl gpckma~ktagmx /MCG!, sog hgvld okyf

mktvpklaxt amilvfmhfx gm tof hgpzgpktagm /dfzfmdamc gm tofap ekmdktfx!-

Xtkbfogldfp axxvfx pkmcf ipge lk`gp pacotx tg fmyapgmefmtkl zgllvtagm tg iax

tpkmxzkpfmhq- Toax ikllx am lamf sato tof amdayadvkl kxzfhtx gi T@L pfzgptamc-

Ogsfyfp, kddpfxxamc gmf gi tofxf axxvfx ekq okyf k hgmhvppfmt kdyfpxf aezkht gm

gtofp axxvfx- Tof pfxvltamc aezkhtx ekq hpfktf k tpkdfgii xatvktagm sofpf tof

hgezkmq sall okyf tg fyklvktf tof gvthgefx gi tof xglvtagmx /Ekacmkm ) Ifppfll,

0::4!-

Xvxtkamkàlatq kmd xvxtkamk`lf `vxamfxx pfifpx tg tof kàlatq igp k hgpzgpktfmckcf atx xtkbfogldfpx am k `pgkd kppkq gi axxvfx tokt kiifht tof lgmc%tfpe xvpyayk

tof hgpzgpktagm kmd atx amtfpfxtx- Togvco tofpf kpf xgef amxtkmhfx sofpf

xvxtkamkàlatq xzfhaiahkllq pfifpx tg fmyapgmefmtkl aezkht, tof xhgzf gi toax tofxax


15/94

1

pf{vapfx hgezlftf xvxtkamkàlatq, kx at ax amtfcpkl tg daxhvxxamc HXP- K hgpzgpk

tokt khtx am k xghakllq pfxzgmxa`lf ekmmfp okx zgtfmtakl tg aezpgyf atx xvxtkamk`l

gvtlggb-

;-;-4 Dflaeatktagmx

Toax tofxax sall mgt tgvho vzgm tof hgpzgpktf xghakl pfxzgmxaàlatq gi xekll k

efdave%xa~fd fmtfpzpaxfx /XEF!- Tof xa~f kmd xhgzf gi XEFx hpfktf pfxgvphf%

zpgoaàtayf hgmxtpkamtx- Am kddatagm, tofap cfgcpkzoahkl pflktagmxoaz sato xtkb

ax tqzahkllq xekllfp kmd dgfx mgt zpgyadf evho gzzgptvmatq igp tof daxhvxxagm gi

evltamktagmkl xtpktfcq- Daxhvxxagm gi tof HXP ekpbftamc hgeevmahktagmx gi XE

`fttfp xfpyfd `q pfxfkpho am iafldx xvho kx xghakl fmtpfzpfmfvpxoaz gp XEF%xzfha

xtpktfcq-

Toax tofxax sall gmlq daxhvxx Kefpahkm kmd Sfxtfpm Fvpgzfkm EMFx- Tof

Vmatfd Mktagmx /0::3! okx k pfxtpahtayf hlkxxaiahktagm gi Sfxtfpm Fvpgzfkm hgvmIgp tof daxhvxxagm gi toax zkzfp ogsfyfp, Sfxtfpm Fvpgzf sall amhlvdf tof ekpbft

fhgmgeafx gi Fvpgzfkm hgvmtpafx sfxt gi tof xg%hkllfd Apgm Hvptkam gi Hgld Skp

hgeevmaxe- K ekngpatq gi tofxf hgvmtpafx kpf klxg efe`fpx gi tof Mgpto Ktlkmtah

Tpfktq Gpckma~ktagm, tovx dfegmxtpktamc xtpktfcah kllakmhfx mgt gmlq gm tof `kx

dfifmxf kmd xfhvpatq, `vt sato Kefpahkm amtfpfxt am ekamtkamamc ekpbft fhgmgeaf

Toax tofxax sall klxg ighvx gm k ykpaftq gi amdvxtpafx gi tof kvtogp x hoggxamc-

Tof xflfhtfd hkxfx xtvdq zfphfayfd amdvxtpq' lfkdfpx sog kpf ekpbft lfkdfpx kx sfll,

tovx dfegmxtpktamc tof aezkht gi HXP gm evltamktagmkl fmtfpzpaxfx- Vxamc tofxf


16/94

;:

hgpzgpktagmx igp xtvdq sall zpgyadf cpfktfp hgezkpaxgm kmd hgmtpkxt gi adfglgcah

daiifpfmhfx `ftsffm hgezkmafx ofkd{vkptfpfd am tpkdatagmkllq ekpbft fhgmgeafx-

Tof ekpbftamc ektfpaklx kpf klxglaeatfd `q tof kvtogp x cfgcpkzoah khhfxx tg

k ykpaftq gi xgvphfx- Kx tof kvtogpkmd tof kvtogp x kiialaktfd vmayfpxatq kpf lghktfd am

tof Vmatfd Xtktfx, cfgcpkzoq kmd lkmcvkcf pfxtpahtx tof yglvef gi kdyfptaxamc kmd

gtofp ekpbftamc ektfpaklx tokt hgvld fiifhtayflq f daxhvxxfd- At ax igp toax pfkxgm

hokztfp gm hkxf iamdamcx xacmaiahkmtlq hgmhfmtpktfx gm HXP pfzgptamc kx k efk

xtkbfogldfp fmckcfefmt- Txhogzz /0::6! xvccfxtx tokt xamhf tof AXG;4::; pfzgptamc

ipkefsgpb ighvxfx gm fmyapgmefmtkl axxvfx kmd XK?::: ipkefsgpb ighvxfx gm lk`gp

axxvfx, tof CPA kmd KK;:::X ipkefsgpbx kpf egpf sgptoq kmd kll%fmhgezkxxamc igp

hgezkpaxgmx gi hgezkmafx- Toax sall f daxhvxxfd am cpfktfp dftkal flgs-

0- Latfpktvpf Pfyafs

Toax hokztfp sall daxhvxx tofgpafx gi zpkhtahf kmd ogs tofq kpf vxfd `q Kefpahkm kmd

Sfxtfpm Fvpgzfkm EMFx- Tof hokztfp `fcamx sato km amtpgdvhtagm tg soq tof xv`nfht

ekttfp skx hogxfm- K dfxhpaztagm gi tof daiifpfmt zpkhtahfx sall klxg `f daxhvxxfd kmd

iamkllq tof hpatahaxe gi xgvphfx-

0-; Hogahf gi Xv`nfht

Tof kvtogp x amtfpfxt am HXP skx `gpmf gvt gi xtvdqamc k ykpaftq gi

evltamktagmkl hgpzgpktagmx kmd tof zgtfmtakl igp tofap zgxatayf aezkht- Kitfp pfkd

tof `ggb Mg Lgcg> Tkbamc Kae kt tof @pkmd @vllafx/Blfam, 0:::!, ivptofp mgm%


17/94

;;

khkdfeah pfxfkpho skx zvpxvfd sato tof cgkl gi iamdamc hgpzgpktagmx tokt sgvld

zgxatayflq fmckcf k evlta%xtkbfogldfp hgmxtatvfmhq- Tof lkpcfp kmd egpf clg`kllq

amtfcpktayf tof hgpzgpktagm, tof egpf pflfykmt tof pglf gi xtkbfogldfp fmckcfefmtsgvld zlkq am ekpbftamc hgeevmahktagmx-

Zpagp tg tofxax xtvdq,tof kvtogp x `flafi skx tokt tof f axtfmhf gi hgpzgpktagmx

ax k lfckl fmtpfmhoefmt gi `vxamfxx pacotx-Hkzklda /0::6! zgxatx tokt k iape ax k

mf vx gi hgmtpkhtx tokt kllgs amdayadvklx tgzvpxvf zfpxgmkl amtfpfxtx- Toax ax

hgmxaxtfmt sato klxg hgmxaxtfmt sato @kbkm x /0::8! zxqhoglgcahkl zpgialf gi k

hgpzgpktagm- Ogsfyfp, tofxf `vxamfxx pacotx dg mgt mfhfxxatktf tof ekmdktf gi

`vxamfxx pfxzgmxa`alatq-

Am Kefpahk, tof hgmhfztx gi zpayktf zpgzfptq kmd zpayktf fmtfpzpaxf kpf

fmtpfmhofd am tof mktagmkl hgmxtatvtagm, soalf tof egdfl gi Fvpgzfkm kllghktagm g

pfxgvphfx tfmdx tg lfkm tgskpd xtktaxt `vxamfxx- Tovx tof kvtogp pfhgcma~fd cpfktf

zgtfmtakl igp Fvpgzfkm egdflx gi HXP tg dfegmxtpktf hgeeatefmt gi zpayktfhgpzgpktagmx tg sgpb sato MCGx kx sfll kx sato cgyfpmefmtkl `vpfkvhpkhafx am

khoafyamc xghakl hokmcf-

Tof kvtogp xks k mffd tg oacolacot adfglgcahkl daiifpfmhfx am ekpbftamc

hgeevmahktagmx `q hgezkpamc Kefpahkm EMFx tg Sfxtfpm Fvpgzfkm EMFx- Tof

pfxvltx sgvld gtofpsaxf aezlq tokt dfxzatf tof cfgcpkzoq gi clg`kl ofkd{vkptfpx, tpvf

HXP ekpbftamc hgeevmahktagmx sgvld pf{vapf k egpf fiifhtayf fmckcfefmt gi

xtkbfogldfpx khpgxx tof clg`f-


18/94

;0

0-0 Pfxfkpho Kzzpgkho

K ekngpatq gi tof latfpktvpf xflfhtfd igp toax xtvdq ax ipge tof Zpg[vfxt

flfhtpgmah dktk`kxf- Zpg[vfxt zpgyadfx gmlamf eahpgiale hgzafx ipge ykpagvxkhkdfeah ngvpmklx kx sfll kx zgzvlkp zpamt efdak- Tof cpfktfp zgptagm gi kptahlfx v

am toax zkzfp hgef ipge khkdfeah ngvpmklx ax zv`laxofd am 0::; gp lktfp, xamhf tof

xtvdq gi HXP am tof Vmatfd Xtktfx am zkptahvlkp ckamfd cpfktfp khkdfeah kttfmtagm

toax taef-

Am kddatagm, ykpagvx `ggbx am zgzvlkp efdak zv`lahktagm sfpf pfkd- Tofxf

`ggbx amhlvdf tgzahkl dfxhpaztagmx gi HXP'T@L hgmhfztx `q mgm%khkdfeahx kx s

hgpzgpktf zpgialfx tokt oacolacot ykpagvx `vxamfxx zpkhtahfx kmd xtpktfcafx-

Iamkllq, xfyfpkl hlkxxah zoalgxgzoahkl tf tx tokt lfmt tofexflyfx tg

vmdfpxtkmdamc xghakl aezkht kmd xghakl pfxzgmxaàlatq sfpf xtvdafd igp zfpxgmkl

bmgslfdcf- Kegmc toax latfpktvpf amhlvdfx Nfkm%Nkh{vfx Pgvxxfkv x Daxhgvpxf gm

tof Gpacam kmd @kxax gi Amf{vklatq Kegmc Efm kmd Tof Xghakl Hgmtpkht kx sfll kx

Kdke Xeato xTof Tofgpq gi Egpkl Xfmtaefmtx -

0-8 Latfpktvpf Xtvdq

Kx tof latfpktvpf hgmhfpmamc hgpzgpktf xghakl pfxzgmxaàlatq okx `ffm lkpc

dfyflgzfd gyfp tof zkxt dfhkdf, at ax aezgptkmt tg vmdfpxtkmd topff `pgkd%`kxfd

hgmhfztx tokt mgtagmkllq pflktf tg xtkbfogldfp fmckcfefmt> ;! hgpzgpktf xghakl

pfxzgmxaàlatq2 0! ekpbftamc hgeevmahktagmx2 kmd, 8! xghaglgcahkl daiifpfmhfx

`ftsffm Sfxtfpm Fvpgzf kmd tof Vmatfd Xtktfx-


19/94

;8

@lggeft kl /;116!- zgxf tsg daiifpfmt{vfxtagmx gi k hgezkmq x xghakl

ekpbftamc f fphaxfx> ;! Ax xghaftq `fttfp gii `fhkvxf gi toax zpgcpke7 Kmd, 0! Okx

hgpzgpktf amyglyfefmt kllgsfd toax zpgcpke tg zfpigpe `fttfp tokm at sgvld ai at sfpfekmkcfd `q gmlq k mgmzpgiat gp cgyfpmefmt kcfmhq /;116!7 Kmxsfpamc tofxf

