CORN PRODUCTION

& CORN PESTS OF

BRUNEI

DARUSSALAM

Crop Protection Unit

Entomology Lab

Brunei Agricultural Research Centre

Department of Agriculture

Brunei Darussalam.

Sweet Corn in Brunei DarussalamSweet Corn in Brunei DarussalamSweet Corn in Brunei DarussalamSweet Corn in Brunei DarussalamSweet Corn in Brunei DarussalamSweet Corn in Brunei DarussalamSweet Corn in Brunei DarussalamSweet Corn in Brunei Darussalam

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Sweet corn is one of the most important cash crops in Brunei Darussalam. It ranks 1st in arable crops in term of quantity as well as market values as well. Statistic issued by Brunei Agriculture Department shows that total consumptions was about 450 mt in 2006.

Sweet corn in Brunei Darussalam is mainly for human consumption. Besides fresh, steaming and grilled, sweet corn is also marketed as chilled, kernel and mixed vegetables.

With rapidly increasing demand, as a result of significant increase in popularity of delicious taste modern sweet corn variety supported by government incentives on agricultural inputs as well as infrastructure development and attractive farm gate price, there has been an increase in numbers of farmers growing this crop.

As our Government endeavors through the Department of Agriculture Department to meet these requirements, every initiative has been taken to support the corn planting program. These include providing subsidies of quality hybrid seed and other agricultural inputs as well as advisory services on crop technology, pest and disease management.

The yellow flint sweet corn is commercially grown in Brunei Darussalam. Sweet corn farmers grow up to four crops a year. Brunei-Muara District has the highest production of sweet corn. Cropping season is all year round where sweet corn commands higher price at harvest time.

In recent years the production of sweet corn is increasing because of expansion of the areas planted. Thus import is reduced gradually. It is envisaged that, Brunei Darussalam will attaining self sufficiency in the near future.

LOCAL PRODUCTION OF CORN LOCAL PRODUCTION OF CORN LOCAL PRODUCTION OF CORN LOCAL PRODUCTION OF CORN LOCAL PRODUCTION OF CORN LOCAL PRODUCTION OF CORN LOCAL PRODUCTION OF CORN LOCAL PRODUCTION OF CORN

370,455

($532,609)

145,694

($303,402)

97,096

(B$171,582)

Sweet CornSweet Corn

( kg )( kg )

4239

($12,270)

34,493

(B$131,191)

17,323

(B$56,758)Young CornYoung Corn

( kg )( kg )

200620062005200520042004

Table 1

IMPORTATION CORNIMPORTATION CORNIMPORTATION CORNIMPORTATION CORNIMPORTATION CORNIMPORTATION CORNIMPORTATION CORNIMPORTATION CORN

315373370

Grain Corn

(Animal feed)

( mt )

126,081

(B$107,798)

248,535

(B$185,724)

379,378

(B$340,532)Sweet Corn

( kg )

75,565

(B$223,341)

74,212

(B$210,361)

116,181

(B$279,648)Young Corn

( kg )

200620062005200520042004

Table 2

Area Planted With Sweet CornArea Planted With Sweet CornArea Planted With Sweet CornArea Planted With Sweet CornArea Planted With Sweet CornArea Planted With Sweet CornArea Planted With Sweet CornArea Planted With Sweet Corn

283 %

51 %

% Increase% Increase% Increase% Increase% Increase% Increase% Increase% Increase

( based on 2004 )( based on 2004 )( based on 2004 )( based on 2004 )( based on 2004 )( based on 2004 )( based on 2004 )( based on 2004 )

48.72006

19.22005

12.72004

Hectare (ha)Hectare (ha)Hectare (ha)Hectare (ha)Hectare (ha)Hectare (ha)Hectare (ha)Hectare (ha)YearYearYearYearYearYearYearYear

Table 3

C 56 Malaysia

New Jean

1357 Bright Jean

Honey Jean .No : 2 & 3

Known Your

Seed

Taiwan

Sweet Jean ( yellow/white )

