core theme patterns and change geography higher level and … · 2020-03-18 · 5 urn over...

66
Candidate session number N15/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX Geography Higher level and standard level Paper 1 © International Baccalaureate Organization 2015 16 pages 8815 – 5201 Tuesday 17 November 2015 (afternoon) Instructions to candidates Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. Section A: answer all questions. Section B: answer one question. Write your answers on the lines in the boxes provided. If you need to continue your answer, use the blank space immediately below the lines provided in the box. Use examples, maps and/or diagrams where relevant. The maximum mark for this examination paper is [60 marks]. 1 hour 30 minutes 16EP01 – 2 – N15/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX Core theme – patterns and change Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers on the lines in the boxes provided. If you need to continue your answer, use the blank space immediately below the lines provided in the box. 1. Populations in transition The graphs show how two countries score in the World Economic Forum’s Gender Gap Index 2012, and how each compares to the world average. The index looks at four aspects of inequality and each ranges from 0.00 (extreme inequality) to 1.00 (total equality). Country A Country B 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Economic participation and opportunity Educational attainment Health and survival Political empowerment 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 Economic participation and opportunity Educational attainment Health and survival Political empowerment Country score World average Key: [Source: adapted from World Economic Forum, Gender Gap Report 2012] (a) (i) Identify which country has greater gender equality. [1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (This question continues on the following page) 16EP02

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Page 1: Core theme patterns and change Geography Higher level and … · 2020-03-18 · 5 urn over N15/3/GEOGR/BP1/ ENG/TZ0/XX Please do not write on this page. Answers written on this page

Candidate session number

N15/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX

GeographyHigher level and standard levelPaper 1

© International Baccalaureate Organization 201516 pages8815 – 5201

Tuesday 17 November 2015 (afternoon)

Instructions to candidates

• Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.• Section A: answer all questions.• Section B: answer one question.• Write your answers on the lines in the boxes provided. If you need to continue your answer,

use the blank space immediately below the lines provided in the box.• Use examples, maps and/or diagrams where relevant.• The maximum mark for this examination paper is [60 marks].

1 hour 30 minutes

16EP01

– 2 – N 15 /3/GEOGR/BP1/ ENG /TZ0/XX

Core theme – patterns and change

Section A

Answer all questions. Write your answers on the lines in the boxes provided. If you need to continue your answer, use the blank space immediately below the lines provided in the box.

1. Populations in transition

The graphs show how two countries score in the World Economic Forum’s Gender Gap Index 2012, and how each compares to the world average.

The index looks at four aspects of inequality and each ranges from 0.00 (extreme inequality) to 1.00 (total equality).

Country A Country B

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.400.200.00

Economic participation and opportunity

Educational attainment

Health andsurvival

Politicalempowerment

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.400.200.00

Economic participation and opportunity

Educational attainment

Health andsurvival

Politicalempowerment

Country scoreWorld average

Key:

[Source: adapted from World Economic Forum, Gender Gap Report 2012]

(a) (i) Identify which country has greater gender equality. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(This question continues on the following page)

16EP02

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(Question 1 continued)

(ii) Using data from the graph, describe how gender equality in country A differs from the world average. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(b) Suggest two possible reasons why women in countries like country B have a high level of political empowerment. [2+2]

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question 1 continued)

(c) Explain two reasons why the life expectancy in many low-income and middle-income countries is increasing. [2+2]

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16EP04

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Please do not write on this page.

Answers written on this page will not be marked.

16EP05

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2. Disparities in wealth and development

The graph shows the percentage of total financial aid going to particular geographical regions and the actual amount in US dollars this equates to for a poor person (a person living on less than US$1.25 a day) in 2010.

US

$ financial aid / person

Per

cent

age

of to

tal f

inan

cial

aid

600

500

400

300

200

100

00

10

20

30

40

50

60

Sub-Saharan

Africa

SouthAsia

Caribbean SoutheastAsia

EastAsia

LatinAmerica

West andCentral

Asia

NorthAfrica

Percentage of total financial aid

US$ financial aid / person

Key:

[Source: From Millennium Development Goal 8 The Global Partnership for Development: The Challenge We Face, by MDG Gap Task Force, © 2013 United Nations. Reprinted with the permission of the United Nations.]

(a) Describe how the percentage of total financial aid varies between the regions on the graph. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(This question continues on the following page)

16EP06

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(Question 2 continued)

(b) Suggest two reasons why poor people in Sub-Saharan Africa do not receive very much financial aid per person. [2+2]

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Explain how remittances can improve the quality of life of recipients. [4]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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3. Patterns in environmental quality and sustainability

The table shows deforestation rates for six countries that share the Congo rainforest.

