corinth's aquifer artificial recharge

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Groundwa ter Quality: Natural and Enhanced Restoration of Groundwa ter Pollution ( P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e

G r o u n d w a t e r Q u a l i t y 2001 C onference he ld a l S h e f f i e l d . UK., . l ime 2001 ) . I AH S P u b l . n o . 275 . 2002 . 85

Groundwater quality considerations related to

artificial recharge to the aquifer of the Korinthos

Prefecture, Greece

M . H I O N I D I , A . P A N A G O P O U L O S \ I. K O U M A N T A K I S ,

Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens,Athens, Greece

e-mai l : p an ag o p o u lo s . I r i@ n ag re f .g r

K . V O U D O U R I S

Department of Geology, University oj'Patras, Greece

A bs tra ct Artific ia l recharge was employ ed in a preliminary s tudy as a mean sto restore the aquifer system of the Korinthos Prefecture and it was concludedthat this method can significantly contribute to groundwater quality improvement. Extreme care , however , must be taken as temporary qualitydeterioration may occur due to washout of the unsaturated zone. Boreholesand dug wells appear most vulnerable to pollution and damage compared toother methods of artificial recharge, since injected water directly reaches thesaturated zone. Diluted air and suspended solids content are key parametersfor the recharge rate sustainability. A direct relationship between aquifermatrix lithology and the aforementioned factors has been observed. Injectionwater should be of identical chemical characteristics to resident groundwater.Despite limitations in its application, artificial recharge with water of differenthydrochemical characteristics to resident groundwater appeared to be acomparatively low cost, effective remedial measure for aquifer restoration.

Ke y w or ds ground wate r ar t if icial recharge; g round wate r qual i ty improvem ent ;

h igh turb id i ty recharge water ; Korin thos coastal p lain ; l imi ted water resources

I N T R O D U C T I O N

A n u mb e r o f a r t i f i c i a l r e c h a r g e e x p e r ime n ts we r e c a r r i e d o u t in th e n o r th e r n c o a s ta l

p a r t o f th e Ko r in th o s P r e f e c tu r e , Gr e e c e , to in v e s t ig a te th e a p p l i c a b i l i ty o f th e m e th o d

and the assoc ia ted problems , and to assess i t s e f f ic iency for r ep len ish ing the aquife r

s y s te m a n d imp r o v in g th e g r o u n d wa te r q u a l i ty . Th e c u r r e n t s tu d y a ims a t p r e s e n t in g

g r o u n d wa te r q u a l i ty i s s u e s th a t n e e d to b e t a k e n in to c o n s id e r a t io n d u r in g th e

a p p l i c a t io n o f a n a r t i f i c i a l r e c h a r g e p r o g r a mme .

Wa te r n e e d s in th e a r e a a r e p r in c ip a l ly c o v e r e d b y g r o u n d wa te r a b s t r a c t io n a n d

a d d i t io n a l ly b y s u r fa c e wa te r , ma in ly f r o m th e R iv e r As o p o s . Th e s e a r e th e o n ly f re s h

wa te r r e s o u r c e s in th e a re a . H o w e v e r wa t e r r e s o u r c e s d e v e lo p me n t h a s c a u s e d

cons iderab le groundwate r qua l i ty de te r io ra t ion (Daska lak i et al, 1 9 9 8 ). W a t e r d e m a n d s

h a v e c o n s id e r a b ly in c r e a s e d o v e r th e l as t 1 5 y e a r s ( Ko u m a n ta k i s et al, 1 9 9 9 b ) .

Co n s e q u e n t o v e r e x p lo i t a t io n b y th e e v e r - in c r e a s in g n u mb e r o f d e e p we l l s l e d to a

''Currently al: The Nat ional Agricu l tural Research F oundat ion , Land Reclam at ion Inst i tu te , Greece

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86 M. Hionidi et al.

h y d r a u l i c h e a d d e c l in e th a t t r ig g e r e d s a l in e wa te r in t r u s io n . Sa l in iz a t io n h a s b e c o me

e v id e n t a lo n g s o m e p a r t s o f th e c o a s ta l s e d ime n ta r y a q u i f e r s y s te m. G r o u n d w a te r

qua l i ty de te r io ra t ion is a lso be ing caused by the over - fe r t i l iza t ion of c rops and the use

o f a b a n d o n e d s h a l lo w we l l s a s s e p t i c t a n k s , a s in d ic a te d b y th e r e p o r te d in c r e a s e dn i t r o g e n c o m p o u n d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( V o u d o u r i s et al, 2 0 0 0 b ) . Su r f a c e wa te r i s a l s o

subjec t to qua l i ty de te r io ra t ion due to i l lega l was te d isposa l f rom o l ive o i l mi l ls .