{vfxtagmx kllgsx tof kàlatq tg dftfpeamf tof fiifhtayfmfxx gi k hgezkmq x xghakl

ekpbftamc zpgcpke- Fyfm xg, at dgfx mgt mfhfxxkpalq efkxvpf dapfht hgppflktagm

`ftsffm k xghakl ekpbftamc hkezkacm kmd tof khtvkl gvthgefx-

Hoklkl kmd Xokpek /0::9! zpfxfmt k ipkefsgpb igp HXP tokt fmhgezkxxfx

iayf daiifpfmt kxzfhtx> ;! gpckma~ktagm hvltvpf2 0! ovekm pfxgvphfx2 8!

zpgdvht'xfpyahfx2 4! xghakl dfyflgzefmt khtayatafx2 kmd, 6! tof pfcvlktgpq fmyapgm

Tofxf iayf kmtfhfdfmtx gi HXP vltaektflq tpkmxlktf amtg pflktagmxoaz, fhgmgeah

zfpigpekmhf, kmd xghakl efkxvpfx tokt `glxtfp k hgezkmq x hgezftatayf kdykmtkcf-

Tovx, sofm k hgezkmq lfkpmx tg amtfcpktf HXP amtg atx khtayatafx vltaektflq lfkdamc

tg tof kàlatq tg cfmfpktf flfefmtx igp zgxatayf ekpbftamc at ax labflq tg hgmtpa`vtf tg `fmfiat tof hgezkmq x ekpbft gvtlggb- Tof dapfht hgppflktagm ogsfyfp, okx qft tg `f

zpgyfm-

F`fpokpd%Okppa`fq /0::9! {vfxtagmx softofp gp mgt tof HXP hgmhfzt ax pfkllq

k hgpf gi FV ivmhtagmx gp nvxt km kezlaiahktagm gi amtfpmktagmkl xfmtaefmt- Of

spatfx tokt HXP eacot f egpf gi k zkpkeftfp igp clg`kl xtpktfcq igp tof FV- Tof

tpkdatagmkl cpgvmdx gm soaho HXP ax igvmdfd kpf yglvmtkpq- Tofq amhlvdf tof

amhgpzgpktagm gi fmyapgmefmtkl pfxzgmxaàlatq kmd tof hgmhfpmx gi xtkbfogldfp


20/94

;4

Tof kmklqxax gi HXP am Sfxtfpm Fvpgzf zpfxfmtfd `q Eadttvmft kl - /0::9! ax

zkptahvlkplq fmhgvpkcamc tg vltaektflq zpgyadamc k `kxax gi hgmtpkxt sato Kefpahk

HXP- Tofq spatf tokt topff tqzfx gi sflikpf xtktfx f axt> tof Fvpgzfkmamxvpkmhf

egdfl, tof Mgpdah hata~fmx pacotx vmayfpxkl egdfl, kmd tof @pataxo pfxadvkl

egdfl- Toax ax pflktayflq hgmxaxtfmt sato tof tsg %hkzatklaxex tofxax zpgzgxfd am

Eahofl Kl`fpt x /;11;! `ggb, Hkzatklaxef hgmtpf Hkzatklaxef - Tof egpf amdfzfmdfmt

tokt xghakl sflikpf tpkmxifp zkqefmtx `fhgef ipge tof ekpbft, tof cpfktfp labflaoggd

tokt tof xtktf sall `f xqeeftpahkllq fe`fddfd- Tof `ggbHgpzgpktf Xghakl

Pfxzgmxa`alatq Khpgxx Fvpgzf /Ok`axhoft kl -, 0::6! klxg zpgyadfx ykpagvx dfzahtagmx

gi HXP egdflx am ykpagvx hgvmtpafx khpgxx Fvpgzf-

Mahoglkx Hkzklda /0::6> 4:?! zpgyadfx tof `fxt la`fptkpakm dfiamatagm gi tof

hgpzgpktagmx kx kptaiahakl hgmtpkhtvkl dfyahfx topgvco soaho xfli %amtfpfxtfd

amdayadvklx zvpxvf tofap zpayktf cggd am kccpfcktf ikxoagm- Hgmtpkpalq, tof

hgeevmatkpakm dfiamatagm gi hgpzgpktagm `fogldx tof hgpzgpktagm tg k xghakl cggd,pktofp tokm k zpayktf cggd- Toax vltaektflq tpkmxlktfx tg zglatahkl adfglgcafx tokt kp

zpfyklfmt am ekpbft fhgmgeafx- La`fptkpakm adfglgcafx sgvld tfmd tg xadf sato tof

Pfzv`lahkm /Tgpq! zglatahkl zkptq, soalf la`fpkl'hgeevmatkpakm adfglgcafx sgvld

tpkmxlktf tg tof Dfeghpktah /Lk`gvp! zkptq /Hkzklda, 0::6!-

Tof HXP egdfl ax k xgitfp egdfl tokt fmhgvpkcfx kmd amhfmtaya~fx

hgezkmafx tg zkptahazktf sato kll xokpfogldfpx- Toax ekq amhlvdf zv`lah pfhgcmatag

gi hgezkmafx tokt fmckcf am xghakl dfyflgzefmt- Toax fe`fddamc gi HXP ax


21/94

;6

amdahktayf gi k mfs fmckcfefmt egdfl ighvxamc egpf gm hgpzgpktf amtfpfxt, pktofp

tokm nvxt k sflikpf%xtktf xghakl hgpzgpktaxe zglatahkl fhgmgeq /Eadttvmft kl -, 0::9!-

K Ilfaxoekm%Oallakpd xvpyfq xogsx tokt Kefpahkm kdvltx `flafyf cggdhgpzgpktf xghakl pfxzgmxaàlatq lafx am ogs sfll hgezkmafx tpfkt tofap fezlgqffx

/amhlvdamc igpfacm fezlgqffx sgpbamc dgefxtahkllq kx sfll kx fezlgqffx am igpfacm

fmyapgmefmtx!- Tof pfxvlt gi toax xvpyfq amdahktfd tof kttatvdf hkppafd gyfp sato 3

gi Kefpahkm kdvltx am hgmxadfpktagm gi tofap zvphokxamc dfhaxagmx /Yfpxhoggp

Kefpahkm hgmxvefpx kpf klxg amtfpfxtfd am zvphokxamc ipge hgezkmafx tokt iat am

sato tofap zfpxgmkl yklvfx- Tof xvpyfq klxg igvmd tokt 0;& gi Kefpahkm kdvltx cayf

hgpzgpktagmx tgz ekpbx igp `famc xghakllq pfxzgmxa`lf- Igptq%xfyfm zfphfmt gi tof

xvpyfq x pfxzgmdfmtx `kxf tofxf nvdcefmtx gm amigpektagm g`tkamfdipge tof Amtfpmft-

Tof clg`kl pflfykmhq gi tof hgpzgpktagm x pfx zgmxaàlatq ax dfyflgzfd `q km

vmdfpxtkmdamc gi hgeevmkl hgeeatefmt- Nfvpaxxfm /0::4! gvtlamfx igvp `kxah ikht

tokt igpe tof khtayf hata~fmxoaz pglf> tof xghakl hgmtpkht, hgllfhtayf pfxzgmxaàlatq,khtayf pfxzgmxaàlatq, kmd tof nvpadahkl xtktf- Tof xghakl hgmtpkht, fxzgvxfd `q tof

la`fpkl toambfp Nfkm%Nkh{vfx Pgvxxfkv egyfx tg vmayfpxkllq àmdamc kcpffefmtx

khbmgslfdcf `kxah pacotx kmd ipffdgex am tof amtfpfxt gi tof zv`lah cggd- Hata~fmx

layamc vmdfp toax xghakl hgmtpkht vmdfptkbf k egpkl pfxzgmxaàlatq igp lgmc%tfpe

`fmfiatx-

Lkmtgx /0::0>0:9%0:3! spatfx am hgeefmdktagm gi kltpvaxtah HXP igp zpaykt

hgezkmafx, `vt am pfnfhtagm gi kltpvaxtah HXP igp zv`lah hgezkmafx- Khhgpdamc t

zkzfp, tofpf kpf topff tqzfx gi HXP>


22/94

;9

;! Ftoahkl HXP /k egpkl ivliallefmt gi pfxzgmxaàlatq `q hgezkmafx!20! Kltpvaxtah HXP /kllfyaktamc zgtfmtakl okpe, fyfm ai at dgfx mgt `fmfiat tof

hgpzgpktagm atxfli!2 kmd,8! Xtpktfcah HXP /ivliallamc pfxzgmxaàlatafx tokt sall xtpfmctofm zv`lahatq kcggdsall!-

Toax xogvld mgt `f tof hkxf-Tv~~glamg ) Kpekmda x /;1?;! kzzlahktagm gi

Ekxlgs x mffdx %oafpkphoq tg km gpckma~ktagm ikllx zfpifhtlq am lamf sato togxf sog

hktfcgpa~f k hgpzgpktagm kx k xamcvlkp fmtatq, kmklgcgvx tg k zfpxgm- Kx xvho,

mfhfxxkpq igp tof evltamktagmkl fmtfpzpaxfx tokt okyf klpfkdq ivliallfd tof `kxah mfflfyflx tg egyf tgskpd xfli%khtvkla~ktagm kmd `fqgmd- Hgpzgpktagm tokt efpflq ighv

gm xktaxiqamc tof mffd igp zpgiat sall mfyfp tpvlq khoafyf tof oacofp iamkmhakl xvhh

tokt ax `pfd ipge xfli%ivliallefmt-

Tof f tfpmkl amilvfmhfx gi fhgmgeah, xghakl, zglatahkl, kmd hvltvpkl ikhtgpx

vltaektflq xtaevlktf gp daxhgvpkcf hgpzgpktagmx am dapfhtamc xghakl pfxzgmxaàlat

zglahq kmd hgpzgpktf hata~fmxoaz /Nfvpaxxfm, 0::4!- Ekpbft hgmdatagmx hkm klxg

lkpcf aezkht gm softofp k hgezkmq hoggxfx tg fmckcf am tof egdfl- Daiifpfmt

cgyfpmamc `gdafx ekq `f egpf zfpeaxxayf gi hfptkam hgpzgpktf `fokyagpx, pfxvltamc

daxhgpdkmt `fokyagpx gm k clg`kl xhklf- Hgllfhtayf xghaftafx eacot fmhgvpkcf

hgllfhtayf pfxzgmxaàlatq, `vt mgt hkvxf evho hgmhfpm igp amdayadvkl pfxzgmxaàla

Toax zxqhoglgcahkl daiifpfmhf eacot xfpyf tg f zlkam soq Xsfdaxo xghaftq kmdhgpzgpktagmx tfmd tg fmckcf am egpf xghakllq pfxzgmxa`lf egdflx, kx fyadfmhfd `q

Eadttvmft kl - /0::9!-


23/94

;3

Txhogzz /0::6! spatfx k `pafi kxxfxxefmt gi tof cgyfpmefmtkl pglfx gi tof

Vmatfd Xtktfx kmd gi tof Fvpgzfkm Vmagm am amtfphfdamc am tof yglvmtkpq mktv

HXP pfzgptamc- Of hgmhlvdfx tokt Fvpgzf tkbfx k egpf zpgcpfxxayf kzzpgkho tgskpHXP pfzgptamc- Kx k pfxvlt, tof HXP pfzgptx gi tof ;11:x sfpf vxfd kx dkekcf

hgmtpgl igp hgezkmafx xvho kx Mabf kmd F gm- Zgxatayf gp mfcktayf fyfmtx hkm

aezkht k hgezkmq x sallamcmfxx tg amtfcpktf xghakllq pfxzgmxa`lf zpkhtahf /Sf`fp,

0::6!- Mgmftoflfxx, kt tokt taef tofpf sfpf mg pfkl pfzgptamc xtkmdkpdx igp HXP

pfzgptamc- Toax efkmt tokt tof pfzgptx tokt sfpf zv`laxofd tfmdfd tg `f k igpe gi

`akxfd ekpbftamc kmd zv`lah pflktagmx, pktofp tokm k cfmvamf daxzlkq gi khtagm-

Toax igllgsx k 0::8 kptahlf am soaho of spatfx tokt hgezkmafx am tof

ekmvikhtvpamc, fmfpcq, kmd igpfxtpq amdvxtpafx vxf xaealkp pfzgptamc tfhoma{vfx

T@LU kx k efkmx gi kmxsfpamc tofap hpatahx- Ogsfyfp, satogvt cvadflamfx gp

xtkmdkpdx, tof pfzgptamc gi T@L pfzpfxfmtx lattlf egpf tokm k ekpbftamc zgxatagma

tfhoma{vf-Dallfp /;111>;04%;06! zgxatx evltazlf kppkmcfefmtx igp amhpfkxamc HXP

tpkmxzkpfmhq- Tof iapxt ax k zpaykta~fd evltalktfpkl ipkefsgpb tokt `fcamx kxxfxxamc

fmtfpzpaxf zfpigpekmhf am HXP- Xfhgmd, xof xvccfxtx pfhazpghatq kppkmcfefmtx

mktagmkl lfyfl /igp amxtkmhf, tof amhgpzgpktagm gi HXP amtg `a%lktfpkl tpkdf dfkl

Toapd, xof xvccfxtx amtfpcgyfpmefmtkl cvadflamfx gm fmtfpzpaxf xghakl zglahafx, x

tof GFHD Cvadflamfx gm Evltamktagmkl Fmtfpzpaxfx- Igvpto, xof xvccfxtx k

oq`pada~fd yfpxagm gi zv`lah kmd zpayktf zkptahazktagm topgvco evltalktfpkl zv`lah

pfcvlktagm-


24/94

;?