CountryArea of rainforest

/ thousands of hectares in 2010

Percentage of rainforest lost in

the 1990s

Percentage of rainforest lost in

the 2000s

Cameroon 20 037 1.01 1.71

Congo 20 932 0.80 1.61

Central African Republic 5833 0.90 1.01

Democratic Republic of the Congo 107 181 1.51 3.25

Equatorial Guinea 2163 1.31 0.00

Gabon 22 416 0.80 0.70

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2016]

(a) Rank the three countries with the largest areas of rainforest from highest to lowest. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(This question continues on the following page)

16EP08

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(Question 3 continued)

(b) Referring to the data in the table, describe the trend in rainforest loss between the 1990s and 2000s. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Explain three reasons why it is important to maintain the biodiversity of tropical rainforests. [2+2+2]

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16EP09

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4. Patterns in resource consumption

The graph shows the relationship between GNI per person and ecological footprint, in global hectares (gha), for a number of countries.

Country A

$0 $10 000 $20 000 $30 000 $40 000 $50 000 $60 000

GNI per person / US$

Eco

logi

cal f

ootp

rint /

gha

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

[Source: adapted from http://paulchefurka.ca]

(a) State the minimum ecological footprint in global hectares for a country with a GNI of US$20 000 per person. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(This question continues on the following page)

16EP10

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(Question 4 continued)

(b) Referring to the graph, describe the relationship between GNI per person and ecological footprint. [3]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Suggest one reason why country A does not fit the general pattern. [3]

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(This question continues on the following page)

16EP11

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(Question 4 continued)

(d) Using examples, distinguish between recycling and resource substitution. [4]

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16EP12

Page 7: Core theme patterns and change Geography Higher level and … · 2020-03-18 · 5 urn over N15/3/GEOGR/BP1/ ENG/TZ0/XX Please do not write on this page. Answers written on this page

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Section B

Answer one question. Write your answer on the lines in the box provided.

5. “Falling fertility rates are no guarantee of reduced resource consumption.” Discuss this statement, referring to examples. [15]

6. “Global climate change will increase disparities in development.” Discuss this statement, referring to examples. [15]

7. “Only high-income countries can effectively develop sustainable sources of energy.” Discuss this statement, referring to examples. [15]

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Page 8: Core theme patterns and change Geography Higher level and … · 2020-03-18 · 5 urn over N15/3/GEOGR/BP1/ ENG/TZ0/XX Please do not write on this page. Answers written on this page

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N15/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX/M

11 pages

Markscheme

November 2015

Geography

Higher level and standard level

Paper 1

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This markscheme is confidential and for the exclusive use of examiners in this examination session. It is the property of the International Baccalaureate and must not be reproduced or distributed to any other person without the authorization of the IB Assessment Centre.

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Core theme – patterns and change

Section A 1. Populations in transition (a) (i) Identify which country has greater gender equality. [1] country B (ii) Using data from the graph, describe how gender equality in country A

differs from the world average. [3] For full marks, responses must comment on at least three of the four

indicators and make some reference to data. Possible statements:

• economic participation and opportunity – country A (0.80) is scoring better than the world average (0.60)

• political empowerment and health and survival – country A is almost the same as the world average at (0.2) and (1.00) respectively

• educational attainment – country A (0.60) falls well below the world average (0.90).

(b) Suggest two possible reasons why women in countries like country B have a

high level of political empowerment. [2+2]

In each case, award [1] for a valid reason, and [1] for further explanation, exemplification and/or detail. For example: Country B could have a quota system [1] that guarantees a minimum percentage/number of positions in government for women [1]. Other possibilities could include: • affirmative action policies • women’s rights advocacy groups • state encouragement of female education up to tertiary levels • large percentage of women in the civil service • a female head of state could encourage more female involvement • an education system that boosts confidence in girls and women.

Do not accept responses that country B is more developed – this is unfortunately not accurate and also too vague an answer.

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(c) Explain two reasons why the life expectancy in many low-income and middle-income countries is increasing. [2+2]

In each case, award [1] for a valid reason, and [1] for further explanation, exemplification and/or detail. For example: Improved water quality [1] reduced cases of water-borne diseases [1]. or Access to antiretroviral therapies [1] increased life expectancy in many Sub-Saharan nations [1].

Other possibilities could include: • better access to healthcare • improved reliability of water supplies • the work of civil societies and MGOs such as MSF/WHO • improved food security and access.

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2. Disparities in wealth and development

(a) Describe how the percentage of total financial aid varies between the regions on the graph. [3] Three valid descriptions are needed and there must be some reference to data for the award of the full [3] marks.