Gr o u n d wa te r a r ti f ic i a l r e c h a r g e h a s b e e n c o n s id e r e d a s a p r o m is in g r e me d ia l

m e a s u r e f or th e a q u i fe r s y s te m , wh ic h i s o f p a r a m o u n t imp o r ta n c e to th e s o c io

e c o n o m ic d e v e lo p m e n t o f th e r e g io n . It s s u c c e s s fu l a p p l i c a t io n r e q u i r e s g o o d

u n d e r s ta n d in g o f th e g e o m e t r y , th e p r e v a i l in g f lo w me c h a n i s m s a n d th e e v o lu t io n o f

the aquife r sys tem. Despi te p rob lems in i t s app l ica t ion , a r t i f ic ia l r echarge appeared to

of fe r a shor t - to long - te rm , com para t ive ly low cos t , e f fec t ive rem edia l m ea su re for

a q u i f e r r e s to r a t io n .

G E O L O G I C A L A N D H Y D R O G E O L O G I C A L S E T T I N G

The s tudy a rea is s i tua ted in the nor thern coas ta l pa r t o f the Kor in thos Pre fec ture and

i ts geo l og ic a l s t ruc tu re is p re sen ted in F ig . 1 . A n aquife r sys te m oc curs in the re cen t

b a s in d e p o s i t s , wh ic h c o n s i s t o f u n c o n s o l id a te d ma te r i a l s : s a n d s , p e b b le s , b r e c c ia s a n d

f in e c la y to s i l ty s a n d s e d im e n ts , c h a r a c te r i z e d b y a h ig h d e g r e e o f h e te r o g e n e i ty . Th e

th ic kne ss of the bas in de pos i ts va r i es f rom 30 m to 70 m . Rece nt and o lder f luv io-

tor ren t ia l depos i ts o r ig ina t ing f rom the s t reams and r iver s tha t f low across the s tudya r e a d i s r u p t th e l a t e r al c o n t in u i ty o f th e s e s e d i me n ts . Th e i r th ic k n e s s e x c e e d s 1 0 0 m

a l o n g t h e R i v e r A s o p o s ( K o u m a n t a k i s et al. 1 9 9 9 a ) .

In the sou th , Tyr rhen ian dep os i ts o f coas ta l o r ig in ou tc rop and the ir con t i nu i ty is

d i s r u p te d a s a r e s u l t o f e r o s io n . Th e y c o n s i s t o f h ig h ly c o n s o l id a te d b r e c c io -

c o n g lo me r a te s , s a n d a n d g r a v e l , w i th in te r mi t t e n t ma r l in te r c a la t io n s . I t i s b e l i e v e d th a t

th e s e d e p o s i t s lo c a l ly th ic k e n to th e n o r th , u n d e r n e a th th e r e c e n t u n c o n s o l id a te d

s e d ime n ts o f th e p la in . P l io c e n e ma r l s e r i e s o c c u p y mo s t o f th e h i l ly r e g io n f u r th e r

s o u th o f th e s tu d y a r e a a n d fo r m th e b e d r o c k o f th e a q u if e r s y s te m ( P a n a g o p o u lo s et

al , 1 9 9 9 ) .

T r a n s mis s iv i ty a n d s to r a g e c o e f f i c i e n t v a r y b e twe e n 2 x 1 01

and 9 x 102

m2

day"1

and 0.1 x 10"5

and 5 x 10"2

r e s p e c t iv e ly , a s d e d u c e d fro m e x te n s iv e p u m p in g t e s t

a n a l y s es ( P a n a g o p o u l o s et al, 1 9 9 9 ) .

Recharge to the aquife r sys tem or ig ina tes f rom d irec t r a infa l l in f i l t r a t ion and

r iverb ed in f i l t r a tion . La te ra l c ross f low f rom th e f luv io- tor ren t ia l and a lso from the

Ty r r h e n ia n d e p o s i t s a c r o s s th e s o u th e r n e d g e o f th e b a s in , i s e s s e n t i a l to th e s y s t e m ' s

r e p le n i s h me n t . R e tu r n s fro m f lo o d i r rig a t io n , w h ic h i s t r a d i t io n a l ly p r a c t i c e d in th e

r e g io n d u r in g s p r in g t ime , a l s o p la y a k e y r o le in th e a q u i f e r ' s r e c h a r g e . Me a n a n n u a l

t e mp e r a tu r e i s 1 8 .3 °C , wh i l s t a v e r a g e p r e c ip i t a t io n i s 4 7 3 mm y e a r "1

a n d o c c u r s ma in ly

b e twe e n l a t e Oc to b e r a n d Ma y , w i th s p a r s e s to r m e v e n t s d u r in g th e s u mme r mo n th s .

