corporate governance and cash holdings: evidence from the u. s. property-liability insurance...
TRANSCRIPT
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Corporate Governance and Cash Holdings: Evidence from the U. S. Property-Liability
Insurance Industry
Wen-Yen Hsu Feng Chia University, Taiwan
Yenyu HuangSt. John’s University, Taiwan
Gene Lai Safeco Distinguished Professor of Insurance
Washington State UniversityPresented at China International Conference on Insurance and
Risk Management
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Outline
• Introduction
• Hypotheses Development
• Data and Methodology
• Results
• Conclusion &Policy Implication
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Introduction
• Recent regulatory and listing requirements (NYSE, NASDAQ, SEC and SOX) emphasize the role of board of directors and committee members in mitigating the conflict of interests between shareholders and managers
• Cash holdings - Inspired from Jensen’s (1986) work on agency theory of free cash flow
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Why Property – Liability Insurance Industry?
• An exceptionally good setting to analyze the efficacy of corporate governance because– Virtually all business transactions have to be
completed in cash they usually generate and tempt to hold a substantial level of cash (Cash to NPW is 50%)
– Huge losses such as Sandy and earth quake and tsunami in Japan may result in illiquidity or insolvency
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Why Property – Liability Insurance Industry?
• An exceptionally good setting to analyze the efficacy of corporate governance because
– The impact of insolvency has more impact on stakeholders of P-L insurance industry
– P-L insurance industry is a highly regulated industry. The regulations are external governance. Do we need to have other external governance such as independence of board or finance committee?
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Introduction - Purpose
• To examine the relation between board and finance committee characteristics and cash holdings for property-liability insurers to provide the evidence about the monitoring and advising roles of board of directors and finance committee
• We focus on the independence of board and finance committee
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Literature Review
• Monitoring role: the effectiveness of board of directors is negatively related to the level of cash holding (Costs of holding cash).
• Reasons:–Cash generates lower returns in
comparison with other assets–A high level of cash holdings will
decrease managers’ pressure to minimize costs or increase managers’ discretionary expense overspending
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Literature Review
• Monitoring role: the effectiveness of board of directors is negatively related to the level of cash holding (Costs of holding cash).
• Reasons:–A high level of cash holdings is generally
preferred to lower the likelihood of having financial distress or becoming a takeover target–Self-interested managers tend to retain
cash to facilitate their perquisite consumption
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Literature Review (cont.)
• Advising role: the effectiveness of board of directors is positively related to the level of cash holding (benefits).
• Main reasons:
– Insolvency avoidance
–Meeting future growth, underinvestment prevention
–Relatively higher cost of raising external funds
–Liquidity
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Main Hypothesis
• We propose the independent director responsibility hypothesis that suggests responsible directors of boards and finance committees will not only monitor the agency costs related to excess cash holdings but also aim to avoid underinvestment problems. In other words, independent directors would maximize stakeholders’ wealth.
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Reasons for less cash for Independent Directiors
• Without economic, social or psychological tie (Berton, 1995)
• Reputation capital (Fama and Jensen, 1983)
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Reasons for more cash
• Shareholder power hypothesis (Harford et al., 2008) – prevent underinvestment problem– They did not find empirical support for the
hypothesis, but we do.
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Hypotheses
• H1a: There is a positive association between the insurers’ cash holdings and the independence of board of directors.
• H1b: There is a positive association between of insurers’ cash holdings and the independence of finance committees.
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Hypotheses (cont.)
• H2: There is a positive association between the growth of insurers and the independence of board of directors (finance committee) when insurers have excess cash holdings in the previous period.– Independent directors allow for more cash holding
to prevent underinvestment problem
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Hypotheses (cont.)
• H3: There is a non-positive association between the expenses of insurers and the independence of board of directors (finance committee) when insurers have excess cash holdings in the previous period.– Independent directors allow for more cash holding
to prevent underinvestment problem, but do not allow for more expenses
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Corporate Governance Control Variables: Board
Size
• There is a positive association between the board size of insurers and the level of insurers’ cash holdings – Reasons for less cash: more monitoring with a
large board (Jensen, 1993)
– Reasons for more cash: slow decision and not effective of a large board (Jensen, 1993); More expertise and avoidance of underinvestment problem
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Corporate Governance Control Variables (Duality)
• There is a positive association between the level of insurers’ cash holdings and CEO/Chairman Duality.– CEO/Chairman duality can control the information
made available to other board members because more power (Hambrick and Finelstein (1987)
– less monitoring more cash holdings– CEO/Chairman can consolidate the management
decisions and control struggle, thus, accelerate decision process (Harrison et al.). To avoid underinvestment by holding more cash.