Possibilities could include: • Sub-Saharan Africa has the greatest percentage of total financial aid at 45 % • Southeast Asia has the smallest percentage of total financial aid at less than 5 % • only two regions get above 10 % of total financial aid • all other regions below 10 %. Award up to a maximum of [2] for a simple list with values.

(b) Suggest two reasons why poor people in Sub-Saharan Africa do not receive very much financial aid per person. [2+2]

Award [2] for each valid reason, provided it is developed by means of explanation, exemplification and/or detail.

For example: Number of poor people (population in need) is so large [1] that the financial aid/money when divided amongst them ends up being very little [1].

Other possibilities could include:

• some of this aid may be being used to pay off external debts • aid may reach only certain groups/regions • corruption may result in little trickle down • may be tied aid • aid may be used for projects other than to help alleviate poverty.

(c) Explain how remittances can improve the quality of life of recipients. [4]

An understanding of what remittances are should be included, this can be clearly stated or implied [1]. There also needs to be a statement that explains how this increases the income of the recipients/families in the country of origin [1]. The remaining [2] marks should be awarded for explaining how the money can be used to improve the quality of life of the recipients. This can be a simple explanation of two “ways”, or one “way” that is developed through extension/exemplification. Possibilities include: • encourages saving • used to support extended family • improved children’s education • access to healthcare • home improvements • big screen TVs, white goods, etc.

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3. Patterns in environmental quality and sustainability (a) Rank the three countries with the largest areas of rainforest from highest to

lowest. [2] DRC > Gabon > Congo [2] This is the only acceptable answer. (b) Referring to the data in the table, describe the trend in rainforest loss between

the 1990s and 2000s. [3]

In general, the rate of loss increased in almost all countries between the two time periods [1]. Each of the following statements merits an additional [1], up to a maximum of [2]: • Equatorial Guinea reduction to zero • Gabon reduced rate by 0.10 • the Democratic Republic of the Congo has increased the most – more than

doubled. There must be some reference to data for full marks.

(c) Explain three reasons why it is important to maintain the biodiversity of tropical

rainforests. [2+2+2]

For each reason, award [1] for identifying and/or describing a valid reason, and [1] for explaining its importance in terms of biodiversity. For example: It is good for ecotourism [1] because of a wide variety of species for visitors to see [1]. Other possible reasons include: • ecosystem services (soil, water, habitats) • water filtration / nutrient recycling / climate amelioration • biological resources (food, medicine, genetic stock, breeding stock) • aesthetic value (tourism, appreciation of need to conserve) • ethical value (role/responsibility of people in preserving planetary ecosystem

and preventing loss of endemic species of flora and fauna) • cultural benefits (recreation / cultural integrity of indigenous groups).

The second mark should not be awarded for generic answers that do not link clearly to biodiversity.

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4. Patterns in resource consumption (a) State the minimum ecological footprint in global hectares for a country with a GNI

of US$20 000 per person. [1] Accept 2.1 to 2.2 [1] (b) Referring to the graph, describe the relationship between GNI per person and

ecological footprint. [3] Award [1] each for any three of the following:

• positive relationship or description that matches positive • identifying an anomaly • a valid comment about spread/range • a clustering of nations with low values for both variables.

Three valid descriptive points are needed and there must be some reference to

data for full marks. (c) Suggest one reason why country A does not fit the general pattern. [3]

Award [1] for identifying how it does not fit the trend eg higher GNI per person than would be expected given its ecological footprint. Award [2] for identifying and developing/exemplifying a valid reason such as: • very good environmental policies [1] including things like recycling/less

landfill [1] • highly efficient area-intensive agriculture [1] which leads to high yields and

involves the use of a smaller land area [1] • low use of fossil fuels [1] due to access to renewable energy [1].

(d) Using examples, distinguish between recycling and resource substitution. [4]

Award [1] for showing an understanding of recycling, [1] for showing an understanding of resource substitution, and [2] for examples. For example: Recycling is when old newspapers are processed to make new paper products, whereas resource substitution involves finding a new resource to replace an existing or depleted one, eg using ethanol instead of petrol. [4]

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Section B

AO1 AO2 AO3 AO4 Paper 1 Section B

Level descriptor

Knowledge/ understanding

Application/ analysis

Synthesis/ evaluation

Skills Marks 0–15

A No relevant knowledge; no examples or case studies

No evidence of application; the question has been completely misinterpreted or omitted

No evaluation None appropriate

0

B Little knowledge and/or understanding, which is largely superficial or of marginal relevance; no or irrelevant examples and case

Very little application; important aspects of the question are ignored

No evaluation Very low level; little attempt at organization of material; no relevant terminology

