corn soybean canola - nutriexperts.info 01/03 ismail cakmak... · ismail cakmak sabanci university,...
TRANSCRIPT
Topics Potassium and Magnesium for better
stem and root growth (and stress tolerance): A new concept ?
Seed Nutrients for better seed vitality and better human nutrition
Potassium in Photosynthesis and Phloem Export
Photosynthetic e-transport, formation of photoassimilates and phloem transport of assimilates are greatly affected by K and Mg nutrition
KMg
PhloemTransport
CO2H2O
O2Sugar
KMg
KMg
K and Mg in PHLOEM TRANSPORTK and Mg plays critical role in phloem transport of sugars
KMg Sugars
KMgKMg
Sugars
Sink
X Mg or K deficiency
Source
(tubers, roots, seeds)
(leaves)
Relationship between sucrose and potassium
concentrations in the expanded leaves of cotton plants
Gerardeaux et al., 2009, Plant Soil
Leaf K, mg g-1
Le
af
Su
cro
se
, m
g g
-1
Accumulation of sugars is also well-known for K- and Mg-deficient leaves
Cakmak et al., 1994b, J. Exp. Bot.
Velocity of 13Carbon-transport from leaves in the trunk of field-grown eucalypt trees
0,0
0,5
1,0
with irrigation without irrigation
Ve
loci
ty o
f C
-tra
nsp
ort
(m h
-1)
Adequate K Low K
Epron et al., 2015, Tree Physiol,
Velocity of 13Carbon-transport from leaves in the trunk of field-grown eucalypt trees
0,0
0,5
1,0
with irrigation without irrigation
Ve
loci
ty o
f C
-tra
nsp
ort
(m h
-1)
Adequate K Low K
Epron et al., 2015, Tree Physiol,
Think about K or Mg to make carbon transport faster in plants
Kanai et al., 2007 J Exp Bot. 2007
Stem DiameterAdequate K
Low K
Changes in stem diameter of tomato
plants with low and adequate K supply
Stem growth is highly sensitive to low K (more than photosynthesis under low K supply)
Adequate K
Low K
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
STEM DIAMETER
In Tomato Plants
Kanai et al., 2007 J Exp Bot. 2007
Stem growth is highly sensitive to low K
(more than photosynthesis )
0
25
50
75
100
Low K Adequate K
Dry
mat
tre
ral
loca
tio
n (
%) FRUITS
LEAF
STEM
ROOT
Dry matter allocation to fruit, root, stem and leaf parts from 40 to 50 DAE depending on K treatments in cotton plants
Gerardeaux et al 2010, Env. Exp. Bot
80ppm K40ppm K 160ppm K10ppm K5ppm K 20ppm K0ppm K
Growth of maize plants depending on increasing K supply
K Supply
Cakmak et al., 2017, in review
0
4
8
12
16
5 10 20 40 80 160
Tota
l Sh
oo
t D
W(g
pla
nt-1
)
K supply (mg kg-1 soil)
Total shoot dry matter production of 85-days-old maize plants depending on increasing K supply
Cakmak et al., 2017, in review
SHOOT DRY MATTER
0
1
2
3
4
5 10 20 40 80 160
Stem
DW
(gp
lan
t-1)
K supply (mg kg-1 soil)
Stem dry matter production of 85-days-old maize plants depending on increasing K supply
Cakmak et al., 2017, in review
i) Current photosynthesis and
translocation of current
assimilates from leaves
ii) Mobilization of stored Water
Soluble Carbohytrates (WSC)
from stems
Blum et al., 1998; Cassani and Reynolds, 2012
stem reserves
from leaves
maxpixel.freegreatpicture.com/Wheat
Grain filling in wheat and many other crops depends on two major sources of carbon:
If the current photosynthesis is impaired by
stress, such as drought or heat, grain filling
is more dependent on mobilization and
translocation of stored WSC in stem
maxpixel.freegreatpicture.com/
WSC (water solublecarbohytrates) in stem
Stem reserves
10-20 %
Non-Stress Conditions
50-70 %
Stress ConditionsDrought/Heat
Dreccer et al., 2009; Cakmak et al. 2017
Contribution of stem-water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) to final grain yield
10-20 %
Non-Stress Conditions
50-70 %
Stress ConditionsDrought/Heat
Dreccer et al., 2009; Cakmak et al. 2017
Contribution of stem-water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) to final grain yield
Remember K and Mg
Relationship between main stem dry weight and water-
soluble carbohydrate content (WSC) in different wheatcultivars during grain-filling
Ehdai et al 2008, Field Crops Res.