Fmyapgmefmtkl hgmhfpmx okyf hkvxfd hgezkmafx tg ighvx amtfpmkllq gm ho

satogvt dfifpfmhf tg f tfpmkl, gp amdfzfmdfmt, yfpaiahktagm /Fzxtfam, ;114!-

Ipkefsgpbx igp HXP pfzgptamc sgvld mgt gmlq zpgyadf hgezkmafx sato k cvadflamfigp hvppfmt pfxzgmxaàlatafx, `vt klxg k zpgnfhtagm igp ivtvpf zpg`lfex-

Dkyad ^vhbfp gi zv`lah pflktagmx kcfmhq Zgptfp Mgyflla dfiamfx hkvxf%pflk

ekpbftamc kx k lgmc%tfpe zkptmfpxoaz `ftsffm k mgm%zpgiat cpgvz kmd k hgpzgpktag

tokt, vmlabf hgpzgpktf zoalkmtopgzq, ax zkpt gi k hggpdamktfd ekpbftamc zpgcpke

/Oaccamx, 0::0!- Toax tqzahkllq amyglyfx k topff% tg iayf%qfkp hgeeatefmt gm tof z

gi tof xzgmxgpamc hgpzgpktagm- Tovx, tofpf sgvld okyf tg `f k xacmaiahkmt lambkc

`ftsffm k hgpzgpktagm kmd k hkvxf tg fmhpgkho gm kmgtofp hgezkmq x hkvxf-

Sf`fp /0::6! xvccfxtx tokt, fyfm am tof iamkmhakl xfpyahfx amdvxtpq, xgef

hgezkmafx hoggxf tg fmckcf am xghakllq pfxzgmxa`lf zpkhtahf fyfm sofm at ax mgt k

ivmhtagm gi tof `vxamfxx- Am xzatf gi mgt `famc pflktfd tg tof hgpf ivmhtagm, tofxf

`vxamfxxfx `flafyf tokt tof xghakllq pfxzgmxa`lf zpkhtahf sgvld hpfktf k `fttfp aekcfigp tof amxtatvtagmx-

Xtkbfogldfp tofgpq xkqx tokt ekmkcfpx xogvld `f hgmxadfpamc tof amtfpfxtx g

kll sog kpf kiifhtfd `q k iape- Toax amhlvdfx xfhgmdkpq xtkbfogldfp cpgvzx tokt okyf

mg hgmtpkhtvkl tafx tg km gpckma~ktagm /Pgàmx, 0::6!- Pgàmx {vfxtagmx ai egpk

pfxzgmxaàlatq mgmftoflfxx lfcataea~fx HXP tofgpq- Ax tofpf cfmvamf iadvhakpq

pfxzgmxaàlatq tg xfhgmdkpq xtkbfogldfpx satogvt pfhgvpxf tg hgeefphakl g`lacktagm


25/94

;1

Zfpokzx mgt, `vt hgmxvefpx ekq `f xbfztahkltgskpd k hgezkmq x tpvf

egtayfx igp lambamc tg k hkvxf- Amxtfkd, at ekq `f xffm xglflq kx k efkmx tg fmokm

xklfx, pktofp tokm cfmvamf dfxapf igp xghakl hgeeatefmt /@kpgmfft kl -, 0:::!- Toaxgitfm lfkdx hgmxvefpx tg {vfxtagm soq hgezkmafx kpf kttfeztamc tg zfpxvkdf tofap

zvphokxamc `fokyagpx- Tovx, hgmxvefp kttatvdfx tgskpd k hgezkmq ekq khtvkllq

kiifht tofxf zvphokxamc `fokyagpx- Amdayadvkl xtkbfogldfpx ekq tfmd tg fmckcf km

daxhvxx axxvfx gm k zfpxgmkl `kxax, fyfm ai tofq dg mgt `flgmc tg kmq tqzf gi igpek

gpckma~ktagm /Ekacmkmft kl- , 0::6!- Toax amtfpzpftx kx k dapfht iadvhakpq

pfxzgmxa`alatq tg xfhgmdkpq xtkbfogldfpx-

Eadttvmft kl- /0::9! fxtk`laxo igvp daiifpfmt cpgvzamcx gi Sfxtfpm Fvpgzfkm

xghakl egdflx kmd pkmb tofe khhgpdamc tg xghakl hgpzgpktaxe kmd sflikpf xtktf

kzzpgkhofx /0::9!- Tofxf egdflx kpf tof Mgpdah xtktfx /Iamlkmd, Dfmekpb, Mgpskq,

Xsfdfm!, tof Kmclg%Xk gmx /Vmatfd Bamcdge, Vmatfd Xtktfx, Apflkmd!, tof

Efdatfppkmfkmx /Xzkam, Atklq, Zgptvckl, Cpffhf!, kmd tof hgmtamfmtklx /Kvxtpak,Xsat~fplkmd, Mftofplkmdx, @flcave, Cfpekmq, Ipkmhf!-

Khhgpdamc tg Eadttvmft kl- , tof Mgpdah egdfl zvllx xtpgmclq tgskpd xghakl

hgpzgpktaxe, soalf tof hgmtamfmtkl kmd Efdatfppkmfkm egdflx kpf egpf tgskpd tof

hfmtpf kmd Kmclg%Xk gm egdfl ax ikptofxt ipge xghakl hgpzgpktaxe kmd xghakl zgl

egdflx- Tof xzlat gi tofxf egdflx zpfxfmtx g`xtkhlfx igp EMFx tg kdyfptaxf lghkllq-

Hgmhfztx gi cgamc clg`kl, toambamc lghkl sgvld tovx kltfp tof hpgxx%`gpdfp kzzpgkho

tg HXP fe`fddfdmfxx am ekpbftamc-


26/94

0:

Okppax /0:::! xvccfxtx tokt am gpdfp tg gyfphgef tof hokllfmcfx gi ekpbftamc

tg tof FV, Kefpahkm iapex `kmd tgcftofp xaealkp tg xtpktfcah `vxamfxx vmatx, pktofp

tokm kx hgezftatgpx- Ogsfyfp, toax sgvld mfcktf amtfp%iape hgezftatayf kdykmtkcf-Ai hgezkmafx hgezftf sato fkho gtofp gm clg`kl ekpbftamc, tofq xogvld `f hgezftamc

gm hgpzgpktf xghakl pfxzgmxaàlatq kx sfll-

Lvg ) Dgmtov /0::9! zpgyadf km f tfmxayf tofgpq gi yklvamc Ekpbftamc

Hgeevmahktagmx Zpgdvhtayatq /EHZ!- Am tofap zkzfp /0::9> 3;%30!, tofq dfiamf

EHZ kx tof gztaekllq sfacotfd pktag gi ekpbftamc gvtzvtx /xklfx lfyfl, xklfx cpgsto,

kmd hgpzgpktf pfzvtktagm! tg ekpbftamc hgeevmahktagm f zfmdatvpf /kdyfptaxamc

efdak xzfmdamc am `pgkdhkxt, zpamt, kmd gvtdggp kmd xklfx zpgegtagm f zfmdatvpf!-

Togvco tof kvtogpx pfhgcma~f tof amilvfmhfx gi EHZ kx `famc hvpyalamfkp,

tofq klxg xogs tokt oacofp pfxfkpho kmd dfyflgzefmt f zfmdatvpfx hkm amhpfkxf EHZ

soaho am tvpm amhpfkxfx tof hgezkmq x yklvf- EhCvapf ft kl - /;1??! xvccfxt tokt

iapex sato lgsfp xghakl pfxzgmxaàlatq zpkhtahf tfmd tg igllgs sato lgsfp pftvpmx gmkxxftx- Tovx, fiifhtayf ekpbftamc okx tof kàlatq tg fmokmhf xokpfogldfp yklvf-

Fezapahkl pfxfkpho `q Xamcokzkbdaft kl- /;119! xvccfxtx km kàlatq tg ckvcf

ekpbftamc zfphfztagmx gi HXP-

Sato pfxzfht tg HXP ekpbftamc, Ekacmkm ) Ifppfll /0::4! xtktf tokt

xtkbfogldfp egtayktagm igp HXP ax tsgigld> ;! at fmk`lfx tof hgpzgpktagm tg hgmigpe

amxtpvefmtkl mgpex kmd `fokyagpx2 kmd 0! at fmhgvpkcfx egpkl `fokyagp-

Evpzoqft kl - /0::6> ;:6:%6;! fxxfmtakllq pfdfiamf tof ivmhtagm gi xtkbfogldfp

pflktagmxoaz ekpbftamc kx igllgsx>


27/94

0;

Xtkbfogldfp pflktagmxoaz ekpbftamc amyglyfx hpfktamc,ekamtkamamc, kmd fmokmhamc xtpgmc pflktagmxoazx satohvxtgefp, fezlgqff, xvzzlafp, hgeevmatq, kmdxokpfogldfp xtkbfogldfpx gi k `vxamfxx sato tof cgkl gi dflayfpamc lgmc%tfpe fhgmgeah, xghakl, kmdfmyapgmefmtkl yklvf tg kll xtkbfogldfpx am gpdfp tgfmokmhf xvxtkamk`lf `vxamfxx iamkmhakl zfpigpekmhf-

Ogfiilfp ) Bfllfp /0::0! gvtlkq xa kpfkx sofpf hgpzgpktagmx sofpf HXP

ekpbftamc hkm xtpfmctofm `pkmd kxxghaktagmx> ;! @valdamc `pkmd kskpfmfxx2 0

Fmokmhamc `pkmd aekcf2 8! Fxtk`laxoamc `pkmd hpfda`alatq2 4! Fygbamc `pkmd if6! Hpfktamc k xfmxf gi `pkmd hgeevmatq2 kmd, 9! Flahatamc `pkmd fmckcfefmt- To

eappgpx Mflxgm x /;134! oafpkphoq%gi%fiifhtx egdfl-

Tof 0::0 Sgpld Fhgmgeah Igpve adfmtaiafd igvp daiifpfmt xfli%amtfpfxtfd

pfkxgmx soq `vxamfxxfx xtpayf tg `fcggd hgpzgpktf hata~fmx> tg fmokmhf tofap

hgpzgpktf kmd `pkmd pfzvtktagm2 tg kttpkht cggd fezlgqffx2 tg zpgtfht tofap lahfmxf

gzfpktf2 kmd tg oflz hgezftf igp ekpbft zgxatagm /Pg`amx, 0::6> ;:?!- Soalf tofxf

pfkxgmx ekq mgt gzfpktf am kltpvaxtah haphvextkmhfx, tofq mgmftoflfxx zpgyadf ke

pfkxgm igp `vxamfxx tg xghakllq fmckcf sato ykpagvx xtkbfogldfpx-

Mfsfp dfiamatagmx gi ekpbftamc amhlvdf tof hgmhfzt gi ekmkcamc mgt gmlq

hvxtgefp pflktagmxoazx, `vt `fmfiattamc kll xtkbfogldfpx kx sfll- Toax efkmx tokt

ekpbftamc evxt mgt `f xglflq hvxtgefp%gpafmtfd, `vt amxtfkd xtkbfogldfp%gpafmtfd sfll /Ekacmkmft kl -, 0::6!- Xtkbfogldfp%gpafmtfd amataktayfx xogvld amhlvdf, `vt mg

`f laeatfd tg, lk`gp, xghakl, fmyapgmefmtkl, kmd hgpzgpktf cgyfpmkmhf axxvfx- Sato


