cork street survey & analysis part1

Middle School 2014/2015

School of Architecture

University College Dublin

This publication is the result of a survey and site investigation of Cork Street in Dublin which was undertaken by students of the Middle School in UCD School of Architecture. Site surveys were carried out

through various media; including photography, sketches, video, map investigation and measurements recorded on site

The information here in was compiled as a reference tool for students to use in their upcoming design project based on the site.

November 2014

CORK STREET

12

Survey and Analysis

CONTENTS

Historical Development..................................7

City Area Plan at 1:10,000............................23

Urban Strategic Context................................33

Character Study & Sense of Place..................49

Infrastructure, Planning and Zoning.............55

Street Elevations at 1:500..............................61

Neighbourhood Sections at 1:500.................75

Context Model at 1:1000..............................95

City Quarter Relief Model at 1:2500...........101

Site A Survey................................................107

Site A Model 1:200.....................................127

Site B Survey................................................133

Site B Model 1:200.....................................151

Site C Survey...............................................157

Site C Model 1:200.....................................181

Seeing Cork Street.......................................187

Acknowledgements.....................................193

City Neighbourhood

CONTENTS

HISTORICALDEVELOPMENT

Matthew BeckAileen CrowleyEmma Cooney

Aoife-Marie Buckley6RÀD�2·+DOORUDQ

Frank Devlin

HISTORICALDEVELOPMENT

7

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12

1610

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John Speed Map 1610 John Speed Map

Origins

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Textiles

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Origins

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Architecture

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Origins

• Cork street was the ancient route way connecting Dublin to the west of Ireland.• The road was originally named “Slighe Dala” but later renamed Cork street in honour of the first Earl of Cork• The street lay outside the cities walls in an unprotected area known as “The Liberties” (because the dwellers did not pay tax to the king in return for protection) it acted as an important entry way to the city and its markets.• Originally farmland the area was settled by weavers and tanners. “Weavers Square”

Textiles

• Huguenots fleeing persecution in France from the “Sun King” Louis XIV settled in the area and began a prosperous Silk industry.• English wool weavers came to the area in the mid 1600s and created a powerful manufacturing centre.• The Wool industry was incredibly successful and in 1699 the British Government passed the “Woolen Act” banning the export of irish wool.

Architecture

• The rapid expansion of the city in the late 1500s prompted the construction of a maso- nary gate outpost for protection and taxing.• Late seventeenth- and early eighteenth- century Dutch Billys (named after William III) were characteristic of the area. This Anglo-Dutch architecture is commonly attributed to Dutch and Flemish immigrants fleeing the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685, however building of these houses in Dublin predates 1685.• No Dutch Billys remain in the area today.

1756

11

John Rocque Map

The Tenter-Fields

• Cork Street was a place of industry, namely woollen manufacture and silk weaving known as the “Tenterfields”.• Tenters are large wooden frames used in the process of making wool.• The material had to be dried carefully on tenters and left to dry outside.• The wet cloth was stretched on these wooden frames using tenterhooks. Entire fields of tenters became common in Cork Street due to the mass production of wool.

Dublin in the 18th Century

• 1700 - Dublin had a population of 60,000. Conditions improve for middle and upper classes. Still a great deal of poverty present in the Liberities.• Early 18th Century - Dublin grew rapidly in this period. Many new streets, hospitals, libraries and other significant buildings were built.• 1740 - 1741 - Irish Famine• 1756 – John Rocque’s Map of Dublin• 1757 - Act passed by Irish government to widen the streets of Dublin.• 1759 - Guiness first brewed.• 1770 - The foundations of Meath Hospital were laid.• 1775 - Revival of Industry - Importation of Spanish wool into Ireland - 1798 - Rebellion by the United Irishmen• 1801 - Act of Union - Ireland ruled from London.

Weaver’s Hall

• Cork Street was driven by wool manufacture and the silk weavng industry.• In 1682 a weaver’s hall was built by the Weaver’s Guild in the Lower Coombe Area. - From this headquarters, labourers carried out their craft.• In 1745 a new weaver’s hall was financed by a Huguenot, David Digges La Touche.• In 1965 the hall was demolished.