VarietiesVarietiesVarietiesVarietiesVarietiesVarietiesVarietiesVarietiesCOUNTRY

Table 4 POPULAR VARIETIES OF SWEET POPULAR VARIETIES OF SWEET POPULAR VARIETIES OF SWEET POPULAR VARIETIES OF SWEET POPULAR VARIETIES OF SWEET POPULAR VARIETIES OF SWEET POPULAR VARIETIES OF SWEET POPULAR VARIETIES OF SWEET

CORNCORNCORNCORNCORNCORNCORNCORN

Pest Control MethodsPest Control MethodsPest Control MethodsPest Control MethodsPest Control MethodsPest Control MethodsPest Control MethodsPest Control Methods

Effective use of pesticides and good quality seed as well as good farm management are recommended for pest and disease prevention and control.

Insect Pest at Various Development Insect Pest at Various Development Insect Pest at Various Development Insect Pest at Various Development Insect Pest at Various Development Insect Pest at Various Development Insect Pest at Various Development Insect Pest at Various Development

Phases of Sweet CornPhases of Sweet CornPhases of Sweet CornPhases of Sweet CornPhases of Sweet CornPhases of Sweet CornPhases of Sweet CornPhases of Sweet Corn

1. Sowing to germinating.

2. Vegetative to flowering stages.

3. Tasseling and cob setting.

4. Harvesting.

White GrubsWhite GrubsWhite Grubs

Army WormArmy WormArmy Worm

Cut WormCut WormCut Worm

Leaf HooperLeaf HooperLeaf Hooper

ThripsThripsThrips

Thrips Parvispinus

Phlaeothripidae. Hoplothrips

Thrips Palmi

Insect Pest Infestation PhaseInsect Pest Infestation PhaseInsect Pest Infestation PhaseInsect Pest Infestation PhaseInsect Pest Infestation PhaseInsect Pest Infestation PhaseInsect Pest Infestation PhaseInsect Pest Infestation Phase

√Monoctenocera brachiella Hamps

√√√Heliothis armigera

√√√Ostrinia furnacalis

Ostrinia salentialis snell

√√Dactylispa balyi

√Atherigona sp.

√√Agrotis sp.

44332211

Sweet Corn Development PhaseSweet Corn Development PhaseSweet Corn Development PhaseSweet Corn Development PhaseSweet Corn Development PhaseSweet Corn Development PhaseSweet Corn Development PhaseSweet Corn Development Phase

Table 5

LIST OF PATHOGENS RECORDED ON LIST OF PATHOGENS RECORDED ON LIST OF PATHOGENS RECORDED ON LIST OF PATHOGENS RECORDED ON LIST OF PATHOGENS RECORDED ON LIST OF PATHOGENS RECORDED ON LIST OF PATHOGENS RECORDED ON LIST OF PATHOGENS RECORDED ON ZeaZeaZeaZeaZeaZeaZeaZea maysmaysmaysmaysmaysmaysmaysmays

IN BRUNEI DARUSSALAMIN BRUNEI DARUSSALAMIN BRUNEI DARUSSALAMIN BRUNEI DARUSSALAMIN BRUNEI DARUSSALAMIN BRUNEI DARUSSALAMIN BRUNEI DARUSSALAMIN BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

Leafstripe; the most commonest disease in the crop.

Only requires control where crops are grown in

succession for seed multiplication.

Cochliobulus heterostrophus

(conidial Drechslera maydis)

On necrotic leaves.Cochliobolus geniculatus

(Curvularia state)

Found on blighted leaves.Cladosporium oxysporum

Leaf blight, first recorded on maize imported illegally

from Japan.Cercospora fusimaculans

On blighted leaves.Botryodiplodia theobromae

Found on dead seeds.Aspergillus flavus

Common leaf speckle.Apiospora camptospora

(Pteroconium state)

Occasional strong growth gives the appearance of a

sooty mould on leaves.Alternaria longissima

Minute leaf spot and leaf necrosis.Acremonium sp.

RemarksRemarksPathogenPathogen

Table 6

Occasional top stalk rot causing collapse of

plants.