28/94

00

pfxzfht tg tof XK ?::: xtkmdkpd, Ealfx ) Evmallk /0::6! fiifhtayflq hokpt atx aezkht

gm tof ekpbftamc ea -

Tpvxtsgptoamfxx am tof eamdx gi hgmxvefpx ax vltaektflq dfzfmdfmt gm tofmktvpf gi paxb kxxvefd `q k hgpzgpktagm x khtagmx- Amvmikygpk`lf paxb hgmdatagm, tof

hgezkmq tokt ax zfphfayfd kx gyfphgeamc togxf paxbx ax gitfm kddatagmkllq zfphfay

kx egpf tpvxtsgptoq /K{vfyf{vf, 0::6!- Zgxatayf hgpzgpktf pfzvtktagmx hkm oflz

iapex amhpfkxf tofap khhfxx tg hkzatkl sato lfxx fiigpt /Doap ) Yamfm, 0::6!-

0-4 Hpata{vf gi Xgvphfx

Hlfkplq igpekla~amc k ipkefsgpb igp HXP fmk`lfx k hgpzgpktagm tg ekamtkam

tpkmxzkpfmt hgeevmahktagmx- Ekacmkmft kl - /0::6! daxhvxx igpekla~fd HXP

ipkefsgpbx zfpokzx amhlvdamc fmdgpxfefmtx igp daiifpfmt xghakl hokptfpx- Togvco

toax ax k sgptoq zpgzgxatagm, km fmdgpxfefmt gi zpamhazlfx dgfx mgt mfhfxxkpalq

dfegmxtpktagm gi kdofpfmhf- Tovx, hgezkmafx evxt tpfkd hkpfivllq q lfcataea~amcipkefsgpb igpekla~ktagm sato khtagmx-

Tof fhgmgeftpah kmklqxax `q Pfmmamcxft kl - /0::8! gi 0;4 Fvpgzfkm

hgpzgpktagmx xogsx tokt tof fmyapgmefmtkl kmd xghakl aezkhtx dg mgt mfhfxxkpalq

amhpfkxf hgpzgpktagmx xokpf zpahfx- Tofap `flafi, sato zkptahvlkp pfxzfht tg

fmyapgmefmtkl axxvfx, ax tokt pfcvlktagm sall okyf egpf fiifht gm xokpf zpahf tokm

yglvmtkpq xvxtkamk`alatq efkxvpfx- Ogsfyfp, xamhf dktk ipge tofxf pfxvltx skx

hgezalfd `ftsffm ;119 kmd 0::;, tofpf ax mg hgmxadfpktagm gi tof Kefpahkm

hgpzgpktf khhgvmtk`alatq xhkmdklx kmd tfppgpaxt kttkhbx am 0::;-


29/94

08

@gto gi tofxf fyfmtx hpfktfd xacmaiahkmt aezkht gm tof amhpfkxfd pflfykmhq

HXP kx yglvef gi latfpktvpf gm tof xv`nfht okx amhpfkxfd xamhf tokt taef-

Mgmftoflfxx, evho gi tof latfpktvpf pfhgcma~fx toax amhpfkxfd HXP kdyghkhq satopfxzfht tg tof Vmatfd Xtktfx egpf xg tokm Sfxtfpm Fvpgzf- Ax HXP k efpf ekttfp gi

hgdfx gi ftoahx kmd hgezlakmhf gp gi hgmtpa`vtagmx tg xghaftq7 Fkxt kmd Sfxt

hgpzgpktf zoalgxgzoafx okyf daiifpfmt gvtlggbx, sato Fkxtfpm iapex kzzpgkhoamc HX

ipge tof igpefp zfpxzfhtayf /Pgàmx, 0::6!-

Am k zkzfp gm tof f zpfxxagm gi yklvfx `q Xsfdaxo hgezkmafx, @kldyamxdgtt

) Ngomkmxxgm /0::9>;08! spatftokt pfxzgmxa`lf yklvfx kpf k mgpe tokt ax xvzzgptfd

`q tof xtfskpdxoaz ekmkcfefmt xtpvhtvpf sato atx oaco lfyfl gi hgeeatefmt kmd

dfdahktagm- Sofm zfgzlf yaglktf tof gpckma~ktagmkl hata~fmxoaz `fokyagp mgpe, gt

ekbf xtpgmc pfkhtagmx%`gto togxf sog kpf dapfhtlq kiifhtfd kmd togxf sog xkifcvkpd

tof mgpe-

Toax ax dfegmxtpktfd gi zkptahvlkp aezgptkmhf tg k hgezkmq xvho kx O)E,soaho xtkbfx atx hgpzgpktf pfzvtktagm gm `famc k pfxzgmxa`lf hgpzgpktagm- Bfq tg

ax atx gsm yaxagm gi HXP allvxtpktfd am atx 0::6 Hgpzgpktf Xghakl Pfxzgmxaàlatq

Pfzgpt, am soaho at khbmgslfdcfx tof hkvxf kmd fiifht pflktagmxoaz `ftsffm fkpmamc

xtkbfogldfpx tpvxt kmd vzogldamc ovekm pacotx kmd hgmtpa`vtamc tg xvxtkamk`lf

dfyflgzefmt- Atx hgpzgpktf efe`fpxoazx am ykpagvx HXP'xvxtkamk`lf dfyflgzefmt

gpckma~ktagmx kpgvmd tof sgpld okyf fkpmfd at hgmxtatvfmhq xtktvx gm ykpagvx

xvxtkamkàlatq amdf fx xvho kx ITXF4Cggd kmd Dgs Ngmfx Xvxtkamkàlatq Amdf -


30/94

04

Fmckcamc atx xtkbfogldfpx gm k evlta%axxvf ipgmt okx zpgegtfd tof xtfskpdxoaz tokt

okx `fhgef f zfhtfd gi Xsfdaxo hgpzgpktagmx-

Am kddatagm, tofpf ax mg hlfkp gvtlggb gm tof ivtvpf gi HXP am ekpbftamchgeevmahktagmx, zkptahvlkplq kx hgpzgpktf fmckcfefmtx kpf hgezlftflq yglvmtkpq-

Gmf gi tof egxt xacmaiahkmt hgmtpa`vtagmx tg tof laxt gi HXP ekpbftamc

hgeevmahktagmx tgglx okx `ffm tof HXP /gp fyfm Xvxtkamk`lf @vxamfxx! kmmvkl p

Qft Lkvifp /0::8! spatfx tokt sato mg ekmdktgpq f tfpmkl yfpaiahktagm, V-X- kmd

Fvpgzfkm HXP pfzgptamc tfmdx tg okyf k clgxx, khtamc egpf kx k zv`lah pflktagmx kmd

`pkmd aekcamc tggl- Toax okx `pgkdfp aezlahktagmx igp XPA amyfxtgpx sog xffb

togpgvco kmd khhvpktf amigpektagm sofm zfpigpeamc dvf dalacfmhfgm k hgpzgpktagm x

HXP-

Lkvifp x zgamt ax kmd xogvld `f sfll%hgmxadfpfd- Tof yglvmtkpq mktvpf gi HX

pfzgptamc kx k ekpbftamc tggl okx gzfmfd atxfli tg km kppkq gi zpg`lfex- Mgt tof lfk

gi tofxf zpg`lfex ax tof dalfeek gi softofp gp mgt HXP pfzgptamc xogvld `fpfcvlktfd-

Txhogzz /0::8! `flafyfx tokt tof hokmcf tg T@L pfzgptamc sgvld mgt `f tokt

daiiahvlt, xamhf hgezkmafx kpf klpfkdq `fogldfm tg ifdfpkl pfcvlktgpq kcfmhafx am

zpgdvhamc tof pf{vapfd dktk- Kx k pfxvlt, toax dktk sgvld mffd tg `f amdfzfmdfmtlq

yfpaiafd `q km f tfpmkl xgvphf- Txhogzz klxg khbmgslfdcfx tokt tof CPA sgvld `f

k xvatk`lf xft gi cvadflamfx igp T@L pfzgptamc, `vt xffx k mffd igp tof Xfhvpatafx km

F hokmcf Hgeeaxxagm /XFH! tg tkbf atx gsm amataktayf tg hpfktf xvho pfzgptamc

zpghfdvpfx-


31/94

06

Ealfx ) Evmallk /0::4! xvccfxt tokt kmq igpe gi hfptaiahktagm xtkmdkpdx /kmd

sf hgvld labflq kxxvef ekmdktgpq pfcvlktgpq pfzgptamc kx sfll! sgvld aezgxf k

dpkxtah `vpdfm hgxt gm XEFx, soalf mgmftoflfxx kllgsamc tofe tg ekmkcf tofap HXPzfpigpekmhf pfzvtktagm- Nvxt kx {vklatq xtkmdkpdx kpf efkxvpfd `q AXG tg fmxvp

hgmxaxtfmhq am tof {vklatq gi ektfpaklx, zpgdvhtx, zpghfxxfx, kmd xfpyahfx, xg mff

`f HXP xtkmdkpdx- Toax sgvld hpfktf tpkmxzkpfmt kmd efkxvpk`lf gvthgefx igp

`vxamfxx tokt kpf lggbamc tg tvpm k xghakllq `fmfiahakl zpgiat /Hokplfx ) Oall, 0::4!-

@vxamfxxfx kpf amhpfkxamclq tvpmamc tg HXP kx k efkmx gi amhgpzgpktam

hgmhfpmx gi kll xtkbfogldfpx- Toax ax aezgptkmt xamhf fhgmgeahx kpf xokzamc tof

`gttge lamf soalf mfs igpex gi efdak hgeevmahktagmx kpf amhpfkxamc tof zpfxxvpf ig

hgpzgpktagmx tg `fhgef tpkmxzkpfmt- Tof oacofp tof amtfcpktagm gi HXP kzzpgkho

tof egpf labflq tofpf sall `f `fttfp `pkmd f{vatq, `fttfp HXP zpkhtahf kmd vltaektflq, k

hgezftatayf kdykmtkcf /Hokokl ) Xokpek, 0::9!-

Sato pfxzfht tg ekpbftamc, k iape x zgxatayf xtkbfogldfp fmckcfefmt ax oacolq

pflfykmt tg amhpfkxfd `pkmd f{vatq- Igp amxtkmhf, tof mgtagm tokt tof Amtfpmft hk

fiifhtayf tggl gi fmckcfefmt ax mgt vmpfkxgmk`lf- Yfpxhoggp /0::9! spatfx tokt

hgmxvefpx `flafyf tof Amtfpmft ax k egpf pflak`lf, vmialtfpfd, vmfdatfd yafs gi

amigpektagm- Kx k pfxvlt, hgmxvefpx klxg tfmd tg vxf tof Amtfpmft tg fmckcf hgezk

am zkptahazktamc am pfxzgmxa`lf `fokyagp-

Fzxtfam /;114! ikvltx HXP pfzgptamc kx k zv`lah pflktagmx tggl, pktofp tokm k

igp`fkpamc amxtpvefmt gi hokmcf- Am Kefpahk, tof`flafyfp gi kdyfptaxamc tfmdx tg

`f lgsfp amhgef kmd lfxx fdvhktfd tokm tof xbfztah, sog ax cfmfpkllq gi eaddlf


32/94

09

amhgef gp oacofp kmd `fttfp fdvhktfd- Ogsfyfp, toax lkttfp cpgvz gi zfgzlf okx tof

cpfktfxt zgtfmtakl igp hgmxvefpaxt gpafmtktagm /Salxgm, ;138!-

Khhgpdamc tg k Dkmafl Xtkpho ) Xtkii xtvdq gm hgmxvefp kttatvdfx, 61& gi tpfxzgmdfmtxiflt tokt igp egxt zpgdvhtx, tofpf kpf mg daiifpfmhfx `ftsffm `pkmdx

/Salxgm, ;138!- Toax lfmdx hgmxaxtfmt xvzzgpt tg tof cpfktfp zgtfmtakl tokt HXP hk

okyf gm `pkmd daiifpfmtaktagm kmd zgxatagmamc-

Toax klxg efkmx tokt Nfvpaxxfm x /0::4! mgtagm gi hata~fmxoaz fhgefx

oacolq pflfykmt tg tof hgpzgpktf adfmtatq- K hata~fmdfmgtfx km fmtatq tokt ax k

efe`fp gi tof xghakl hgmtpkht- Am tof hkxf gi hgpzgpktf hata~fmx, toax ax k xghakl p

soaho amhlvdfx k xghakl hgezkht gi `vxamfxx, gi ftoahx, kmd gi zpamhazlf-

Gpckma~ktagmx xffb tg ogegcfma~f tofexflyfx am eaefxax, hgfphagm, kmd tof xzpfkd

gi mgpex /Lkeefpx, 0::8!- Toax ogegcfma~ktagm ax hgmxaxtfmt sato tof mgtagm gi

hgpzgpktf ftogxfx `famc amhgpzgpktfd kmd hgeevmahktfd topgvco gvt yfptahkl kmd

ogpa~gmtkl xtpvhtvpfx gi k hgpzgpktagm-Tpkdatagmkllq, egxt xghakl ekpbftamc okx `ffm ipge mgmzpgiat gpckma~ktagm