WSC
, mg
Stem Weight, mg
Gang-Ping Xue et al. Plant Physiol. 2008, 146:441-454
Relationships between Stem-WSC concentration and
grain weight or grain yield in different wheat lines.
GRAIN WEIGHT GRAIN YIELD
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
0 10 20 30 40 50
Ste
mD
W a
nd
Ste
mW
SC
(g m
ain
sp
ike-1
)
Days of anthesis
Stem DW
Stem WSC
Postanthesis changes in stem dry weight and stem water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) in 11 wheat cultivars
Ehdai et al., 2008 Field Crops Res.
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
0 10 20 30 40 50
Gra
inyi
eld
, Ste
mD
W a
nd
Ste
mW
SC (g
mai
n s
pik
e-1
)
Days of anthesis
Grain yield
Stem DW
Stem WSC
Ehdai et al., 2008 Field Crops Res.
Postanthesis changes in stem dry weight, stem water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and grain yield in 11 wheat cultivars
i) better photosynthesis during post-anthesis(for delivery to grain)
iii) High pool for pre-anthesis reserves
Good K (and Mg) nutrition under stress (such as drought and heat) is required for
ii) phloem transport of assimilates from stems and /or leaves
Cakmak et al., 2017, in review
Carbohydrate storage capacity of stem and translocation of carbohydrates into grain significantly contribute to high yield stability
under stress conditions: K Nutrition!!!!
0
1
2
3
4
5 10 20 40 80 160
Stem
DW
(gp
lan
t-1)
K supply (mg kg-1 soil)
Stem dry matter production of 85-days-old maize plants depending on increasing K supply
Cakmak et al., 2017, in review
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
5 10 20 40 80 160
Car
bo
hyd
rate
(mg
pla
nt-1
)
K supply (mg kg-1 soil)
Total amount of stem soluble sugars in 85-days-old maize plants depending on increasing K supply
Cakmak et al., 2017, in review
Seed reserves of nutrients represent a key factor
affecting positively seed germination, seedling
emergence and uniformity of the emergence in the
field and final yield of plants.
Well-known positive impact of larger seeds on
seedling vigor and field establishment is often
attributed to higher amount of seed nutrient density.
Today, little attention is, however, paid to the
importance of seed nutrient reserves in practical
agriculture
INTRODUCTION
Published reports indicate that plants need most of their total P requirements (up to 75 %) during their early growth stage.
Very early season P supply is more critical in achievement better yields than the supply of P at later growth stages (Grant et al 2001, Can. J. Plant Sci. 81: 211-224).
These findings highlight importance of seed P-reserves
Seed P-Treatment Low P Soil High P Soil
(mg P g-1 seed)
0 1.23 3.62
15.5 1.63 3.68
46.5 1.88 3.99
77.5 2.24 4.30
(g plant-1)
Effect of seed coating with increasing amount of P (from 0
to 77.5 mg P per gram seed) on shoot dry matter of pearl
millet grown in a P-deficient and P-sufficient soil
Karanam and Vadez, 2010,
Exp. Agric. 46: 457-469
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0 10 50 100
Shoo
t Dry
Wei
ght,
g p
lant
-1
P concentration ofsoaking solution (g L-1)
Shoot dry weight of wheat plants derived from
seeds which were soaked in a solution containing
increasing amount of P
Sekiya and Yano, 2010,
Plant Soil, 327: 347-354
Ideal P-Solution: 50 g K-phosphate per liter (0.35 M K-Phosphate solution)
Enrichment of legume seeds with
phosphorus and molybdenum and yield
Legume plants depending on biological N2 fixation
for their N supply require more P and Mo than plants
receiving fertilizer N, since the reduction of atmospheric
N2 by the nitrogenase system is a very energy-
consuming process, and more Mo and P are needed for
symbiotic N fixation than for general plant metabolism
(Israel, 1987, Plant Physiol, 84:835-840;
“Nodules act as strong sinks of Mo and P”
Grain yield of three common bean cultivars originating from seeds with different concentrations of P and Mo.
(Plants grown under field conditions in Brazil)
Pacheco et al. 2012, FieldCrops Rs. 136: 97-106
Seed enrichment by 2x sprays of 5 kg P ha−1 and 120 g Mo ha−1
Young legume plants also often suffer from obvious
or hidden N deficiency when grown in acidic soils
or in soils with low inorganic N and organic matter.
It is very common that legumes are rarely or at
very low rates fertilized with N because N2-fixation
process provides sufficient N for high yields.
