cornell psych 205: day05
TRANSCRIPT
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Chemical Senses
Lucretius - simulacranose, tongue, & vomeronasal organ
volatility, adsorbability, soluability
issues about primaries - sensory qualities
coding -labeled line (Mller)cross-fiber patterning
3 criteria1. physical mixtures of secondaries from
primaries (Newton)
2. receptor-specificity (M
ller)3. psychological/cultural salience
brain structures -triune brain - central core, limbic system, cortexrule of opposition (decussation)
flavor
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Lucretius (99-55 BCE)De Rerum Natura (On the nature of things)
objects exude likenesses of themselves (Epicurus -->simulacra), or copies
This occurs in all modalities (not just vision)
essentially correct in a way
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1. Taste
structures - papillae, buds, innervationpathway - chorda tympani
thalamus
insula, frontal operculumtheories - chemical, shape or valencecoding & primaries
salt - ionic, Na+ Cl-
sweet - large, organic AH,Bbitter - largesour - H+
anomalies - ageusia, hypogeusia, & supertasters
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the tongue
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exchange of axons
of receptors within
papillae
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enervation of tongue; cranial nerves (12 in all);
and taste pathway
olfactory nerve (1st cranial nerve)
optic nerve (2nd)trigeminal nerve (5th) touch, temperature, pain
from front of tongue
facial nerve (7th) --- taste, chorda tympani
vestibulocochlear (8th)glossopharyngeal (9th) touch, temperature, pain
from the back of tongue
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right hemisphere
left side oftongue
decussation
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theories - chemistry, shape, or valence (electrico-chemical)
coding - how are taste qualities coded ?Mller - separate receptors, separate neurons
labeled linessome other strategy?
primaries (Aristotle 4+, Fernel, 1581, 4+, etc.; rhwall, 1891, 4)
salt - ionic Na+ Cl-sweet - large, organic AH,B (3 gap)
bitter - largesour - ionic H+
umami - monosodium glutamateflavor enhancer (mild nerve toxin?)
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what are primaries?
3 Criteria used historically:
1. Physical mixing to make all secondaries Newton
2. Receptor specificity
physiological attunement-- labeled lines Mller
3. Cultural salience [Cutting]
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Primaries
salt -sweet -
bitter -sour -
Evidence formixture of all
other tastes: NONEis chocolate a combination of these?are anchovies and fresh fries combinations
of these?
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Primaries
salt -sweet -
bitter -sour -
Evidence forreceptorspecificity?
no labeled lines; Pfaffman, 1940sinstead, cross-fiber patternings
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Primariessalt - Romans offered salt to their gods
salt licks (Salzburg) and salt trade
condiments & royalty
sweet - sugar (17th-18th cent)
bitter - beer (?-19th cent), coffee (16th-18th cent)sour - acids (citrus fruits)
Evidence forculturalsalience
chocolate - 17th-18th century, today French eat 20 kg/yr
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anomalies -
ageusiainability to taste
hypogeusia
decreased abilityto taste
supertasters
above normalability to taste
(PROP)
(hypergeusia)
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18 individuals
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2.Olfactionstructures - turbinate bones, cribiform plate, olfactoryepithelium , olfactory bulbpathway - olfactory nerve (1st cranial nerve)
limbic system
olfractory & orbito-frontal cortexbut nondecussating
theories - chemical - vibrationalstereochemical (lock & key)
electrochemicalcoding & primaries
anomalies: anosmia, hypnosmia, specific anosmia
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3 also vastly interconnected
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1. nondecussating
2. does notgothrough thethalamus
3. also vastly interconnectedwith limbic system--amygdala& hippocampus (Proust)
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4. little memory decay;no short term/long termdistinction
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theories of olfactory stimulation (coding)
what produces the adequate stimulus?
chemical - vibrational
stereochemical - shape (lock & key)
electrochemical - ions
probably all correct to various degrees
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Primaries?
Zwaardemakers Odor Classification Scheme
1. Ethereal ethyl ether, chloroform, acetone
2. Aromatic camphor, cloves, menthol, mint3. Balsamic orange blossoms, lilac, vanilla
4. Amber/musk ambrosia --> fruit of the gods
5. Allicaceous garlic, hydrogen sulfide, iodine, onion
6. Burnt roasted coffee, tobacco smoke, tar7. Hircine goaty, sweat, cheese, cats urine
8. Repulsive some orchids, marigolds, bedbugs
9. Nauseous rotten meat, feces, vomit (sea sickness)
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Primaries?