/@lggeft kl -, ;116!- @vt at ax hlfkp tokt ekpbftamc okx tof k`alatq tg `fmfiat hgpzgpkt

amtfpfxt kmd pkaxf T@L- Hgpzgpktf zoalkmtopgzq kmd hkvxf%pflktfd ekpbftamc o

cfmfpktfd k`gvt $3:: eallagm ipge V-X- hgpzgpktagmx /Oaccamx, 0::0!-

Hgpzgpktagmx sall xtkpt /kmd amdffd, okyf xtkptfd! tg pfkla~f tokt zpkhtahamc

HXP sall `fhgef k xvpyaykl tkhtah, fyfm ai xkad hgpzgpktagmx kpf mgt ekmdktfd `q k

gtofp amxtatvtagm tg dg xg /Tv~~glamg ) Kpekmda, ;1?;!- Kx tof hgpzgpktagm zlkqx

egpf amtfcpkl zkpt gi xghaftkl dfhaxagmx, tof dfhaxagmx at ekbfx klxg hpfktfx k sadf%


33/94

03

pkmcf gi xghaftkl aezkhtx- Tof xvhhfxxfx gi hgpzgpktagmx sall vltaektflq dfzfmd gm

tofap hpvhakl k`alatq tg `klkmhf tofxf aezkhtx-

8- Kzzlafd Iamdamcx

Toax hokztfp xtvdafx HXP ekpbftamc hgeevmahktagmx gi xfyfpkl Kefpahkm kmd

Sfxtfpm Fvpgzfkm EMFx xzkmmamc igvp daiifpfmt amdvxtpafx-

8-; Eftogdglgcq

Tof pfkxgmx igp tof kvtogp x xflfhtagm gi tof amdvxtpafx daxhvxxfd am toax

xfhtagm kpf tpa%igld> ;! zfpxgmkl amtfpfxt am hfptkam xghakllq pfxzgmxa`lf hgpzgp

hfptkam gi tof amdvxtpafx am tof xkef cfgcpkzoah pfcagm okyf gmf gp egpf tokm gmf

hgezkpk`lf xghakllq pfxzgmxa`lf `vxamfxx egdflx2 kmd, 8! hfptkam gi tof hgpzgpktag

daxhvxxfd kpf lkpcf am xhklf `vt mgt mfhfxxkpalq yaxa`lf gm k evltamktagmkl xhgzf-

Soalf tofxf kzzlafd iamdamcx dahtktfd k cpfktfp xfmxatayatq tg ekpbftamc

hgeevmahktagmx, at skx mgt klskqx zgxxa`lf tg kekxx k hgezlftf pfzgxatgpq gi HXP

ekpbftamc efdak- Kx daxhvxxfd k`gyf, cfgcpkzoah laeatktagmx hpfktfd km aezpkhtah

`kppafp tg g`tkamamc kll ekpbftamc zpgdvht cfmfpktfd `q tofxf hgpzgpktagmx- Efdak

skx hvllfd dapfhtlq ipge pftkal gzfpktagmx, gtofp skx igvmd am zgzvlkp efdak

/amhlvdamc ekck~amfx kmd mfsxzkzfpx!, soalf gtofp skx igvmd topgvco dapfht

ekpbftamc ektfpakl-


34/94

0?

8-;-; Cpffmskxoamc Ekpbftamc

Ax at zgxxa`lf igp k hgezkmq tg kdyfptaxf atx xghakllq pfxzgmxa`lf zpkhtahfx a

pfkxgmk`lf ekmmfp soalf pfilfhtamc zgxatayflq gm atx `pkmd aekcf kx sfll7 Soalf at aaezgptkmt tg `pkmd f{vatq tokt hgezkmafx kdyfptaxf tofap xghakllq pfxzgmxa`lf

zpkhtahfx, tofpf xogvld `f mg {vfxtagm gi tof aezgptkmhf tokt tof kdyfptaxamc efxxkc

atxfli ax mgm%oqzghpatahkllq hgmxaxtfmt sato hgpzgpktf khtagmx- Kx tof dacatkl k

`pffdx khhgvmtkàlatq kmd tpkmxzkpfmhq, xg at ax tokt xvho kdyfptaxfefmtx hkm xfp

`glxtfp k hgezkmq x aekcf- Zpgzgmfmtx gi kdyfptaxamc xghakllq pfxzgmxa`lf zpkhtahfx

sgvld kcpff tokt k hgezkmq x kàlatq tg ekamtka m k hgmxaxtfmt kdyfptaxamc efxxkcf,

soalf hgmtamvamc tg amhgpzgpktf pfxzgmxa`lf `vxamfxx zpkhtahf gmlq xfpyfx tg am

tof `pkmd x yklvf kmd `pkmd f{vatq-

Gi kll tof FXC /Fmyapgmefmtkl, Xghakl, kmd Cgyfpmkmhf! axxvfx, tof

fmyapgmefmt okx okd tof egxt pflfykmt aezkht gm hgpzgpktf xghakl pfxzgmxaàlatq-

pfhfmt qfkpx, tof xzktf gi kdyfptaxfefmtx `vpmaxoamc hgpzgpktagmx fmyapgmefmtkl

hpfdfmtaklx okx `fhgef bmgsm kx cpffmskxoamc- Toax tfpe, iapxt `pgvcot tg

zpgeamfmhf `q Egtofp Ngmfx ekck~amf /@ffpxft kl -, ;11;! xft gvt tg dfxhpa`f

amhgmxaxtfmhafx `ftsffm ekpbftamc kmd kdyfptaxamc amataktayfx kmd tof amhgmc

khtagmx zfpigpefd `q tof giifmdamc hgezkmafx- Tofpf ax gitfm fppkmt daxhgpd `ftsff

kdyfptaxamc efxxkcfx kmd khtagmx, zgtfmtakllq lfkdamc tgskpdx k hgmxvefp xfmxf

xbfztahaxe kmd daxtpvxt kmd dkekcamc `pkmd f{vatq- Soalf Ealtgm Ipafdekm /;13:!

xvccfxtfd tof pfxzgmxaàlatq gi `vxamfxx ax tg ek aea~f zpgiatx kmd mgtoamc flxf, oa

xtktfefmt gyfpxaezlaiafx tof ftoahkl pkeaiahktagmx gi `vxamfxx-


35/94

01

8-;-0 Daxtpvxtamc kttatvdfx tgskpd HXP ekpbftamc

Tof kàlatq igp k hgezkmq tg xvhhfxxivllq amataktf cpffmskxo kdyfptaxamc

xogvld lgcahkllq zpgcpfxx tgskpd tof amhpfkxf am xklfx- Toax xaezlaiafx k pfxzfhtay

hkvxf kmd fiifht pflktagmxoaz `ftsffm zpgegtamc zgxatayf hgpzgpktf cggdsall kmd

cfmfpktamc pfyfmvfx- K xffeamclq zpfyklfmt yafs kegmc cpffmskxoamc hgezkmafx

tokt, pfckpdlfxx gi k hgezkmq x khtvkl zpkhtahf, mf`vlgvx kdyfptaxfefmt gi zgxxa`lf

zpkhtahf ax egpf xklfx%fiifhtayf-Zfpokzx tsg gi tof àccfxt giifmdfpx am tof kdyfptaxamc skp gi kttpatagm kpf

zftpglfve cakmtx @Z kmd Xofll- @gto hgezkmafx kpf efe`fpx gi tof Kefpahkm lg``q

cpgvzx Kefpahkm Zftpglfve Amxtatvtf kmd tof @vxamfxx Pgvmdtk`lf gpckma~ktagmx

tokt kpf amyglyfd am tof zglatahkl kdyghkhq gi zv`lah zglahq cgklx gm `fokli gi

zftpglfve hgezkmafx /Kefpahkm Zftpglfve Amxtatvtf, 0::3!- Khhgpdamc tg tof

Hgpzgpktf Fvpgzf G`xfpyktgpq, tof lg`àfx khtayflq gzzgxf tof pktaiahktagm gi tof

Bqgtg Zpgtghgl kmd skcf evlta%eallagm dgllkp daxamigpektagm hkezkacmx k`gvt

hlaektf hokmcf /Hgpzgpktf Fvpgzf G`xfpyktgpq, 0:::>0;!- Xg sokt dgfx toax xkq

k`gvt zftpgl hgezkmafx kmd tofap kdyfptaxamc eftogdx7

At ax {vatf hlfkp tokt tof zfphfayfd kttatvdfx gi tof gal amdvxtpq okyf cfmfpkllq

`ffm vmikygpk`lf- Am pfxfkpho hgeeaxxagmfd `q tof Hofypgm Hgpzgpktagm am ;1?

skx igvmd tokt gyfp k xa tffm%qfkp taef xzkm, zv`lah gzamagm daxikygpfd tof amdvx

/[vflho, ;118!- Toax pfxvltfd am tof Zfgzlf Dg kdyfptaxa mc hkezkacm tokt lkxtfd

ipge ;1?9%;1??- Hofypgm tpkhbfd tpfmdx tgskpd fmyapgmefmtklaxe kmd zpgtfhtagm


36/94

8:

fmdkmcfpfd xzfhafx- Tof hkezkacm ekmkcfd tg xtfe tof mfcktayf tadf gi zv`lah

gzamagm `q hgmyamhamc fmgvco zfgzlf gi Hofypgm x mfsigvmd fmyapgmefmtklaxe-

Atx xvhhfxx zpgyfd tokt kdyfptaxamc topgvco ekxx efdak okd k ykxt aezkht gm `pkmkskpfmfxx-

Tof gal amdvxtpq x `pkmd f{vatq gmhf kckam xtggd gm tpakl am 0::9, sofm

zglatahkl amxtk`alatq lfkdamc tg xzabfx am gal zpahfx hgamhadfd sato k mfg%

fmyapgmefmtklaxt pfyayklaxe, ofkdfd `q igpefp Vmatfd Xtktfx Yahf %Zpfxadfmt Kl

Cgpf- Topgvco k xvhhfxxivl dghvefmtkpq kmd `ggb, Ep- Cgpf fmhgvpkcfd k df`ktf

gm clg`kl skpeamc kmd hlaektf hokmcf- Am pfxzgmxf tg cpgsamc zpfxxvpf, Hofypgm

pflfkxfd atx Pfkl Axxvfx amtfcpktfd ekpbftamc hkezkacm, tkpcftfd kt amilvfmtaklx

sog kpf amyglyfd sato lfkdamc tof fmfpcq df`ktf /Hofypgm Hgpzgpktagm, 0::6!- @q

0::3, tof hgezkmq xtkptfd `pgkdfmamc tof tkpcftfd xhgzf gi tof hkezkacm togvco k

xfpafx gi tflfyaxagm kdyfptaxfefmtx am k mfs amtfcpktfd clg`kl kdyfptaxamc hkezkac

hkllfd tof Zgsfp gi Ovekm Fmfpcq /Hofypgm Hgpzgpktagm, 0::3!- @gto tof Zfgzlf Dg, Pfkl Axxvfx, kmd Zgsfp gi Ovekm Fmfpcq

hkezkacmx okyf dgmf sfll tg kxxvpf tof zv`lah tokt hgpzgpktf `fokyagp ax mgt okpeivl

Egpfgyfp, hkzatklaxe pf{vapfx tokt zfgzlf iffl kx togvco tofap hgmxveztagm ax mgt

okpeivl tg hgeevmatafx, tof fmyapgmefmt, gp tofexflyfx /@fxt ) Mghfllk, 0::9>

;;3!- Xamhf at igllgsx tokt hgpzgpktagmx kpf pfxzgmxa`lf igp hgmxveztagm gi cggdx

egpf git tokm mgt, tofm tof tpkmxatayf zpgzfptq klxg igllgsx tokt hgpzgpktf kdyfptaxa

okx zgtfmtakl igp hgmxvefpx zgxatayf ifflamc gi xfli- Km kptahlf am @vxamfxxSffb


37/94

8;

xtktfx tokt tof hgpzgpktf pfxzgmxaàlatq iafld ax lattfpfd sato lgitq amtfmtagmx tokt dgm t

zkq gii /Fmckpdag ft kl -, 0::3!-

Xglekm /0::?! hatfx @Z x sgpb sato Gcalyq ) Ektofp kx k bfq f kezlf gi tof

zgxatayf zv`lah pflktagmx sgpb tokt hgezkmafx okyf vxfd tg tkpcft hgmxvefp gzamagm

Ai toax ax tof hkxf, tofm hgezkmafx hkm ekbf km fkxafp hlkae tokt tofap kdyfptaxamc

hkezkacmx kpf klacmfd sato tofap lgitq amtfmtagmx- Khhgpdamc tg Xglekm, @Z x xklfx

pgxf ipge $;10 àllagm am 0::4 tg $099 àllagm am 0::9- Tof mft fiifht gi @Z x

@fqgmd Zftpglfve hkezkacm okx klxg `glxtfpfd tof hgezkmq x cpffm zfphfztagmx

satogvt khtvkllq ekbamc pflfykmt atx cpffm hpfdfmtaklx- Am ikht, k 0::6 @Z zpfxx

pflfkxf xtktfd $;-? àllagm gi kltfpmktayf fmfpcq amyfxtefmt gyfp topff qfkpx, kmd $?