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Corporate Governance Control Variables (Other Directorship)
• There is an association between the level of insurers’ cash holdings and additional directorships by directors.–More cash: busy board less monitoring
– Less cash: accumulating governance expertise better monitoring
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Corporate Governance Control Variables (Director Ownership)
• There is an association between the level of insurers’ cash holdings and stock ownership by directors.–Morck, Shleifer and Vishny (1998)– Alignment of interests (convergence-of-interest)
vs. self-interests– Ownership is small: Agency costs dominate
convergence-of-interest more cash– Ownership is large: Convergence-of-interest
dominate agency costs less cash– Non-linear relation
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Corporate Governance Control Variables (Diligence)
• There is a negative association between the level of insurers’ cash holdings and board of director diligence.–More meetings Better monitoring less cash
holdings
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Corporate Governance Control Variables (Finance Expertise)
• There is an association between the level of insurers’ cash holdings and percentage of directors with financial expertise
• When the % is small, cash holdings increase to prevent underinvestment problem as % of financial experts increase
• When the % is large, cash holdings decrease as % of financial experts increase. Directors have free rider problem do not wish to deal with underinvestment problem or easy way out
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Corporate Governance Control Variables (F. Committee Blockholders)• There is a non-linear association between the
level of insurers’ cash holdings and financial blockholders holdings.
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Data and Methodology (1)
• Sample: 1,939 stock property-casualty insurers U.S. firm-years
• Period : 1997-2001 (2006)
• Database : NAIC, A.M. Best and U.S. SEC EDGAR
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Variable definitions• Independence, Governance Expertise, Incentive, and
Diligence are related to the effectiveness of board of directors and finance committee
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Variable Predicted
Sign
H # Definitions/Descriptions
Cash Holdings
Ratio of insurer’s cash plus short-term investments to its total
invested assets
BD_Outside Director% +/+/- 1/2/3 % of outside directors (excluding affiliate directors) on the board
FC_Outside Director% +/+/- 1/2/3 % of outside directors on finance committee
Board Size + Number of the board directors
BD_Avg. # of Directorships ? Average number of directorship positions that board directors
hold in other firms’ boards
BD_CEO/Chair Duality ? One if the CEO is also the chair of the board, 0 otherwise
Board Director Ownership ? % of shares held by directors
Log(BD_# of Meetings) - Natural log of number of board meetings
FC_ % Expert ? % of directors with investment and financial matters oversight
responsibility on the finance committee, including chief
executive officer, chief financial officer, vice president of finance,
executives in the investment, investment banking, or
commercial banking industry, or financial consultants, all
categorized as having corporate financial management
experience
Table 1 Variable Definitions
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Table 1 Variable Definitions
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FC_5% Blockholder ? One if the firm has at least one outside blockholder on the finance
committee, where block is defined at the 5% ownership level, 0
otherwise
Institutional Ownership ? % of shares held by institutions