Gibberella fujikuroi

(Fusarium moniliforme)

Although common on rice in brunei this is the

only record of the fungus on maize in the state

and also from the same material from Japan.

Corticium sasaki

Associated with leaf stripes.Curvularia eragrostidis

Has caused serious blight of young seedlings

under waterlooged conditions.Curvularia leonensis

On dead leaves.Curvularia pallescens

On necrotic leaves.Curvularia sp.

Associated with leaf spots.Didymosphaeria sp.

Associated with cob rots.Fusarium equiseti

On dead leaves.Fusarium semitectum

Found in rotten stems.Fusarium oxysporum

RemarksRemarksPathogenPathogen

Minor leaf spot.Septoria zeicola

Occasional leaf spot, usually at the leaf tips.Leptosphaeria michotii

Occasional collar rot.Macrophomina phaseolina

On rotten cobs.Nigrospora oryzae

On rotten cobs.Nigrospora sphaerica

Common on blighted leaves.Pestalotiopsis versicolor

Minor leaf spotting.Phaeotrichoconis crotalariae

Minor leaf spot.Phoma sorghina

Occasional outbreaks of seedling rot under wet

conditions.Pythium vexans

Rust, quite common but has never been damaging,

usually coming in when the crop is nearing

maturity.

Puccinia polysora

RemarksRemarksPathogenPathogen

Only recorded once.Setosphaeria turcica (Drechslera state)

Occasional stalk rot causing collapse of plants,

losses can be 10%-15%.Thanatephorus cucumeris

On rotting seeds.Trichoderma sp.

Common smut, found once on two plants in

1978.Ustilago maydis

Found on necrotic leaves along with other

fungi.Xylaria sp.

In wet weather losses of 15-20% occur

through bacterial stalk rot. Removal and

burning of infected material plus copper

spraying is ameliorative.

Erwinia carotovora

Rarely seen.Maize streak virus

RemarksRemarksPathogenPathogen

COMMONLY USED PESTICIDES FOR COMMONLY USED PESTICIDES FOR COMMONLY USED PESTICIDES FOR COMMONLY USED PESTICIDES FOR COMMONLY USED PESTICIDES FOR COMMONLY USED PESTICIDES FOR COMMONLY USED PESTICIDES FOR COMMONLY USED PESTICIDES FOR

SWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORN

III

II

III

II

III

II

Pycethroid

Organophosphate

Pyrethroid

Organopphosphates

Organopphosphates

Carbamate

3) Insecticides

Cypermethrin

Fenthion

Lamda-Cyhalothrin

Lebaycid

Malathion

Carbaryl

IV

IV

IV

IV

Benzimidazole

Phthalimide

Dithiocarbamate

Thiocarbamate

2) Fungicides

Benomyl

Captan

Maneb

Mancozeb

II

IV

IV

III

Phenoxy

Organophosate

1) Herbicides

2, 4-D Amine

Glyfosinate

Glyphosate

Glypfosinate Ammonium

WHO Hazard LevelWHO Hazard LevelChemical FamilyChemical FamilyActive IngredientsActive Ingredients

Table 7

LISTS OF INSECT PESTS ON LISTS OF INSECT PESTS ON LISTS OF INSECT PESTS ON LISTS OF INSECT PESTS ON LISTS OF INSECT PESTS ON LISTS OF INSECT PESTS ON LISTS OF INSECT PESTS ON LISTS OF INSECT PESTS ON

SWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORNSWEET CORN

Infestation may occur at plant

emergence. Spray to the soil at base

of the plant if losses causing concern.

Mole cricket

(Gryllotalpa africana)

Spray when aphids are present in

large number usually 3 to 4 weeks

after transplanting.

Aphids

(Rhopalosiphum maidis)

Spray from plant emergence up to 4

leaf stage where the pests is likely to

be a problem.

Dipterous Borer

(Silba sp.,

Anterigona sp.)

Spray from 6 to 7 leaf stage when first

instar larva are found on terminal

shoot.

Stem & Cob Borer

(Ostrinia furnacalis)

Sweet CornSweet Corn

REMARKSREMARKSINSECTSINSECTSCROPSCROPS

Table 8