àllagm gyfp tfm qfkpx- Pfyfmvf fxtaektfx sfpf kpgvmd $9 àllagm k qfkp satoam k

dfhkdf, xvccfxtamc tokt @Z x zpgiatkàlatq hgpf ax mgt kltfpmktayf fmfpcq xg evho kx at

ax oqdpghkp`gmx /@Z, 0::6!-

Am pkmbamc tof lfkdfpx am tof 0::3 AekcfZgsfp Cpffm @pkmdx Xvpyfq, PvxxEkqfp, Hoafi Xtpktfcq Giiahfp gi Lkmdgp Kxxghaktfx xkqx, hgmxvefpx kpf dfekmdamc

egpf cpffm zpgdvhtx kmd `vxamfxx zpkhtahfx, `vt tof hokllfmcf sall `f igp hgezkmafx

tg fiifhtayflq mkyacktf topgvco toax fyglyamc hgmxvefp lkmdxhkzf tg fmxvpf tofap

xvxtkamkàlatq zpkhtahfx kpf xffm kx egpf tokm nvxt laz xfpyahf /Lkmdgp Kxxghaktfx,

0::3!- Soalf Ep- Ekqfp ax hgppfht am oax xtktfefmt, tof apgmq tokt `gto Gcalyq )

Ektofp kmd Lkmdgp kpf gsmfd `q SZZ ax xtpabamc-

Nfgmc /0::4! hgmhlvdfx tokt tofpf ax km amofpfmt lambkcf `ftsffm kdyfptaxam

kmd `pkmd f{vatq- Tofxf pflktagmkl ekpbft%`kxfd kxxftx klxg amhpfkxf xokpfogldfp


38/94

80

yklvf- Tof @fqgmd Zftpglfve hkezkacm xfpyfx kx k cggd hlam dal am fmokmhamc

`pkmd kskpfmfxx kmd aekcf, soalf oqzghpatahkllq `ggxtamc `pkmd f{vatq kx sfll- At

tovx xtkmdx tg pfkxgm tokt hgezkmafx sog cpffmskxo hkm xtall ekamtkam tofxf

pflktagmkl ekpbft%`kxfd kxxftx tg amhpfkxf xokpfogldfp yklvf soalf tpfktamc FXC

zpg`lfex kx k zpgyfpàkl dfhb gi hkpdx- Fyfm sato pfxzfht tg HXP kmmvkl pfzgptx,

cpffmskxoamc hkm tkbf zlkhf `q hgmivxagm, i pgmtamc, kmd zgxtvpamc /Lkvifp, 0::8!-

Xtkbfogldfp amtfpfxtx kmd ekmkcfefmt mgpex okyf tof hkzkhatq tg gyfplkz

hpfktamc `fttfp gzzgptvmatq igp xtkbfogldfpx tg amilvfmhf tof hgpzgpktagm x

pfxzgmxaàlatafx- Xtkbfogldfpx klxg okyf tof kàlatq tg amilvfmhf khtagmx topgvco

zpgyaxagm gp satodpkskl gi pfxgvphfx mfhfxxkpq tg tof iape- Kltfpmktflq, at ekq `f g

aezgptkmhf tg tof iape x eaxxagm tg f hffd xtkbfogldfp f zfhtktagmx /Ekacmkm ft kl- ,

0::6!-

8-;-8 Hpfktamc zgxatayf kttatvdfx topgvco HXP ekpbftamc

Kltogvco tof oqzghpaxafx gi kdyfptaxamc xghakllq pfxzgmxa`lf zpkhtahfx topg

cpffmskxo kpf ofkyalq tpfmdfd tgskpd tof zftpglfve amdvxtpq, tofpf kpf fmgvco

hgezkmafx sogxf kdyfptaxamc kmd ekpbftamc hgeevmahktagmx kpf hgmxaxtfmt sato

xghakl khtagmx- Gi zkptahvlkp amtfpfxt kpf tof iggtsfkp kmd kzzkpfl amdvxtpafx, so

okyf tvpmfd kpgvmd mfcktayf zfphfztagmx igllgsamc lk`gp k`vxf kllfcktagmx dvpamc

;11:x- Hgezkmafx sfpf igphfd mgt gmlq tg kht gm xghakl pfxzgmxaàlatq, `vt tg

dfegmxtpktf toax tvpmkpgvmd kx sfll- Tofq tgg, f zfpafmhf k oaco lfyfl gi `pkmd

f{vatq, `glxtfpfd `q zgxatayf kxxghaktagmx gi pfxzgmxa`lf `fokyagp kmd `pkmd aekca


39/94

88

Ckz x vxf gi tof /ZPGDVHT! PFD hkezkacm okx xfmt 6:& gi mft zpgiatx

ipge tof xklf gi /PFD! atfex tg Tof Clg`kl Ivmd igp KADX, Eklkpak, kmd

Tv`fphvlgxax soalf kt tof xkef taef ekamtkamamc k xtk`lf pfyfmvf xtpfke /Ma gm,0::?!- Ckz x iapxt xghakl pfxzgmxa`alatq pfzgpt, pflfkxfd am 0::4, xtkptfd tg `fmhoekpb

lk`gpxtkmdkpdx kt atx zpgdvhfpx ikhtgpafx-

Tof amatakl Ckz /ZPGDVHT! PFD kdyfptaxamc hkezkacm /Ckz Amh-, 0::9!

ifktvpfd k zlftogpk gi hflf`patafx lambfd sato tof hkvxf gi zpfyfmtagm gi KADX, xvho

Xtfyfm Xzafl`fpc, Nfmmaifp Ckpmfp, Hopax Pghb, Zfmflgzf Hpv~, Hopaxtq Tvplamc

Dgm Hofkdlf, Ekpq N- @lacf, Dkbgtk Ikmmamc kmd Kzglg Gomg- Am lktf 0::3, Ckz

amhpfkxfd atx hflf`patq fmdgpxfefmtx `q kddamc Kmmf Oktokskq, Ngom Lfcfmd, Sq

Nfkm, Tfppfmhf Ogskpd, Mktklaf Ekamfx kmd K`ackal @pfxlam /Ckz Amh-, 0::3!- T

zogtgcpkzox igp tof gmf%qfkp kmmayfpxkpq gi tof Ckz /ZPGDVHT! PFD hkezkacm

sfpf tkbfm `q hflf`patq zogtgcpkzofp Kmmaf Laf`gsat~, am gpdfp tg `glxtfp sadfxzpfkd

kxxaealktagm `q fkplq ikxoagm kdgztfpx- Khhgpdamc tg /ZPGDVHT! PFD, am gmf AEHx okd dpayfm kskpfmfxx gi tof `pkmd tg 0:& gi tof V-X- zgzvlktagm kmd pkaxfd

gyfp $0: eallagm tg Tof Clg`kl Ivmd /Ckz Amh-, 0::3!-

Qft, tof /ZPGDVHT! PFD `pkmd ax xfzkpktf ipge atx zkptmfpx `pkmdx-

Amxtfkd gi khtamc kx km amtfpefdakpq igp atx zkptmfpx tg xfmd k hofhb tg Tof Clg`

Ivmd, PFD ivmhtagmx kx k `pkmdamc efhokmaxe tokt atx zkptmfpx zkq tg vxf- Pfyfm

kzzgptagmefmtx ipge PFD xklfx cft xfmt dapfhtlq ipge tof zkptmfp tg Tof Clg`kl

Ivmd- Kltogvco /ZPGDVHT! PFD sgm t daxhlgxf k pfkbdgsm gi PFD


40/94

84

hgmtpa`vtagmx `q zkptmfp, tof mft iacvpfx xvccfxt tokt tofpf ax k hgppflktagm `ftsffm

zgxatayf `pkmd kskpfmfxx kmd xghakllq pfxzgmxa`lf `vxamfxx zpkhtahf-

@pataxo kzzkpfl kmd hgmyfmafmhf cggdx hgezkmq Ekpbx ) Xzfmhfp ax klxgkegmc hgezkmafx sato xghakl pfxzgmxaàlatq zpkhtahfx fxtk`laxofd topgvco kmmvkl

pfzgptamc- E)X ax xzfmdamc 0:: eallagm gm km fhg % zlkm tg ekbf atx pftkal hokam

hkp`gm%mfvtpkl- Iagmk Dvmckq /0::3! xvccfxtx tokt Zlkm K hkezkacm sall okyf k

bmghb %gm fiifht, fmhgvpkcamc gtofp hgezkmafx tg tkbf xaealkp khtagm- Klpfkdq, tof

xtgpf okx egyfd tg lahfmxamc xgef ikap%tpkdf kmd gpckmah zpgdvhtx-

Kt tof xkef taef, pfyfmvfx okyf amhpfkxfd ipge 3-6 àllagm am 0::6 tg ?-9

àllagm am 0::3 /Ekpbx kmd Xzfmhfp, 0::?!- Toax dqmkeah zkpkdace xoait am Fvpgz

kzzpgkhofx tgskpd cfmvamf xghakl xtfskpdxoaz ax pkzadlq pfilfhtfd am kdyfptaxamc

ax fyadfmt `q pfyfmvf iacvpfx, xghakl pfxzgmxaàlatq hkm xffe tg okyf k zgxatayf aez

gm pfyfmvfx /fyfm togvco tofpf kpf mg fezapahkl xtvdafx tokt dapfhtlq hgppflktf tof

`pkmd f{vatq aezkht gi xghakl pfxzgmxaàlatq sato pfyfmvf pfhgcmatagm!-

8-;-4 Lambamc hgpf hgezftfmhafx, xghakl pfxzgmxaàlatq, kmd kdyfptaxamc

Tof kàlatq igp k hgezkmq tg `glxtfp atx hpfdaàlatq am kdyfptaxamc xghakllq

pfxzgmxa`lf zpkhtahf lafx zkptahvlkplq am pflktagm tg hkzatkla~amc gm hgpf hgezftf

Hg%gzfpktayf Iamkmhakl Xfpyahfx ax k @pataxo `kmb tokt xzfhakla~fx am zpkhtaha

pfxzgmxaàlatq- Tof hgezkmq mgt gmlq kdyghktfx xghakllq pfxzgmxa`lf zpkhtahf gm

sf` xatf, `vt vxfx atx pftkal `kmbamc gvtlftx igp kdyfptaxamc-


41/94

86

HIX x kdyfptaxamc amhgpzgpktfx hgmxvefp tazx igp fmyapgmefmtkllq `fmfiahakl

zpkhtahf, soalf klxg tgvtamc atx hgeeatefmt tg xghakllq pfxzgmxa`lf amyfxtamc k

hgmhfzt tokt tfmdx tg pvm hgmtpkdahtgpq tg Ipafdekm x /;13:! adfglgcq- Tof hgezkmq

klxg tgvtx atxfli kx Tof gmlq VB oaco xtpfft `kmb sato k hgmxvefp %lfd Ftoahkl Zglahq