S inc e the la te 1980s , ho w ev er , a cha nge in the ra infa l l d is t r ibu t ion pa t te rn h asoccur red . Ra infa l l now occurs in fewer d isc re te events hav ing a h igh in tens i ty and

shor t dura t ion , r esu l t ing in h igher runoff, lo we r r e c h a r g e to th e a q u i f e r s y s te m a n d

in c r e a s e d i r r ig a t io n d e ma n d s .



Groundwa ter quality considerations related to artificial aqu ifer recharge 87

Map compilation is based upon geological map s issue d by the G reek Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration.

Fig. 1 Geological map of the s tudy area, also showing chloride concentrations.

G R O U N D W A T E R Q U A L I T Y

Stu d y o f th e a n a ly s e d g r o u n d wa te r s a mp le s s h o we d th a t th e a v e r a g e p H i s 7 .2 , th u s

in d ic a t in g a n e u t r a l e n v i r o n m e n t . T h e a v e r a g e v a lu e o f to ta l d i s s o lv e d s o l id s ( TD S) i s

h i g h a t 9 5 4 m g l " 1 a n d e x h ib i t s s ig n i f i c a n t lo c a l v a r i a t io n ( s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f th e

order o f 550 mg l"1

) . Tota l ha rdness (TH) in mos t o f the samples exceeds 300 mg 1" ' a s

C a C 0 3 . Th u s th e g r o u n d wa te r i s c l a s s i f i e d a s v e r y h a r d . A l l ma jo r io n s e x h ib i t w id e

v a r ia t io n in th e i r c o n c e n t r a t io n s a c r o s s th e s tu d y r e g io n b u t th e d o m in a n t io n s a r e C a+ +

a n d H C 0 3 " .

Ch lo r id e ( C I ) c o n c e n t r a t io n s h o w s a g e n e r a l in c r e a s e d o w n g r a d ie n t to th e n o r thtow ards t he coas t l in e (F ig . 1 ), wh ereas i t is lower a lon g the ma in r ive r courses and esp

ec ia l ly a long the River Asopos . In addi t ion to th is t r end , s ta t is t ica l ana lyses demons t ta te

a g e n e r a l in c r e a s e o f th e c h lo r id e c o n c e n t r a t io n s to th e e a s t ( Vo u d o u r i s et al, 2 0 0 0 a ) .

N i t r a te i s n o t i c e a b le th r o u g h o u t th e e n t i r e r e g io n , r e n d e r in g mo s t o f th e a n a ly s e d

wa te r s u n s u i t a b le f or h u m a n c o n s u m p t io n , a s c o n c e n t r a t io n s f a r e x c e e d 5 0 m g l"1

( E U

Co unc i l , 19 98) . N o spec if ic pa t te rn can be iden t i f ied w i th reg ard to the n i t r a te

c o n c e n t r a t io n d i s t r ib u t io n . Ho we v e r h ig h c o n c e n t r a t io n s a r e o b s e r v e d in s p e c i f i c a r e a s .

E le c t r i c a l c o n d u c t iv i ty v a r i e s b e twe e n 5 5 0 a n d 4 1 2 0 U.S c m " 1 , and th is i s p robably

ind ica t ive of sa l ine in t rus ion a long the coas ta l a reas of the s tud ied sys tem. I t genera l ly

in c r e a s e s e a s tw a r d s , a s a l s o in d ic a te d b y s t a t i st i c a l a n a ly s i s o f th e h y d r o c h e m ic a l d a ta

( V o u d o u r i s et al, 2000a) , and reaches i t s peak a t the Lecheo a rea (EC > 4000 j iS cm"1

) .

Th e lo we s t v a lu e s o c c u r in th e n o r th we s te r n p a r t o f th e r e g io n , wh e r e th e R iv e r As o p o s

f lo ws th r o u g h th e p la in .