However, N2-fixation system is fully established 4–5
weeks after germination. During this period seed
N reserves might be of great importance.
N Deficiency in Legume Seedlings and
Seed N Reserves
Seed N andSeedling Growth
Relationship between seed N content and seedling dry weight of 16 soybean lines after 27 days of growth
without an external N supply
Naegle et al 2005, Plant and Soil, 271: 329-340
When N supply is adequate
When N supply is inadequate
Dry weight of isogenic soybean seedlings differing in seed N concentrations
Naegle et al 2005, Plant and Soil, 271: 329-340
Low N: 5.5 %; Medium N: 6.3 %; High N: 7.4 %
Marschner , 2012
Distribution of B within the shoot of canola with increasing B application to the soil.
Boron
Leaves
Seeds
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Low B Soil Adequate B Soil
Gra
in y
ield
(kg
/ha)
Seed-B: 7 ppm Seed-B: 23 ppm
Effect of seed-B and soil-B status on soybean
grain yield under field conditions
Rerkasem et al., 1997, Nutr. Cyc. Agroecosystems, 48: 217-223
Soybean seeds with B concentrations 10 mg B kg-1 have
deformed cotyledons. Seed with 7 mg B kg-1 performed
poorly, with 80% failing to germinate and did not
respond to soil B supply.
Soybean seeds with a low concentration of B have
permanently damaged seed embryos, preventing their
germination or producing defective seedlings.
The critical concentration of B in soybean seed for
permanent damage was between 7 and 10 mg B kg-1,
and for normal seedling development in low B soils was
between 14 and 20.
Staining and Localization of Zinc in
Wheat Grain -Dithizone Test
EMBRYO
ENDOSPERM (White flour)
ALEURONE
ALEURONE
Cakmak et al., 2010;
Cereal Chemistry,
77: 10-20
Zinc in Germinating Wheat Seed
Staining Zn
Ozturk et al., 2006, Physiol. Plant. 128:144-152
Zn Concentrations: mg Zn kg–1
Parts emerging from seeds need
very high Zn
Root
Coleoptile
(Red color)
Newly developed radicles (roots) and coleoptile
during seed germination contain up to 200 ppm
Zn (Ozturk et al. 2006, Physiol. Plant.) which
indicates particular roles of Zn during early seed
germination and seedling development.
High seed Zn in seeds acts as a “starter Zn fertilizer”
Candan and Cakmak, unpublished
Role of Seed Zn on Growth of Wheat Plants in a Growth Medium with low Zn supply
Seed-Zn: 9 ppm
Seed-Zn: 20 ppm
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Zhongyou Narendra CSIRO-I
Sh
oo
t d
ry m
att
er
(mg
pla
nt-
1)
Low seed Zn 21-26 ppm
50-53 ppm
Shoot dry matter production of 3 canola
cultivars with low and high seed Zn
Canola CultivarsSingh and Graham,1997, Plant and Soil, 192: 191-197
High seed-Zn
Source: Ekiz et al., 1998, J. Plant Nutr.
11 mg Zn kgseed-1
45 mg Zn kgseed-1
23 mg Zn kgseed-1
Influence of Seed Zn Content on Growth of Bread Wheat in a Zinc-Deficient Soil in Central Anatolia
Seed Zn: 26 ppm
Seed Zn: 43 ppm
Role of High Seed-Zn on Wheat Seedling Development in Pakistan
Picture: A. Rashid et al. 2017
Effect of Ni Concentrations in Barley
Grain on Grain Viability/Germination
Welch, 1999, In: Mineral Nutrition of Crops. Fundemental Mechanisms and Implictions, FoodProducts Press)
Barley seeds
containing
negligible Ni failed
to germinate
adequately
Role of seed Ni on growth of soybean plants with and without external Ni applications
Kutman et al., 2014, Plant and Soil,
Low Mg Adequate Mg
Wheat Grains from plants with low and adequate MgSO4 treatment
Ceylan et al. 2016, Plant Soil
Wheat Grains under Different MgSO4 Treatments
Seeds from Mg-Adequate plants
Seeds from low Mg plants
Seeds from low Mg plants; but treated
foliarly with MgSO4
Ceylan et al. 2016, Plant Soil
Seeds with Low Mg
Seeds with Low Mg+Foliar MgSO4
Seeds with Adequate Mg
Ceylan et al., 2016, Plant Soil
Mg deficiency: A growing nutritional problem in
human populationsAbout two thirds of the world’s population do not consume the daily
recommended amounts of magnesium (Rosanoff, 2013). There is also a
significant decline in Mg concentrations of cereal grains, mainly due to
dilution as a result of particular increases in grain yield in the past 50-60
years.