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1836

13

Baldwin & Cradock Map

Cork Street Fever Hospital

Opened in 1804 by the Quakers on a field on almost 3 acres• Built to care for the diseased neighborhood and to prevent further infection.• Large extension added in 1814, the hospital could then hold 240 beds• In 1815 the mortality rate in the hospital had declined to 1 in 20 (from 1 in 11 in 1804). - The hospital had to cope with Dublin’s six typhus epidemics in the 18th century• The hospital was extended in 1817–1819 to help cope with another national epidemic.• Another typhus epidemic hit Dublin in 1826. 10,000 people were treated for the infection. It was so overcrowded that tents were erected in the grounds.• In 1832 there was another cholera epidemic the dead were buried nearby in Bully’s Acre - In 1953 the Cherry Orchard Hospital in Ballyfermot replaced the old Cork St. hospital, which was renamed Brú Chaoimhín and used as a nursing home• The Fever Hospital today is known as Brú Caoimhín, an old people’s home run by the Eastern Health Board

Dublin Tram Lines

• Both the Rialto and Glasnevin lines passed through Dolphins Barn (lower cork street). • The Rialto line opened in 1876 and the Glasnevin line in 1905. • The Rialto line was electrified in 1899• Both lines were then closed in 1939 after Dublins tram services rapidly decreased in popularity.

Dublin in the mid 1800s

• In 1851 the population of Dublin was 740,590.• The Great Famine affected the majority of country people in 1845, population of Ireland dropped from 8,196,597 in 1841 to 6,574,278 in 18• The first sewers of Dublin began to be laid

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Dublin Tram Lines

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Dublin Tram Lines




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Dublin Tram Lines





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Dublin Tram Lines




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Dublin Tram Lines





1876

15

Ordnance Survey Map

Tenter House

• Erected in 1815 on Cork Street.• It’s purpose was to provid shelter for poor weavers in the area.Many of whom were Hugenots, skilled weavers that had fled prosecution in France• The house served as a place for weavers to stretch their material in bad weather.• The weaving industry flourished in the area wight he aid of the house.• The success in Dublin was disastorous for English cotton and woolen industries, so the English issued new laws and taxes which evntually caused the weaving industry in Dublin to decline.• The Tenter House was directly affected as the weving trade left the area. The house was vacant soon after.• In 1861 a Carmelite priest bought the Tenter House and reopened it as a refuge for the homeless.• He ran the hostel for 10 years until 1871 when the Sisters of Mercy came to Dublin and took over ownership of the hostel.• The Sisters of Mercy were a religious group of Catholic women who helped people who suffered from poverty and sickness, particularly women and young children.• In 1873 they built a convent and a primary school on the site of the old Tenter House.• The school closed down in 1989.

Dublin in the late 1800’s

1867 - IIrish Republicans attempted an insurrection aimed at the ending of British rule in Ireland. However, however the rebellion failed to get off the ground.1872 - Dublin tramways began operating under the Dublin United Tramways Company but had closed by 1949 due to the introduction and popularity of buses.1876 - the population of the city was 349,583 and steadily increasing.1877 - National Museum of Ireland opened in Dublin1882 - Pheonix Park murders, fatal stabbings by the Irish National Invincibles.

1876 Ordnance Survey Map

Tenter House

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Tenter House



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1925

17

Dublin Civic Survey Map

Composition

• Even though Cork Street was largely built up at this time a large quantity of green space remained at the south end of Cork street near Dolphins Barn.• Race horses were trained in this open space.• Gradually these green spaces depleted due to the necessity for new housing to replace the crum-bling tennements i.e. St Teresa’s Gardens.• New developments were essential for improving sanitary conditions in the area whos denizens often suffered from Typhus and Cholera.

The James Weir Home For Nurses

• The Fever Hospital in Cork Street had been operating over a hundred years when it was decided to introduce The James Weir Home for Nurses opposite the building in 1903. • The huge red brick building was used as nurse lodgings for those who worked in the Fever Hospi-tal up until the 1970s and could accommodate up to 50 nurses.• During the 50s Cherry Orchard Fever Hospital opened to replace Cork Street Fever Hospital which became Brú Chaoimhín –a community nursing unit, and The James Weir House too be-came a nursing home for men.

Industry and Business

• Although the area was in industrial decline a number of factories operated on the street. • Local Vera Bell (87) recalls how mothers used to send their children to the pork process- ing fac-tory to buy pigs tails.• Textiles were produced at a number of locations on the street in the vicinity of Brick- feld lane.

2014 Ordnance Survey Map

Timberyard Housing 1:5000

12

2014

19

Ordnance Survey Map

Street Widening

• Planning for the widening of cork street was in the pipeline for 50 years.• In 1998 Dublin City Council implemented a compulsory purchase of 145 properties for the scheme.• In 2002 the road was complete consisting of two bus, cycle and automobile lanes.• It is widely claimed by residents that the road widening scheme destroyed the sense of communi-ty in the area and “killed” the street.

Development and Dereliction

• In the later half of the 1900s Cork street underwent a period of degeneration to a state of dere-liction and decay. An accumulation of factors contributed to the disintegration of the street most notably the industrial decline and dislocation of factories in the area. This in turn caused a haemor-rhage of unemployment in the vicinity of the street. • Many of the extensive derelict and unutilised sites were owned by the City Council and briefs for the sale of these sites were prepared stressing issues such as a need for spacious apartments, mixed use buildings and a ban on street level apartments • Dublin City Council’s development plan for the area specifies a need for Z4 and Z9 zoning i.e. housing and open green space. • The Chamber Street Flats were council flats located on the intersection of Chamber Street and Cork Street since their demolition in 2008 the site has remained as an enclosed undeveloped brownfield site.• Through local campaigning the site is now in the planning process for development as a public park.