G-Index ? An index of shareholder rights developed by Gompers, Ishii, and
Metrick (2003)
Size - Natural log of total assets
Financial Strength - Best’s rating (0 = below B-; 1 = B, B-, 2 = B++, B+; 3 =A, A-; 4 = A++, A+)
Volatility of Cash Flows + The standard deviation of net cash flow from operation over the
previous five years
Duration of Liabilities - Estimated average duration of liabilities for the insurer
Leverage ? Ratio of the insurer’s total liabilities to total assets
M/B ratio + Ratio of the market value to book value of insurers’ assets
Non-Invested Assets + Ratio of the insurer’s total non-invested assets to its total assets
Common Stock - Ratio of the insurer’s common stock holdings to its total invested
assets
Firm Age + Natural log of the difference between firms’ ages and 5
Dividend - One if the insurer pays a cash dividend to stockholders in the year, 0
otherwise
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Summary StatisticsVariable Mean Median Std Dev Minimum MaximumCash Holdings 0.089 0.047 0.118 0.000 0.907BD_Outside Director% 0.604 0.625 0.218 0.000 0.938FC_Outside Director% 0.569 0.632 0.249 0.000 1.000Board Size 10.861 9.000 3.632 5.000 19.000BD_Avg. # of Directorships 1.893 2.188 1.037 0.000 3.750BD_CEO/Chair Duality 0.693 1.000 0.462 0.000 1.000Board Director Ownership 0.150 0.088 0.158 0.000 0.673Log(BD_# of Meetings) 1.554 1.609 0.436 0.000 2.773FC_ % Expert 0.630 0.600 0.199 0.000 1.000FC_5% Blockholder 0.132 0.000 0.339 0.000 1.000Institutional Ownership 0.337 0.250 0.271 0.000 0.926G-Index 2.868 3.000 1.470 0.000 8.000Size 18.984 18.912 1.681 15.361 24.389Financial Strength 3.400 3.000 0.640 0.000 4.000Volatility of Cash Flows 0.106 0.052 0.188 0.003 2.124Duration of Liabilities 2.281 2.294 0.618 0.665 4.957Leverage 0.574 0.641 0.202 0.005 0.972M/B Ratio 1.789 1.501 1.128 0.346 6.241Non-Invested Assets 0.159 0.118 0.138 0.000 0.926Common Stock 0.124 0.037 0.178 0.000 0.940Firm Age 3.105 3.135 1.035 0.000 5.333Dividend 0.455 0.000 0.498 0.000 1.000
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Results – Major
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Table 4: Regression analysis of the level of cash holdings and board and finance committee structureVariable
PredictedSign
Model 1w/o Board & FC
outsider
Model 2w/o FC outsider
Model 3w/o Board outsider
Colquitt, et al. (1999)
Intercept0.351(0.90)
0.386(0.99)
0.369(0.95)
Cash Holdingst-1
0.030(0.67)
0.031(0.68)
0.027(0.61)
BD_Outside Director%+
0.134(2.60)
*** 0.167(3.63)
***
FC_Outside Director%+
0.053(1.56)
0.098(3.15)
***
Board Size+
0.006(1.79)
* 0.007(2.19)
** 0.006(2.02)
**
BD_Avg. # of Directorships?
-0.015(-2.52)
** -0.012(-2.11)
** -0.015(-2.44)
**
Board Director Ownership+
0.596(3.43)
*** 0.570(3.28)
*** 0.530(3.04)
***
Board Director Ownership2 --0.733(-2.76)
*** -0.680(-2.57)
*** -0.626(-2.34)
**
Log(BD_# of Meeting)-
-0.023(-1.92)
* -0.023(-1.91)
* -0.020(-1.75)
*
FC_ % Expert+
0.259(1.89)
* 0.201(1.61)
* 0.284(2.08)
**
FC_ % Expert2 --0.235(-1.89)
* -0.195(-1.67)
* -0.252(-2.04)
**
FC_5% Blockholder?
-0.021(-1.56)
-0.025(-1.93)
* -0.021(-1.55)
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VariablePredicted
Sign
Model 1w/o Board & FC
outsider
Model 2w/o FC outsider
Model 3w/o Board outsider
Colquitt, et al. (1999)
BD_CEO/Chair Duality+
0.015(2.08)
** 0.015(2.10)
** 0.011(1.62)
*
Institutional Ownership?
-0.013(-0.41)
-0.025(-0.76)
-0.003(-0.10)
G-Index?
-0.006(-0.73)
-0.005(-0.69)
-0.005(-0.63)
Size-
0.016(1.28)
0.015(1.25)
0.016(1.33)
-0.0189(.0001)
***
Financial Strength-
-0.030(-2.08)
** -0.030(-2.10)
** -0.030(-2.11)
** -0.0180(.0001)
***
Volatility of Cash Flows+
-0.003(-0.15)
-0.004(-0.16)
0.002(0.11)
0.1333(.0351)
***
Duration of Liabilities-
-0.107(-3.35)
*** -0.108(-3.39)
*** -0.109(-3.36)
*** -0.0213(.0001)
***
Leverage?