A R T I F IC I A L R E C H A R G E E X P E R I M E N T S

A pre l iminary s tudy was ca r r ied ou t in o rder to loca te zones where a r t i f ic ia l r echarge

would be mos t benef ic ia l to the aquife r sys tem, as wel l a s to dec ide on the mos tsu i tab le method of a r t i f ic ia l r echarge for each par t o f the reg ion , tak ing in to account

the loca l condi t ions of land use , wa te r use and the geo m etry of the l i tho log ica l f ac ies

( P a n a g o p o u l o s et ai, 1 9 9 9 ) . Th e d u r a t io n o f t h e e x p e r ime n ts r a n g e d b e tw e e n 1 0 h a n d

23 days . Recharge wate r phys iochemica l pa ramete r s were cont inuous ly recorded th rough

o u t th e e n t i r e d u r a t io n o f th e e x p e r ime n ts , a s wa s g r o u n d wa te r in a n e two r k o f mo n i

to r in g p o in t s a t v a r io u s d i s t a n c e s f r o m th e r e c h a r g e we l l .

Eigh t exper imenta l s i te s loca ted in the wes te rn and cen tra l pa r t o f the s tudy a rea

w ere se lec te d , a l tho ugh ion conc entra t ions in tha t r eg ion a re lower . In s ix of the

e x p e r ime n ts , l a r g e d ia m e te r s d u g we l l s ( 2 - 3 m ) , f o r me r ly u s e d a s p r o d u c t io n w e l l s ,

we r e e mp lo y e d a s r e c h a r g e we l l s , wh i l s t th e r e ma in in g two we r e f lo o d in g f i e ld a n df lo o d in g t r e n c h e x p e r ime n ts .

In order to apply any a r t i f ic ia l r echarge method , wa te r o f adequa te quant i ty and

q u a l i ty i s r e q u i r e d ( Hu is m a n & Ols th o o r n , 1 9 8 3 ) . Th e R iv e r As o p o s ' w in te r r u n o f f

wa s th e ma in s o u r c e o f r e c h a r g e wa te r u s e d in th e e x p e r im e n ts , a n d i t w a s t r a n s fe r r e d

to each s i te v ia the ex is t ing concre te l ined i r r iga t ion cana l ne twork . The is sues

a s s o c ia te d wi th u s in g th e s e le c te d s o u r c e a r e th e s p a r s i ty o f s u r p lu s wa te r b e twe e n

Ap r i l a n d Oc to b e r ( d u e to i r r ig a t io n a n d c l ima t ic c o n d i t io n s ) , th e c h e mic a l

in c o mp a t ib i l i ty b e twe e n No v e mb e r a n d Fe b r u a r y ( d u e to c o n ta min a n t b u r d e n ) , a n d th e

unsu i tab i l i ty o f the phys ica l p roper t ies o f the wate r . With respec t to the la t te r ,

p r o b le ms we r e a s s o c ia te d wi th th e h ig h tu r b id i ty v a lu e s a n d th e h ig h c o n te n t o f a i rb u b b le s . I n p a r t i c u la r , d u e to th e mo r p h o lo g y a n d I i th o lo g y o f th e As o p o s c a tc h me n t ,

r ive r wate r i s r ich in f ine suspended par t ic les . Recorded tu rb id i ty va lues were in the

r a n g e 1 5 0 - 9 0 0 0 N T U ( n e p h e l o m e t r i c t u rb i d i t y u n i t s ) . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e A m e r i c a n

So c ie ty f o r Ar t i f i c i a l Re c h a r g e o f Gr o u n d wa te r ( 1 9 9 8 ) , tu r b id i ty o f r e c h a r g e wa te r

s h o u ld n o t e x c e e d 2 - 5 N T U a n d id e a l ly s h o u ld b e l es s th a n 1 N TU . Th e r iv e r wa te r

used is a lso r ich in d is so lved a i r due to the f low ve loc i ty in the r ive r and in the

i r r iga t ion cana ls tha t were used to t r ans fe r wa te r to the exper imenta l s i te s .