/Hg%gzfpktayf Iamkmhakl Xfpyahfx, 0::?!- Tgtkl xokpfogldfp pftvpm dfhpfkxfd ipge

90;-4 eallagm am 0::9 tg 66;-1 am 0::3 /dvf am zkptahvlkp tg f hfztagmkl sfktofp

fyfmtx aezkhtamc tof amxvpkmhf amdvxtpq!, `vt lgmc%tfpe `vxamfxx mft pfyfmvfx

amhpfkxfd tfmigld ipge 8:-9 eallagm tg 8;:-0 eallagm- Kdyfptaxamc cfmvamflq

xghakllq pfxzgmxa`lf zpkhtahf ekq mgt mfhfxxkpalq amhpfkxf hgpzgpktf zfpigpekmh

at xgladaiafx pflktagmkl ekpbft%`kxfd kxxftx `q zgxatayf xghakl fiifht-

Sofm kdyfptaxamc igxtfpx tof pflktagmxoaz `ftsffm xghakllq pfxzgmxa`lf

zpkhtahf kmd `pkmd f{vatq, at zpgyadfx hgezkmafx sato tof k`alatq tg lfyfpkcf xkad

f{vatq am vmikygpk`lf haphvextkmhfx, satogvt ifkp gi xbfztahaxe- EhMfal Hgmxvefp

Ofkltohkpf, ekbfpx gi Tqlfmgl kmd k dayaxagm gi Ngomxgm kmd Ngomxgm, skx k`lfdfilfht `kd zv`lahatq am ;1?0 ipge dfla`fpktflq hqkmadf%tkamtfd Tqlfmgl zallx- Ngom

kmd Ngomxgm x xsait khtagm pfhkllfd $;:: eallagm am zpgdvht, `vt ekmkcfd tg xklykcf

k`gvt 10& gi lgxt ekpbft xokpf-

Xbfztahaxe tgskpd xghakl pfxzgmxa`alatq kx `famc vmkltpvaxtah ekq `f

skppkmtfd, `vt igp `pkmdx xvho kx Tqlfmgl, oacolq%yklvfd `pkmd f{vatq kllgsx igp

xballivl ekmfvyfpamc sofm hgezftamc sato zpayktf%lk`fl `pkmdx- Tof zft iggd pfhkllx

gi 0::3 xvccfxtfd tokt `pkmd f{vatq eacot mgt fxhkzf zggp {vklatq hgmtpglx gi


42/94

89

zpgdvhtx ekdf am igpfacm hgvmtpafx, zkptahvlkplq igp zpayktf%lk`fl `pkmdx- Ogsfy

`pkmd kskpfmfxx gi Tqlfmgl cgfx `fqgmd atx hofeahkl mkef, khftkeamgzofm-

K 0::? amtfcpktfd ekpbftamc hkezkacm giifpx f kezlfx gi xaezlf skqx `qsoaho hgmxvefpx hkm aezpgyf tofap ofklto- Kdx sfpf zgxtfd topgvcogvt Mfs Qgpb am

zlkhfx pkmcamc ipge zkq%zogmf `g fx tg xv`skq hkpx- Mgt gmlq dgfx tof hkezkacm

ekamtkam `pkmd kskpfmfxx igp Tqlfmgl, `vt at xaevltkmfgvxlq dfilfhtx ipge tof zpgiat

egtayf tokt tof zpglaifpktagm gi cfmfpah efdahktagmx amoa atx- Tof kdx, ifktvpamc

ofklto tazx xvho kx Ai qgv pf xahb, tkbf k xahb dkq kmd Dgm t xlgvho- Zggp zgxtvpf

hkm hkvxf k ofkdkhof, pfxgmktf sato tof `pkmd x hgpf hgezftfmhq kmd kpf xacmfd

am tof ikxoagm gi k hgppfxzgmdfmhf, Iffl @fttfp, Tqlfmgl-

Tof ofklto tazx xffeamclq hgmtpkyfmf k lgcah tokt sgvld dahtktf k

zokpekhfvtahkl hgezkmq sgvld mgt fmhgvpkcf xaezlf hokmcfx am k zfpxgm x `fokyagp-

Qft Ovpsat~ ) Hkyfx /;1??! xvccfxt tokt zokpekhfvtahklx vxf tof zfpagd gi zktfmt

f hlvxayatq tg `vald cggdsall kmd ckam k xklfx kdykmtkcf gyfp cfmfpah efdahktagm gtogxf zktfmtx kpf f zapfd- Toax lfkdx tg k pfkxgmk`lf hgmhlvxagm tokt kdyfptaxamc

hgpzgpktf cggdsall kmd gi hgpf hgezftfmhafx okx k xacmaiahkmt aezkht gm ekamtkam

xklfx sofm tof topfkt gi payklpafx f axtx-

4- Hkxf Iamdamcx

Toax hokztfp vxfx HXP'T@L pfzgptamc ipge topff amdvxtpafx kx tof `kxax gi xtvdqamc

xtkbfogldfp fmckcfefmt- Tof hkxf xtvdafx kpf k fmhoekpb tg fxtk`laxo pfzgptamc kx

k ekpbftamc hgeevmahktagmx tggl igp xtkbfogldfp fmckcfefmt-


43/94

83

4-; Eftogdglgcq

Tof pfkxgmx igp tofkvtogp x xflfhtagm gi tof hgezkmafx daxhvxxfd am toax

xfhtagm kpf tpa%igld> ;! tof hgpzgpktagmx pfzpfxfmtfd kpf evltamktagmkl am mktvpxvccfxtamc tofap xhgzf gi `vxamfxx gzfpktfx am evltazlf cfgcpkzoah xzofpfx gi

amilvfmhf2 0! tof hgpzgpktagmx pfzpfxfmtfd okyf lkpcf amdvxtpq f zgxvpf am tfpex

ekpbft hkzatkla~ktagm, tovx, zgtfmtakllq zgxxfxxamc lk`gp kmd hkzatkl mfhfxxkpq tg

fiifhtayflq hgeevmahktf HXP2 kmd, 8! fkho xflfhtfd amdvxtpq /hgmxvefp cggdx, pftka

kmd xzgptamc cggdx'kzzkpfl! hgmtkamx gmf Kefpahkm%`kxfd hgpzgpktagm kmd km

kmklgcgvx Fvpgzfkm hgvmtfpzkpt-

HXP pfzgptx kpf cfmfpkllq gi k mgm%iamkmhakl mktvpf /^ke`gm ) Dfl @fllg,

0::6!- Xfyfpkl eftogdx kpf kykalk`lf igp hgpzgpktagmx tg vxf am pfzgptamc tofap

xghakllq pfxzgmxa`lf zpkhtahf- Tof AXFK /Amxtatvtf gi Xghakl kmd Ftoahkl

Khhgvmtk`alatq! KK;:::X xtkmdkpd fmxvpfx tof hpfda`alatq gi pfxvltx- Tof Clg`kl

Pfzgptamc Amataktayf /CPA! ax mkeflq igp fmyapgmefmtkl axxvfx, kltogvco am pfhfqfkpx, toax ipkefsgpb okx f zkmdfd tg amhlvdf xghakl axxvfx kx sfll- XK?:::

xtkmdkpd ax `kxfd gm amtfpmktagmkl ovekm pacotx mgpex, xvho kx tof Vmatfd Mkt

Vmayfpxkl Dfhlkpktagm gi Ovekm Pacotx- AXG;4::; ax kmgtofp fmyapgmefmtkl

xtkmdkpd tokt xzfhaiafx pf{vapfefmtx igp fmyapgmefmtkl zglahq /Txhogzz, 0::6!-

Am gpdfp igp k hgpzgpktagm tg `f dffefd xghakllq pfxzgmxa`lf gp

xvxtkamk`lf, at evxt zpgyadf xgef kzzlahktagm hgmtf t kx tg soaho xtkbfogldfpx at ax

tkpcftamc /^ke`gm ) Dfl @fllg, 0::6!- Pfzgptamc xogsx k hgezkmq x amilvfmhf gm

hgmhfztvkla~amc kmd aezlfefmtamc zpghfxxfx /^ke`gm ) Dfl @fllg, 0::6!- Toax


44/94

8?

ekbfx igp k `fttfp kxxfxxefmt gi k hgezkmq x dapfhtagm am tof ekpbftamc zpghfxx,

ipge adfk hpfktagm, tg zpgdvht cfmfpktagm, kmd xklf gi zpgdvht gp xfpyahf- Fxxfmt

tof HXP pfzgpt xogvld tofm `f hgmxadfpfd k ekpbftamc tggl am kmd gi atxfli-Dvf tg tof yglvmtkpq mktvpf gi HXP kmd HXP'T@L pfzgptamc, hgpzgpktagmx

okyf la`fptq am hoggxamc tof dfxapfd ipkefsgpb gi tofap pfzgptx ai tofq hoggxf tg vxf

k ipkefsgpb- Pfzgptx sfpf g`tkamfd ipge tof hgezkmafx giiahakl sf` xatfx, kmd

sfpf egxt pfhfmt kx gi 0; Mgyfe`fp 0::3-

Fkho hkxf igllgsfd sato k `pafi `khbcpgvmd gi tof Kefpahkm%`kxfd hgezkmq,

tofm k `pafi kxxfxxefmt gi hgezkmq x HXP'xvxtkamk`alatq pfzgpt- Tof pfzgptx sfpf

kmklq~fd gm km amdayadvkl `kxax khhgpdamc tg evltazlf ikhftx egxt zpgeamfmtlq, tof

topff xghakl daefmxagmx> fmyapgmefmtkl, xghakl, kmd cgyfpmkmhf /gitfm pfifppfd

tof xghaklamyfxtefmt amdvxtpq kx FXC!- Tof zpghfxx skx pfzfktfd igp tof

HXP'xvxtkamk`alatq pfzgpt igp tof Sfxtfpm Fvpgzfkm%`kxfd hgezkmq- Gmhf tof

kmklqxax gi tof hgezkmafx skx hgezlftfd gm km amdayadvkl `kxax, tofq sfpf hgezkpfdkmd hgmtpkxtfd `gto am xv`xtkmhf kmd am xtqlf gi pfzgpt hgmtfmt-

4-0 Zpghtfp ) Cke`lf'Vmalfyfp

4-0-; Zpghtfp ) Cke`lf

Zpghtfp ) Cke`lf /Z)C! xzfhakla~fx am hgmxvefp kmd ogvxfogld cggdx kmd

zfpxgmkl hkpf zpgdvhtx kmd ax ofkd{vkptfpfd am Hamhammkta, Goag, Vmatfd Xtkt

gzfpktagmx hgeefmhfd am ;?83 kx k xgkz%ekbamc hgezkmq /Zpghtfp ) Cke`lf,

0::3!- At ax laxtfd gm `gto tof Mfs Qgpb kmd Zkpax xtghb f hokmcfx sato k ekpbft


45/94

81

hkzatkla~ktagm gyfp $0:: àllagm- At gzfpktfx am ?: hgvmtpafx kmd atx zpgdvhtx kp

am gyfp ;?: hgvmtpafx /Zpghtfp ) Cke`lf, 0::9!- Tof iaxhkl qfkp xtkptx Nvlq ; kmd

fmdx tof igllgsamc qfkp gm Nvmf 8:-Tof Zpghtfp ) Cke`lf 0::9 pfzgpt ax fmtatlfd 0::9 Clg`kl Xvxtkamkàlatq kmd

Zoalkmtopgzq Pfzgpt- Kx gi 0; Mgyfe`fp 0::3, tof pfzgpt skx kykalk`lf igp

dgsmlgkd am tof Kdg`f Khpg`kt igpekt topgvco tof hgezkmq x sf` xatf kt

sss-zc-hge'xp- Toax igpekt kllgsx igp tof oqzfplambamc gi hgmtfmt xg tokt vxfpx hkm

mkyacktf topgvcogvt tof pfzgpt yak k zfpxgmkl hgezvtfp, kx sfll kx hgmmfht tg xzfhai

zkptx gi tof hgezkmq x sf` xatf yak tof amtfpmft - Tof pfzgpt ax kykalk`lf am Fmclaxo%

lkmcvkcf gmlq kmd ax ?? zkcfx am lfmcto, amhlvdamc hgyfp zkcf, `gdq, iayf amdf zk

khhgpdamc tg tof CPA ipkefsgpb, kmd hgmtkht zkcf-

Am 0::6, tof hgezkmq efpcfd sato Callfttf kmd tovx, xtkptfd k efpcfp gi

xvxtkamkàlatq kmd zoalkmtopgzq- At klxg `kxfx atxfli gm topff zallkpx gi xvxtkamk

dfyflgzefmt> fhgmgeah dfyflgzefmt, fmyapgmefmtkl zpgtfhtagm kmd xghakl

pfxzgmxaàlatq/Zpghtfp ) Cke`lf, 0::9!- Khhgpdamc tg tof k`gyf daxhvxxagmx gi

T@L, tofxf topff zallkpx ekq `f amtfpzpftfd kx tof xkef tpag gi T@L flfefmtx-

Toaptffm zkcfx kpf xzfmt zpgialamc tof hgezkmq- Am toax iapxt xfhtagm, tof

hgezkmq gvtlamfx atx f{vatq- Toax f{vatq ax tof pfxvlt gi zvpzgxf, yklvf, kmd

zpamhazlfx, kx sfll kx k igvpto daefmxagmvma{vf tg Z)C- Toax kxzfht gi Z)C x

`vxamfxx ax hkllfd xvhhfxx dpayfpx kmd lggbx kt amtfpmkl amilvfmhfx gmogs tof

hgezkmq xvhhffdx am `vxamfxx fmyapgmefmtx- Khhgpdamc tg tof pfzgpt, tof hgezkmq x
http://www.pg.com/srhttp://www.pg.com/sr