-0.015(-0..28)
-0.018(-0.35)
-0.009(-0.16)
-0.0356(.0888)
*
M/B Ratio+
0.004(1.10)
0.004(1.16)
0.002(0.76)
0.0054(.5126)
Non-Invested Assets+
-0.042(-0.71)
-0.042(-0.71)
-0.046(-0.79)
0.0229(.4459)
Common Stock-
-0.263(-4.59)
*** -0.259(-4.58)
*** -0.265(-4.56)
*** -0.1753(.0001)
***
Firm Age+
0.054(2.80)
*** 0.054(2.82)
*** 0.055(2.79)
***
Dividend-
-0.009(-1.22)
-0.009(-1.32)
-0.009(-1.23)
Regression analysis of the level of cash holdings and board and finance committee structure (cont~)
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Regression analysis of the level of cash holdings and board and finance committee structure
VariablePredicted
Sign
Model 1with Board
& FC outsider
Model 2w/o FC outsider
Model 3w/o Board outsider
Colquitt, et al.
(1999)
Intercept
0.351(0.90)
0.386(0.99)
0.369(0.95)
Cash Holdingst-1
0.030(0.67)
0.031(0.68)
0.027(0.61)
BD_Outside Director%+
0.134(2.60)
*** 0.167(3.63)
***
FC_Outside Director%+
0.053(1.56)
0.098(3.15)
***
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Other Results
• Board size– Positively associated with the level of cash holdings.• Slow-decision process, or difficult to coordinate.• Or prevent underinvestment problem
• Duality– Positive• Self-interests• Prevent from underinvestment problem
• Avg. # of Directorship– Negative• More experience and accumulated expertise and better
monitoring
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Other Results
• Board ownership– Non-linear associated with the level of cash holdings• Inverse U shape
• # of meetings– Negative– Good monitoring
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Other Results
• Percentage of directors with finance expertise – Non-linear associated with the level of cash holdings• Inverse U shape
• Financial strength– Negative
• Duration of liabilility– Negative
• Common stock– Negative
• Firm Age– Positive
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Other Results
• Finance committee blockholder– Negatively associated with the level of cash
holdings• Agency costs reduction
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Table 5 Regression analysis of future growth and governance variables of interest (using Market-to-Book)
Variable Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Intercept -3.758(-2.64)
*** -4.084(-2.86)
*** -3.777(-2.65)
***
Excess Casht-1 -0.321(-0.97)
-0.309(-0.91)
0.005(0.02)
BD_Outside Director%t-1 1.985(5.71)
*** 1.281(4.51)
***
BD_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(positive) 0.609(0.22)
1.710(1.97)
**
BD_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(negative) 5.906(1.62)
-0.512(-0.47)
FC_Outside Director%t-1 -1.081(-4.11)
*** -0.353(-1.67)
*
FC_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(positive) 1.244(0.52)
1.403(1.85)
*
FC_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(negative) -6.688(-1.79)
* -1.132(-1.06)
Board Sizet-1 0.006(0.22)
0.012(0.43)
0.019(0.67)
BD_Avg. # of Directorshipt-1 0.048(1.50)
0.010(0.32)
0.066(2.04)
**
Board Director Ownershipt-1 6.368(5.67)
*** 7.128(6.32)
*** 5.568(4.97)
***
Board Director Ownership2t-1 -10.991
(-6.09)*** -12.498
(-6.84)*** -9.725
(-5.30)***
Log(BD_# of Meeting) -0.123(-1.92)
* -0.111(-1.70)
* -0.051(-0.86)
FC_ % Expertt-1 0.449(1.66)
* 0.750(2.85)
*** 0.520(1.84)
*
FC_5% Blockholdert-1 -0.119(-1.65)
* -0.072(-1.02)
-0.131(-1.84)
*
BD_CEO/Chair Dualityt-1 -0.125(-2.18)
** -0.141(-2.56)
*** -0.179(-3.29)
***
Institutional Ownershipt-1 0.366(1.47)
0.577(2.18)
** 0.526(1.99)
**
G-Indext-1 0.195(4.54)
*** 0.187(4.31)
*** 0.197(4.16)
***
Independent System 0.197(1.36)
0.201(1.38)
0.234(1.56)
Line_HHI 0.216(1.41)
0.210(1.35)
0.268(1.71)
*
State_HHI -0.125(-1.07)
-0.120(-1.01)
-0.109(-0.92)
Size 0.158(2.22)
** 0.176(2.47)
** 0.177(2.49)
***
Firm Age 0.410(2.77)