1. Physical mixing to make all secondaries
not at all clear2. Receptor specificity
some based on molecular size and shape
(~1000 different receptor types?)
3. Cultural salienceyes --> camels breath
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anomalies:anosmia - inability to smell
hypnosmia - decreased ability to smell
specific anosmia - a smell-blindness toparticular odorants
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Individual Differences in Olfaction
National Geographic Smell Survey (1986)
scratch & sniff card with microencapsulated odorantsappeared in the September 1986 issue and was sent to
10.5 million subscribers.
Surveys were returned by 1.4 million readers; 200,000were excluded from outside the US; others because they wereyounger than 13.
Wysocki & Gilbert (1989)
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>1,100,000 people
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chronic nasal infection;
calcification of cribiformplate
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the storyof truffles
new
scale on
ordinate
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Social Functions of Olfaction
we sweat (1. cooling function, 2. eliminating waste)eccrine glands (2-3 million)
water, salts, urea, ammonia
(byproducts of protein breakdown)we produce odors through glands
in fossae (our pits) and on facehair acts as a wick for these substances
(maximize surface area while minimizing volume)
sebaceous glands --> sebum (thick, clear, oily secretion
rich in fatty acids)biological purpose : to waterproof fur (human scalp),largest at roots of silkiest hairsdormant until puberty --> acne
apocrine glands -->but secretions have no odor(more later)
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distribution of apocrine
glands, with apologies toMichelangelo
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Social Functions of Olfaction
link between odor and identity --> rodentsboars breath in humans - androstonone
through food in humans: in Mato GrassoDesana --> game huntersTapuya --> fisher peopleTukano --> farmers
vegetariansJapanese --> called Europeans bata kusai (stinks of butter)
Peoples of European and African ancestry havelarge collections of sebaceous glands
Peoples of Asian ancestry have little to none
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Social Functions of Olfaction
Angstgeruch - the smell of fearpalmar glands (not sebaceous or apocrine) of hands and feet
SkunksLophiomys - an African rodent of the Ruwenzoris
behavior like a skunk
odorless secretions that leave one dry-mouthed & dizzy(more later)
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Olfaction and other systems
link between odor and major histocompatibilitycomplexes (MHCs) -- chemical compoundsthat represent the structure of the immune system
a T-shirt study1.women rate men's T-shirts as more attractive with
maximally different MHCs2.women taking birth control pills rate men's T-shirts
as more attractive with maximally similar MHCs
rationale: vestige of our forebears
Lucretius -- we exude simulacra (immune systemlikenesses) of ourselves
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but is it truly Olfaction?
1st cranial nerve -- olfaction5th cranial nerve -- trigeminal
touch, pain, some aspects of the tongue
& vomeronasal organ
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Adolph Butenandtresearch on human hormones --> hormon Gr. to excite
forced to decline Nobel Prize, 1939
switched fields
The silkworm mothbombykol (Butenandt, 1959)
pheromones(coined by Karlson & Lscher, 1959)--> pherein Gr. to transfer
+ hormon
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Silkwormmoth
female
male
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Pheromones -communication of sexual and other informationby chemicals through the air
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3. Vomeronasal organ (animals)
Jacobsons organ
another chemical, epistemic channel
soluable, nonvolatile
--> nearly direct contact needed
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Vomeronasal organ(Jacobsons organ)
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Vomeronasal sensitivity
no odor quality, no smellprobable functional relation to apocrine glands
whose secretions are odorless
responses
babies hair - secretion of natural opiate (endorphins)that inhibits aggression
many aspects regarding sex & reproductionmenstrual synchrony, boars breath,
aspects MHC reception
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Chemical Senses
Lucretius - simulacra --> we exude copies of what we arenose, tongue, & vomeronasal organvolatility, adsorbability, soluability
issues about primaries - sensory qualitiescoding - labeled line (Mller) --> wrong for chemosenses
cross-fiber patterning --> correct for chemosenses3 criteria
1. physical mixtures of secondaries fromprimaries (Newton)
2. receptor-specificity (Mller) for chemosenses3. psychological/cultural salience --> most important
brain structures - ancient old newtriune brain - central core, limbic system, cortexrule of opposition (decussation) --> but not olfaction