Too much Ca intake is also involved in alterations in Mg balance of body,
leading to impairment in Mg nutrition (Cakmak, 2015; Rosanof et al. 2016;
Crop and Pasture Science).
Low Mg in body might be responsible for sudden cardiac death, muscle
dysfunction, immunodeficiency, stroke etc (Rude and Gruber 2004; Nielsen,
2015).
Rosanoff, 2013; http://www.ancient-minerals.com/magnesium-deficiency
RDA: Recommended Dietary Allowance
MgSO4 SupplyGrain Mg
ConcentrationGrain Mg Content
mg kg-1 mg plant-1
Low 607 a 11.3 a
Low + Foliar Mg 790 b 22.3 a
Adequate 1426 c 50.7c
Grain concentration and content (total uptake)of bread wheat plants grown with i) low (50 μM), ii)low + foliar-Mg(50 μM + 4% MgSO4·7H2O) or iii) adequate (500 μM) Mg undergreenhouse conditions
Ceylan et al., 2016, Plant Soil
• 5.9 million children under the age of 5
died in 2015. About 45% of all child
deaths are linked to malnutrition
• Hidden Hunger is the major form of
malnutrition
Media Centre: January, 2016
Iodine (I) deficiency represents a particular micronutrient deficiency in human populations occurring both in well-developed and developing countries. It is a serious health threat and affecting around 2 billion people (WHO, 2007).
Very low concentration of iodine in agricultural soils and cereal-based foods is widely believed as the major reason for iodine deficiency in humans, especially in developing world.
Europe has been shown as the region with the highest percentage of iodine deficiency incidence in human populations (Zimmermann and Andersson, 2011).
Iodine (I) deficiency
Iodine Deficiency in School Children
Based on urinary iodine data collected from the school children it has been estimated that about 1/3 of school children has insufficient iodine intake in the world (De Benosit et al, 2007; Anderson et al., 2012).
Inadequate iodine intake is still a growing health concerntoday. This is due to a number of factors, includingconstraints in availability of iodized salts for all households,instability of iodine during storage or cooking, lack ofmonitoring of iodine content in iodized salts, foodmanufacturers not using iodized salt in processed foods orthe increasing attention to minimize the daily sodiumintake.
About 50 % of the human population living in rural areasof several developing countries do not use iodized salt (Ziaet al., 2015).
Iodine deficiency is associated with various health complications including endemic goiter, intellectual and mental impairments, growth retardation, and increased infant mortality (Zimmerman, 2009; Lazarus, 2015).
People with low iodine intake can become dull, listless and easily
get tired
Iodine Deficiency Disorders: GoitreIodine Deficiency Disorders: Goitre
Effectiveness of soil- and foliar-applied iodine fertilizers on grain iodine concentrations of wheat, rice and maize grown under field conditions in Turkey, India, Thailand, Brazil and Pakistan was studied.
In a short-term experiment, translocation of iodine from older into younger leaves was also studied.
Additionally, the distribution of iodine within cereal grains and stability of iodine in foods were investigated
Field experiments conducted to study effect of iodine fertilization on grain iodine
Cakmak et al, 2017, Plant and Soil
0
100
200
300
400
0 0.013 0.032 0.065 0.129
Gra
in io
din
e (
µg
kg-1
)
KIO3 spray rate (%)
Brazil
Changes in iodine concentration of brown rice depending on foliar KIO3 treatment of plants grown in Brazil
Collaboration with Federal University of University
Control Foliar iodine treatment
Iod
ine
(mg
kg-1
)
0
10
200
300
400
500
600
Brown rice
Polished rice
Iodine concentration in brown and polished rice with and without foliar iodine spray in rice in Turkey
Cakmak et al, 2017, Plant Soil
Zn Fe Iodine Se
Plant (mg kg-1) (mg kg-1)
Wheat Control 28 30 6 5
Wheat Cocktail 70 47 729 428
Rice Control 19 10 11 63
Rice Cocktail 27 10 84 199
Foliar
Treatment(µg kg-1) (µg kg-1)
Response of wheat and rice to cocktail spray of iodine, zinc, iron and selenium
Cakmak et al., 2017, in review
Iodine Biofortification of Rice
No I-Treatment
10 ug/kg
Iodinebifortified rice
Iodine Concentration Iodine Concentration
106 ug/kg