*** 0.399(2.65)
*** 0.453(3.06)
***
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Table 5 Regression analysis of future growth and governance variables of interest (using Market-to-Book)
Variable Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Intercept -3.758(-2.64)
*** -4.084(-2.86)
*** -3.777(-2.65)
***
Excess Casht-1 -0.321(-0.97)
-0.309(-0.91)
0.005(0.02)
BD_Outside Director%t-1 1.985(5.71)
*** 1.281(4.51)
***
BD_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(positive) 0.609(0.22)
1.710(1.97)
**
BD_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(negative) 5.906(1.62)
-0.512(-0.47)
FC_Outside Director%t-1 -1.081(-4.11)
*** -0.353(-1.67)
*
FC_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(positive) 1.244(0.52)
1.403(1.85)
*
FC_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(negative) -6.688(-1.79)
* -1.132(-1.06)
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Table 5 Regression analysis of future growth and governance variables of interest (using two years direct premium growth rate)
Variable Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Intercept 3.114(3.56)
*** 2.976(3.44)
*** 3.021(3.45)
***
Excess Casht-1 -0.186(-1.14)
-0.150(-0.94)
-0.147(-0.91)
BD_Outside Director%t-1 0.019(0.11)
-0.229(-1.59)
BD_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(positive) -0.819(-0.54)
0.978(1.66)
*
BD_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(negative) 2.585(1.25)
-0.691(-1.10)
FC_Outside Director%t-1 -0.333(-2.39)
** -0.281(-2.59)
***
FC_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(positive) 1.911(1.33)
1.055(1.89)
*
FC_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(negative) -3.359(-1.53)
-0.874(-1.3)
Board Sizet-1 0.018(2.04)
** 0.013(1.44)
0.019(2.14)
**
BD_Avg. # of Directorshipt-1 0.047(2.25)
** 0.040(1.88)
* 0.048(2.31)
**
Board Director Ownershipt-1 -0.726(-1.20)
-0.564(-0.95)
-0.664(-1.09)
Board Director Ownership2t-1 0.676
(0.69)0.301(0.31)
0.563(0.57)
Log(BD_# of Meeting) -0.023(-0.74)
-0.018(-0.60)
-0.023(-0.75)
FC_ % Expertt-1 -0.276(-2.73)
*** -0.201(-2.15)
** -0.274(-2.73)
***
FC_5% Blockholdert-1 0.063(1.43)
0.075(1.71)
* 0.062(1.41)
BD_CEO/Chair Dualityt-1 -0.039(-1.52)
-0.044(-1.75)
* -0.037(-1.51)
Institutional Ownershipt-1 -0.251(-1.79)
** -0.201(-1.49)
-0.255(-1.85)
*
G-Indext-1 0.009(0.38)
0.009(0.36)
0.008(0.34)
Independent System 0.045(0.81)
0.051(0.94)
0.046(0.83)
Line_HHI 0.198(1.75)
* 0.195(1.72)
* 0.198(1.75)
*
State_HHI -0.104(-1.33)
-0.105(-1.31)
-0.105(-1.34)
Size -0.176(-3.94)
*** -0.168(-3.80)
*** -0.172(-3.85)
***
Firm Age -0.020(-0.19)
-0.023(-0.22)
-0.025(-0.25)
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Table 5 Regression analysis of future growth and governance variables of interest (using two years direct premium growth rate)
Variable Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Intercept 3.114(3.56)
*** 2.976(3.44)
*** 3.021(3.45)
***
Excess Casht-1 -0.186(-1.14)
-0.150(-0.94)
-0.147(-0.91)
BD_Outside Director%t-1 0.019(0.11)
-0.229(-1.59)
BD_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(positive) -0.819(-0.54)
0.978(1.66)
*
BD_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(negative) 2.585(1.25)
-0.691(-1.10)
FC_Outside Director%t-1 -0.333(-2.39)
** -0.281(-2.59)
***
FC_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(positive) 1.911(1.33)
1.055(1.89)
*
FC_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(negative) -3.359(-1.53)
-0.874(-1.3)
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Table 6 Regression analysis of the impact of main governance variables of interest on the association between the excess cash holdings and salary expense divided by net premium written
Variable Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Intercept0.231
(1.89) * 0.267
(2.10) ** 0.267
(2.15)**
Excess Casht-1
0.077(1.70)
* 0.067(1.48)