The Timber Yard

• O’Donnell + Tuomey Architects designed social housing known as “the Timber Yard” to wide-spread critical acclaim. Situated on Cork street and Brabazon street in an old timber yard. The de-velopment sought to heal the wounds caused by the road engineering operation by creating public space and a street scape.

A.Irene Devereux Owner of Ziggy’s Hairdressers

Are you a resident of Cork Street or the sur-rounding area?

No, I live in Leopardstown. I am in the area to work in Ziggy’s Salon which I have owned for the past 30 years. My daughter also works with me.

What is your favourite aspect of the area?

I do not have a favourite aspect of the current area, but I feel that there is great potential for future development. The buildings of the current streetscape have been built too high and this has blocked a lot of sunlight from the street and de-stroys the village atmosphere. For example, Earls Court is far too high and blocks sunlight from my salon. I think what the area needs is a regulation on building four storeys high maximum. There should also be more colour introduced and street lamps would be nice like those on O’Connell Street. I believe that there needs to be a rejuvena-tion of the entire surrounding area, such as South Circular Road, in conjunction with Cork Street.

CITY AREA PLAN

1:10000Tadhg Charles

Johnathon RobertsStephen Gotting

Anthony McGinnAli McMahonAisling DengHolly Tepper

23

FIGURE GROUND

25

Scale 1:10,000

REVERSE FIGURE GROUND

27

Scale 1:10,000

PUBLIC PRIVATE SPACES

29

Scale 1:10,000

B. Kevin (7 years old)


Yes, I live here with my family for my whole life.


My favourite aspect of this area is livving close to all my friends and playing in the park.

Zoe FlynnLaura Doyle

Cian McKennaChloe Snell

Megan Quirey

URBAN STRATEGIC CONTEXT

33

NEIGHBOURHOODS OF DUBLIN

35

Scale 1:25,000

W2/3 Neighbourhoods of Dublin 12366636- Chloe Snell 1:25000

Neighbourhoods

Kilmainham

Liberties

Docklands

Portobello

Inchicor

Rialto

Dolphins Barn

Stoneybatter

Smithfield

Henry St. area

North Georgian City

South Georgian City

Templebar

Old City

O’Connell St. area

Trinity

Grafton St. area

COMMUNITY SPACES AND PARKS

37

Scale 1:25,000

DEMOGRAPHICS

39

Scale 1:25,000

INFRASTRUCTURE

41

Scale 1:25,000

TRANSPORT ASESSMENT

43

Scale 1:25,000

Access Diagram

Bus Stops

Parking Spaces

Routes To Luas (White)

WATER COURSES

45

Scale 1:25,000

C. Patrick (58 years old)


Yes. I have lived here for my entire life.


My favourite aspect is the new people you meet. I also like to go the Gate pub.

CHARACTER STUDY

+ SENSE OF PLACE

Cameron FolensSadhbh Hynes

Thomas McEnteeLarissa Martins

Kamil Switzusak

49

PEOPLE AS THE FABRIC

51

Scattered throughout this book are in-terviews which attempt to give a com-prehensive insight into the people who make up the fabric of Cork Street

The two questions asked were:

1. Are you a resident of Cork Street or the surrounding area?

2. What is your favourite aspect of the area?

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

D. Belinda McEvoy (54 years old)


Yes, I live in the Maryland Housing Estate. I have lived in the area since I was 12 years old.


My favourite aspect is the way it has a village-like atmosphere and this is very unique so close to the city centre. There are lots of smaller communities and areas just off the main road. Furthermore, the public transport system here is excellent as we are on the bus and LUAS lines.

INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING

+ ZONING

Aoife Ni EochagainConor HylandDawn Clinton

Christine Kjolhede

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Citybike Stations Existing Libraries Public Spaces Public Parks Private Parks Existing Luas Red l. Proposed Luas F l. Grand Canal Bike Lanes Bus Connections Free Parking Pay ParkingUnderground Parking

INFRASTRUCTURE

57

Planning and ZoningUpper left: Bicycle laneUpper right: Historical map showing changing routesLower left: Primary, 2nd, and 3rd range roads Lower right: height diagram

Future plans concerning transport:

Widening footpaths New citybike stations New luas F line New underground dart, St. Stephen’s Green to Christ Church

cork street survey & analysis part1

Documents

site b model

site b survey

site c model

site surveys

site c survey

fields cork street

streets of dublin

century dublin