F ig u r e 2 d e mo n s t r a te s th a t wa te r l e v e l c h a n g e s in th e v ic in i ty o f a r e c h a r g e we l l

a re re la ted to the suppl ied wate r qua l i ty . As can be seen , the inc rease on 4 Apr i l 1998

o f s u s p e n d e d p a r t i c l e c o n c e n t r a t io n i s f o l lo we d b y a n imme d ia te g r o u n d wa te r l e v e l

incre ase in the ad jacen t obs erva t ion w el l . Wa te r leve l r ises as a r esu l t o f r edu c t io n of

th e e f f e c t iv e p o r o s i ty a n d t r a n s mis s iv i ty in th e a q u i f e r z o n e s u r r o u n d in g th e r e c h a r g e

we l l . Th i s i s d u e to we l l c lo g g in g c a u s e d b y th e s u s p e n d e d s o l id s a n d d i s s o lv e d a i r . An

a b r u p t r i s e o f wa te r l e v e l wa s ma in ly o b s e r v e d d u r in g th e a f t e r n o o n a n d e a r ly e v e n in g

o f s u n n y a n d h o t d a y s . Th i s wa s a t t r ib u te d to th e s n o w th a win g in th e h ig h g r o u n d o f

th e c a tc h me n t a n d th e c o n s e q u e n t in c r e a s e o f f lo w r a te s a n d th e e r o s iv e c a p a c i ty o f th e

f l o w i n g w a t e r ( P a n a g o p o u l o s et ai, 1 9 9 9 ) .

R E S U L T S A N D C O N C L U S I O N S

Gr o u n d wa te r q u a l i ty in th e mo n i to r in g p o in t s a d ja c e n t to th e r e c h a r g e we l l s f o l lo we d

c lo s e ly , as a n t ic ip a te d , th e wa te r c h e m is t r y o f th e re c h a r g e wa te r . Th e e x p e r ime n ts



Groundwater quality considerations related to artificial aquifer recharge 89

- Groundwater level (in)• Recharge (low rate x 10 (m"3/t- Turbidity (NTU) f

End of artificial re> harge^_^

- - v

30/3/98 1/4/98 3/4/98

6000

1000

5/4/98

Fig . 2 Water level fluctuation in the vicinity of the recharge well (1 m) in comparisonwith the turbidity and the flow rate of the recharge water.

9 4 0

8 / 4 / 98

VN

Groundwater EC fluctuation (pS/cm)

Recharge w ater EC fluctuation (u.S/cm)

V

\\

^-^^ End of recharge period

11/4/98 12/4/98

Date

F i g . 3 EC fluctuation at a mo nito ring po int 15 m from o ne of the artificial re charg esites compared with the EC f luctuation of the recharge water .

demons t r a t ed tha t a r t i f i c i a l r echa rge wi th wa te r o f d i f f e r en t hydrochemica l

c o m p o s i t i o n r e s u l t e d i n q u a l i ty i m p r o v e m e n t ( u p to 2 5 - 3 0 % ) o f t h e r e s i d e n t g r o u n d

w a t e r . F o r e x a m p l e , F i g . 3 s h o w s t h e E C g r a p h p l o t t e d f ro m a m o n i t o r i n g p o i n t 1 5 m

di s t an t f rom the r echa rg e we l l .In t he ea r ly s t ages o f t he r echa rge pe r iod (F ig . 3 ) , g roundwa te r qua l i t y de t e r io ra t e s

a s a r e su l t o f t he unsa tu ra t ed zone washou t i nduced by the wa te r l eve l i nc rease due to

the a r ti f ic i a l r echa rge . Th e obse rv ed de pres s ion o f t he cu rve co r r e spon ds to t he a r r iva l




of t he f r e sh r echa rge wa te r a t t he mon i to r ing po in t and deno te s a cons ide rab le

improvemen t i n i t s qua l i t y , wh ich i s appa ren t ly ma in t a ined even a f t e r t he end o f t he

recha rge pe r iod . Th i s magn i tude o f improvemen t was shor t l i ved (1 .5 mon ths a f t e r t he

ces sa t ion o f t he expe r imen t s ) .W e l l s a p p e a r m o s t v u l n e r a b l e t o p o l l u t i o n a n d d a m a g e c o m p a r e d w i t h o t h e r

g roundwa te r a r t i f i c i a l r echa rge me thods , s ince r echa rge wa te r moves d i r ec t ly t o t he

sa tu ra t ed zone , w i thou t pas s ing th rough the unsa tu ra t ed zone . In con t r a s t , i n f l ood ing

m etho ds the r ech a rge wa te r is s e l f - c l eaned d u r ing i ts cour se f rom the u nsa tu ra t ed

tow ards t he s a tu ra t ed zone . How eve r , ex t r e m e ly h igh l and cos ts in t he r eg ion r e s t r i c t

app l i ca t ion o f t h i s me thod . In add i t i on , t he succes s o f f l ood ing me thods r e l i e s on the

ex i s t en ce o f con t in uous ly pe r m eab le s ed im en t s , f rom the so i l su r f ace to t he s a tu ra t ed

zon e , wh ic h i s no t t he ca se i n t he s tudy a rea .