0.62(1.45)
*
BD_Outside Director%t-1
0.036(1.00)
0.009(0.29)
BD_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(positive)
0.450(1.46)
-0.126(-1.12)
BD_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(negative)
-1.496(-1.68)
* -0.424(-2.17)
**
FC_Outside Director%t-1
-0.060(-2.95)
*** -0.074(-3.11)
***
FC_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(positive)
-0.597(-1.87)
* -0.133(-1.19)
FC_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(negative)
1.116(1.34)
-0.347(-2.09)
**
Board Sizet-1
0.004(2.02)
** 0.001(0.66)
0.003(1.86)
*
BD_Avg. # of Directorshipt-1
0.000(0.08)
0.005(-1.01 )
0.000(0.06)
Board Director Ownershipt-1
-0.055(-0.54)
-0.020(-0.18)
-0.126(-1.20)
Board Director Ownership2t-1
0.274(1.61)
0.206(1.14)
0.398(2.26)
**
Log(BD_# of Meeting)0.009
(1.28) 0.008
(1.18) 0.010(1.45)
FC_ % Expertt-1-0.011
(-0.56) 0.015
(0.81) -0.012(-0.57)
FC_5% Blockholdert-1
-0.011(-1.35)
-0.006(-0.76)
-0.011(-1.44)
BD_CEO/Chair Dualityt-1
-0.005(-1.04)
-0.006(-1.23)
-0.007(-1.43)
Institutional Ownershipt-1
-0.050(-2.18)
** -0.028(-1.23)
-0.044(-1.89)
*
G-Indext-1
-0.007(-1.75)
* -0.008(-2.00)
** -0.007(-1.74)
*
M/B Ratio0.004
(1.29) 0.005
(1.64) * 0.004
(1.58)
Commercial Line %-0.000
(-0.01) 0.000
(0.00) -0.005(-0.24)
Independent System-0.001
(-0.17) -0.003
(-0.05) -0.000(-0.06)
Line_HHI0.007
(0.32) 0.004
(0.17) 0.007(0.32)
State_HHI-0.031
(-2.21) ** -0.027
(-1.90) * -0.029
(-2.07)**
Size_DPW-0.010
(-1.86) * -0.010
(-1.94) ** -0.010
(-1.82)*
Firm Age0.012
(0.70) 0.011
(0.66) 0.015(0.91)
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Table 6 Regression analysis of the impact of main governance variables of interest on the association between the excess cash holdings and salary expense divided by net premium written
Variable Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Intercept
0.231(1.89)
* 0.267(2.10)
** 0.267(2.15)
**
Excess Casht-1
0.077(1.70)
* 0.067(1.48)
0.62(1.45)
*
BD_Outside Director%t-1
0.036(1.00)
0.009(0.29)
BD_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(positive)
0.450(1.46)
-0.126(-1.12)
BD_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(negative)
-1.496(-1.68)
* -0.424(-2.17)
**
FC_Outside Director%t-1
-0.060(-2.95)
*** -0.074(-3.11)
***
FC_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(positive)
-0.597(-1.87)
* -0.133(-1.19)
FC_Outside Director%t-1 x Excess Casht-1(negative)
1.116(1.34)
-0.347(-2.09)
**
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Additional test (1)
• We also examine the relation between other corporate governance variables and growth opportunity and between other corporate governance and variables and expenses. Our analyses of this section are similar to those of Tables 5 and 6.
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Conclusions
• The independence of boards of directors and the independence of finance committees are found to be positively associated with insurers’ level of cash holdings
• Independence of boards and finance committees is positively related to the actual growth of an insurer when it has excess cash
• Excess cash spent on advertising and salary expenses does not significantly increase with a higher proportion of outside directors on a board and outside members on a finance committee
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Policy Implication
• Our analysis suggests board and finance committee independence provide significant benefits to the insurers, benefits are:– Allowing managers to hold the higher level of cash to meet
future growth, yet effectively control managers’ discretionary expense spending
• These results support regulatory and listing requirements (NYSE, NASDAQ, SEC and SOX): – board and committee independence
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Thank you!
Questions?
Comments?