46/94

4:

hgezftatayf kdykmtkcf tof kdykmtkcf tokt x okpdfxt igp hgezftatgpx tg dvzlahktf

ax atx zfgzlf-

Kx k evltamktagmkl hgpzgpktagm, Z)C ax dayadfd kegmc topff Clg`kl @vxamfVmatx> `fkvtq kmd ofklto, ogvxfogld hkpf, kmd Callfttf- Tofxf vmatx kpf tofm xzlat

ivptofp amtg Ekpbft Dfyflgzefmt Gzfpktagmx, soaho dfyflgz lghkla~fd ekpbftamc

zlkmx tokt kpf tkalgpfd tg lghkl ekpbftx, kmd Clg`kl @vxamfxx Xfpyahfx, soaho zpgy

tof hgezkmq x clg`kl amipkxtpvhtvpf- Z)C klxg pflfkxfx tof mkef x, hatafx, hgvmtpafx,

kmd C@V gsmfpx gi atx ;44 zlkmt gzfpktagmx- At dgfx mgt, ogsfyfp laxt tof xzfhaiah

kddpfxxfx gp zogmf mve`fpx gi tofxf zlkmtx-

Egxt pflfykmt tg toax zkzfp x daxhvxxagm gi xtkbfogldfp fmckcfefmt ax ogs

Z)C hgefx tg dfiamf k xtkbfogldfp-

Z)C dfiamfx k xtkbfogldfp kx kmqgmf sog okx km amtfpfxt am gp amtfpkhtagm

sato Z)C /Zpghtfp ) Cke`lf, 0::9!- Toax dfiamatagm ykpafx xlacotlq ipge tof

tpkdatagmkl dfiamatagm gi xtkbfogldfp, laxtfd k`gyf- Vmlabf Ipffekm x dfiamatagm gi kxtkbfogldfp, tof Z)C dfiamatagm dgfx mgt dapfhtlq taf tof mgtagm gi fmckcfefmt amtg

tof khoafyfefmt gi tof gpckma~ktagm x g`nfhtayf- Toax dfiamatagm tovx lfkyfx

ke`acvgvx tof pflktagmxoaz `ftsffm togxf sog dg mgt vxf Z)C x `pkmdfd zpgdvhtx

kmd tof gpckma~ktagm x g`nfhtayf-Tof gvthgef gi tof Z)C dfiamatagm ax k zfphfayfd

laxt gi xtkbfogldfpx amhlvdamc hgmxvefpx, xtghbogldfpx, `vxamfxx zkptmfpx, amdv

kxxghaktagmx, cgyfpmefmtx, MCGx, kmd mfsx efdak- Tofxf xtkbfogldfpx kpf klxg

laxtfd kx f tfpmkl xtkbfogldfpx-


47/94

4;

Tof xvxtkamkàlatq pfzgpt tofm zpgyadfx ektfpakl iamkmhakl amigpektagm tok

pfcvlkplq zpgyadfd am k hgezkmq x kmmvkl pfzgpt-Toax ax klxg hgmxaxtfmt sato tof

iamkmhakl kxzfht gi T@L pfzgptamc- @ftsffm 0::6 kmd 0::9, tof hgezkmq x mft xklfx

pgxf ipge $69-34; tg $9?-000 àllagm, klxg amhpfkxamc `kxah fkpmamcx zfp xokpf ip

$0-3: tg $0-31- Toax xvccfxtx tof hgezkmq ax ivmdkefmtkllq zpgiatk`lf-

Tof iamkmhakl amigpektagm xfhtagm klxg amhlvdfx k laeatfd laxt gi kskpdx km

ogmgpx soaho okyf `ffm `fxtgsfd vzgm tof hgezkmq- Tof pfzgpt zpgyadfx

amigpektagm pfckpdamc tofhgezkmq x laxtamc gm tofDgs Ngmfx Xvxtkamkàlatq Amdf

/DNXA!- Toax amhlvdfx km f hfpzt ipge tof Dgs Ngmfx pfckpdamc soqZ)C ax k Xvzfp

Xfhtgp Lfkdfp am tof zfpxgmkl kmd ogvxfogld cggdx xfhtgp- Ogsfyfp, xamhf tof DNX

ax gmlq laeatfd tg iamkmhakl zfpigpekmhf gi xvxtkamk`lf hgezkmafx, toax dahtktfx Z

kx k tgz iamkmhakl zfpigpefp, qft dgfx mgt mfhfxxkpalq amdahktf tofhgezkmq x lfyfl gi

xvxtkamkàlatq gvtzvt-

Iamkllq, toax xfhtagm daxhvxxfx kh{vaxatagmx, dayfxtatvpfx, pfhgpd gi xokpfmve`fpx, kmd hgezkmq hgmtkht amigpektagm- Am tof 0::9 Xvxtkamkàlatq kmd

Zoalkmtopgzq Pfzgpt, tof hgezkmq dfxhpa`fx k ekngp kh{vaxatagm gi tof Callfttf

Hgezkmq- Mg efmtagm okx `ffm ekdf gi lk`gp pfdfzlgqefmt `kxf gm toax

kh{vaxatagm- Tof xkef hkm `f xkad am pfifpfmhf tg tof hgezkmq x dayfxtatvpf zglahq-

Tof xfhgmd ekngp zgptagm gi tof pfzgpt x `gdq hgmtkamx amigpektagm gm Z)C x

xtpvhtvpf kmd cgyfpmkmhf- Kltogvco tof hgezkmq pfzgptx tg fe`pkhamc atx Zvpzgxf,

Yklvfx kmd Zpamhazlfx, athlkaex atx `pkmd kmd `pkmd f{vatq ax `fxt hokpkhtfpa~fd `q

atx fezlgqffx- Bfq tg hgpzgpktf tpkmxzkpfmhq ax tof kàlatq igp iamkmhakl xtktfefmt


48/94

40

iamd gyfpxacot `q tof `gkpd gi dapfhtgpx, tg vxf amtfpmkl hgmtpglx, kmd tg pf{vapf p

kvdatfd `q km amdfzfmdfmt kvdatgp- Ogsfyfp, toax lkxt hgmdatagm ax k pf{vapfefm

kll `vxamfxxfx laxtfd gm Kefpahkm%`kxfd xtghb f hokmcfx, ikllamc vmdfp pfcvlktagXfhvpatafx kmd F hokmcf Hgeeaxxagm ekmdktfx- Am ikht, evho gi tof zgptagm

zfptkamamc tg hgpzgpktf cgyfpmkmhf kmd ekmkcfefmt x pfxzgmxa`alatq ax mgt vmlabf tokt

am k zlftogpk gi hgpzgpktf kmmvkl pfzgptx- Toax ax daxhvxxfd toax am cpfktfp dfzt

`flgs-

Toax xfhtagm tofm hgmtamvfx tg daxhvxx xtkbfogldfp fmckcfefmt, satogvt

dfiamamc f khtlq sokt xtkbfogldfp fmckcfefmt ax,gp tof hgezkmq x xtpktfcq gm

fmckcamc sato atx xtkbfogldfpx- Kttfeztx tg zvpxvf daklgc sato Zpghtfp ) Cke`lf `q

toax zkzfp x kvtogp tg kxhfptkam toax xtpktfcq sfpf pf`viifd `q Z)C-

Tof xtkbfogldfp fmckcfefmt xfhtagm cayfx `pafi dfxhpaztagmx gi skqx am soah

Z)C sgpbx sato hgeevmatafx, evlta%lfyflfd kvtogpatafx, kmd MCGx- Am kddatagm tg

laxtamc tof daiifpfmt amdvxtpq kmd `vxamfxx kxxghaktagmx gi soaho at ax k efe`fp, atopff daiifpfmt hkxfx tg oacolacot skqx `q soaho at zgxatayflq lfyfpkcfx `pkmd adfmtat

am xtkbfogldfp hgmhfpmx- Am xzfhaiah, tof hkxf zfptkamamc tg hofeahkl ekmkcfefm

oacolacotx ogs pfxzgmxa`lf khtagm xkyfx tof hgezkmq egmfq-

Tof hpv gi FXC pfzgptamc ax lghktfd am tof toapd ekngp zgptagm gi tof pfzgpt

soaho zfptkamx tg zfpigpekmhf amdahktgpx- Toax ax xv`dayadfd amtg xfhtagmx gm

Fhgmgeah Dfyflgzefmt, Fmyapgmefmtkl Zpgtfhtagm, kmd Xghakl Pfxzgmxa`alatq-

Tof amtpgdvhtagm tg toax xfhtagm mgtk`lq xtktfx /Zpghtfp ) Cke`lf, 0::9> 09!>


49/94

48

Z)C ax zkptahvlkplq sfll%zgxatagmfd tg Raezpgyf tof{vklatq gi zfgzlf x dkalq layfx kpgvmd tof sgpld, kt kllamhgef lfyflxU `fhkvxf sf kpf am tgvho dkalq sato tofmffdx gi tof sgpld x hgmxvefpx-

@q toax xtktfefmt klgmf, Z)C okx gvtlamfd tof zgtfmtakl f tfmt tg soaho atx

xtkbfogldfp hgeevmahktagmx kiifht FXC axxvfx- Kx k hgmxvefp kmd ogvxfogld cgg

kmd zfpxgmkl hkpf zpgdvhtx hgezkmq sogxf atfex kpf xgld gm k clg`kl daxtpa`vtagm

mftsgpb, Z)C amhpfkxfx vxfx toax xtktfefmt tg zgamt gvt tof amhpfkxfd zpg`kàlatq g

HXPpflfykmhq- Tovx, toax xfhtagm ivmhtagmx kx tof hgpmfpxtgmf gi Z)C x HXP pfzgpt-

Z)C ax k igvmdamc efe`fp gi tof Clg`kl Xvllaykm Zpamhazlfx, klgmc sato ;??

gtofp hokptfp fmdgpxfpx /Lfgm O- Xvllaykm Igvmdktagm, 0::6!- Tofxf zpamhazlfx

zpgyadf yglvmtkpq cvadkmhf tg tofap fmdgpxfpx, ogsfyfp tofap mktvpf ax xtall yglvm

Tof Clg`kl Xvllaykm Zpamhazlfx klxg xffb hgpzgpktf tpkmxzkpfmhq tokt dfegmxtpktf

zv`lahlq hgeeatefmt tg aezlfefmtktagm- Tovx, Z)C zv`lahlq xtktfx tokt at okx

pfyaxfd atx gsm zglahafx tg pfilfht xqmhopgmahatq sato tof Clg`kl Xvllaykm ZpamhazTof hgezkmq hogxf tg ighvx gm tsg xzfhaiah kpfkx igp aezlfefmtktagm gi

xvxtkamk`lf `vxamfxx xtpktfcq> sktfp kmd ofklto kmd oqcafmf- At tovx zpfxfmtx k p

hkxf xtvdq gi ogs at vxfx tof zpgegtagmkl ea tg aezpgyf atx xvxtkamk`lf `vxamfxx

egdfl- Toax hkxf pfifpfmhfx tofkàlatq igp Z)C x topff zallkpx tg zgxatayflq aezkht

xvxtkamkàlatq-

Tof pfzgpt klxg zpfxfmtx k hkxf xtvdq am pflktagm tg tof hgiiff amdvxtpq kmd

fhgmgeah hgmxadfpktagmx kiigpdfd tg hgiiff ikpefpx- Z)C okx kttfeztfd k xqxtfeah

kzzpgkho tg fhgmgeah dfyflgzefmt gi tof amdvxtpq- K xfhgmd hkxf xtvdq zpgyadfx k


50/94


51/94

46

Z)C axxvfx kmgtofp hkxf xtvdq gm atx pfxtgpktagm gi 0:,::: khpfx gi sftlkmdx,

3,::: ealfx gi sktfpskqx, kmd fdvhktagm gi xtvdfmtx gm k{vktah hgmxfpyktagm- Toax

skx am hgmnvmhtagm sato tof Hgpzgpktf Sftlkmdx Pfxtgpktagm Zpgnfht, k zkptmfpx`ftsffm tof Callfttf Hgezkmq, Ekxxkhovxfttx F fhvtayf Giiahf gi Fmyapgmefmtkl

Kiikapx, kmd tof V-X- Fmyapgmefmtkl Zpgtfhtagm Kcfmhq /Hgkxtkl Kefpahk, 0::3!-

Tof hgezkmq pfhgcma~fx tof yglvmtkpqxtfzzamc vz gi fmfpcq %fiiahafmhq, `vt

klxg xtktfx efftamc am 0::9 k cgkl tg pfdvhf cpffmogvxf feaxxagmx `q 0:;0- Gyfpkll,

Z)C xogsx amhpfkxfd fmyapgmefmtkl aezpgyfefmtx gm k mve`fp gi eftpahx-

4-0-0 Vmalfyfp

Vmalfyfp xzfhakla~fx am hgmxvefp kmd zfpxgmkl hkpf zpgdvhtx kx sfll kx igg

kmd ax tof zkpfmt hgezkmq gi atx tsg ofkd{vkptfpx> Pgttfpdke, Mftofplkmdx /Vmalfy

M-Y-! kmd Lgmdgm, VB /Vmalfyfp ZLH!- Toax vma{vf gzfpktagmkl kppkmcfefmt s

tof pfxvlt gi k ;18: efpcfp `ftsffm @pataxo xgkz ekbfpx, Lfyfp @

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