The expe r imen t s demons t r a t ed tha t i n o rde r t o ma in t a in t he t r ansmis s ive capac i ty

o f t he r echa rge we l l s , cyc l e s o f a r t i f i c i a l r echa rge , pumping , and r eapp l i ca t ion o fa r t i f i c i a l r echa rge shou ld be implemen ted in o rde r t o r emove the f i ne pa r t i c l e s and

t r apped a i r bubb le s t ha t c log the we l l . The who le approach p rov ides an inexpens ive

me thod o f g roundwa te r qua l i t y improvemen t t ha t r equ i r e s no p r io r t r ea tmen t o f t he

recha rge wa te r an d is su i t ab l e fo r a r eas wi th l im i t ed r e so urce s . N o spec t acu la r r e su l t s

a re an t i c ipa t ed , bu t im m edia t e app l i ca t ion can be p ro gra m m ed s ince no spec i a l i zed

eng inee r ing works a r e r equ i r ed , hence mak ing the me thod su i t ab l e fo r c r i s i s s i t ua t ions .

A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s T h e a u th o r s w i s h to a c k n o w l e d g e th e c o o p e r a t i o n o f t h e s ta f f o f

t h e M i n i s t r y o f A g r i c u l t u r e , a n d t h e m e m b e r s o f t h e r e s e a r c h t e a m w h o w o r k e dtoge the r i n o rde r t o succes s fu l ly comple t e t he p ro j ec t .

R E F E R E N C E S

American Society of Civil Engineers (1998) Standard Guidelines for Artificial Recharge of Groundwater (ballot draft).

ASCE Standards , ASCE, USA.

Daskalak i , P. , Voudouris, K. & Diamantopoulou, P. (1998) Hydrochemical study of North Peloponnesus Q uaternary and

Plio-pleistocene aquifers. Proc. 4th Int. Conference on Protection and Restoration ofthe Environment (ed. by K. L.

Katsifarakis, G. P. Korfiat is , Y. A. Mylopoulos, A. C. Demetracopoulos. V. Bouris) , 109-116. Thessaloniki , Greece.

EU Coun cil ( 1998) Council d irective 98/83 . Official paper o f the European Communities

L330,32-54. EC, Brusse l s .

Huisman, L. & Olsthoorn, T. N. ( 1983) Artificial Groundwater Recharge. Pitman, London, UK..

Koumantakis, J . , Panagopoulos, A., Stavropoulos, X. & Voudouris, K. (1999a) Hydrogeological Study on G roundwaterArtificial Recharge at the Northern Coastal and Hilly Zone of the Prefecture of Korinthos ( in Greek). NationalTechnical University of Athens, Greece.

Koum antakis, J . , Panagopo ulos, A., Stavropou los, X. & Voudouris, K. ( 1999b) Applicat ion of aquifer art ificial recharge inthe coastal alluvial basin of the northern part of Korinthos Prefecture, Péloponnèse (in Greek). In: Proc. 5thConference on Hydrogeology, Greek Chapter of IAH (ed. by A. Georgiou, N. Efthimiou, K. Konstantinou). Ministryof Agriculture and Fisheries of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cypru s.

Panagop oulos, A., Kouman takis, J . & Stavropou los, X. (1999) Groundw ater art if icial rech arge: problems and prospectivesof application in the coastal aquifer system of Korinthos Prefecture (in Greek). In: Proc. One-day Conference onGroundwater Artificial R echarge, GGS- Greek Chapter of IAH (ed. by Y. Diamantis & F. Pliakas). University StudioPress, Thessaloniki , Greece.

Voudouris, K., Panagopoulos, A. & Koumantakis J . (2000a) Mult ivariate stat ist ical analysis in the assessment ofhydrochemistry ofthe northern Korinthia Prefecture al luvial aquifer system (Péloponnèse, Greece). Natural Resour.

Res. 9( 2 ), 135 - 143 .Voudouris, K., Panagopoulos, A. & Danii l , D. (2000b) Implicat ions for surface water quali ty of Korinthos Prefecture of

anthropogenic act ivi t ies. Proc. 5th Int. Conference Protection and Restoration of the Environment, vol. 1 (ed. byV. A. Tsihrintzis, G. P. Korfiat is , K. L. Katsifarakis, A. C. Demetracopoulos & V. Bouris) , 235-242. Thessaloniki ,Greece .

corinth's aquifer artificial recharge

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