1–3

C Some relevant knowledge and understanding, but with some omissions; examples and case studies are included, but limited i d t il

Little attempt at application; answer partially addresses question

No evaluation Few or no maps or diagrams, little evidence of skills or organization of material; poor terminology

4–6

D Relevant knowledge and understanding, but with some omissions; examples and case studies are included, occasionally generalized

Some attempt at application; competent answer although not fully developed, and tends to be descriptive

No evaluation or unsubstantiated evaluation

Basic maps or diagrams, but evidence of some skills; some indication of structure and organization of material; acceptable terminology

7–9

E Generally accurate knowledge and understanding, but with some minor omissions; examples and case studies are well chosen, occasionally generalized

Appropriate application; developed answer that covers most aspects of the question

Beginning to show some attempt at evaluation of the issue, which may be unbalanced

Acceptable maps and diagrams; appropriate structure and organization of material; generally appropriate terminology

10–12

F Accurate, specific, well-detailed knowledge and understanding; examples and case studies are well chosen and developed

Detailed application; well-developed answer that covers most or all aspects of the question

Good and well-balanced attempt at evaluation

Appropriate and sound maps and diagrams; well structured and organized responses; terminology sound

13–15

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5. “Falling fertility rates are no guarantee of reduced resource consumption.” Discuss this statement, referring to examples. [15]

There are many possible approaches to this question, and each should be marked on its merits. It would be expected that responses show a clear understanding of fertility rates. This can be defined, stated or implied. It would also be expected that most responses agree with the statement. Even though fertility rates are falling (global fertility is 2.5 in 2013), population momentum and increased longevity mean populations are still growing significantly in most regions. Many Sub-Saharan nations still have predicted doubling times of less than 30 years (eg Ethiopia), despite falling fertility. So falling fertility does not immediately equate with fewer people consuming fewer resources. There should also be some understanding that when fertility does fall it is generally as a result of, or goes hand in hand with, increases in the standard of living. In the present development paradigm this is associated with increased consumption of resources. Falling fertility is thus often accompanied by an increase in a country or region’s ecological footprint. There are some obvious long-term benefits of falling fertility such as the need for smaller houses, possibly resulting in less pressure on resources and space. Responses could also look at some of the issues related to fertility rates falling below replacement level but their answer must be in relation to how this impacts upon resource consumption.

Responses should make use of examples but responses that focus on describing population policies in some nations and not the consequences of falling fertility rates on resource consumption in that country will be self-limiting as this is not the question. For band D expect some description of costs and benefits of falling fertility rates on resource consumption. This need not be balanced. For band E expect some explanation of costs and benefits of falling fertility rates on resource consumption and there should be some attempt at an evaluation of the statement. For band F expect some explanation of costs and benefits of falling fertility rates on resource consumption and there should be some attempt at an evaluation of the statement, with effective use of examples. Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

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6. “Global climate change will increase disparities in development.” Discuss this statement, referring to examples. [15]

There are many possible approaches to this question, and each should be marked on its merits. It is hoped that candidates will interpret global climate change as having a wider meaning than “global warming”. The disparities in wealth and development may be considered at any scale: regional, national or sub-national. Disparities can be spatial but they can also refer to different groups within areas. It is anticipated that responses will refer to some of the consequences of climate change – many of which are already evident. These consequences then need to be built upon in terms of how they impact upon wealth, gender gaps. Responses at band D are likely to provide descriptive, possibly anecdotal, accounts of the links between global climate change, wealth and development, with only limited attention paid to the idea of disparities, and little or no attempt made to contest the statement. At band E, responses will either focus their attention on the issue of disparities or begin to contest the statement. For example, they might demonstrate a clear understanding of disparities, possibly by comparing or contrasting the likely impacts of global climate change in different countries or in different regions of the same country; or effectively contest the idea that global climate change will increase disparities by offering arguments or examples where disparities are likely to be reduced. At band F, responses will incorporate both these elements, and offer an evidence-based conclusion/evaluation of the statement. The discussion of cases where disparities will be increased and cases where they will be decreased need not be equal in depth for the award of full marks. Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

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– 11 – N15/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX/M

7. “Only high-income countries can effectively develop sustainable sources of energy.” Discuss this statement, referring to examples. [15]

There are many possible approaches to this question, and each should be marked on its merits. It is expected that candidates will mention more than one type of sustainable energy and attempt to distinguish between them. The question also demands some comparison between high-income and low-income countries in terms of the uptake of sustainable energies/renewables. Many responses may look at the successful strides many lower income nations are making in the effective use of renewables such as India with biogas, China with hydro electric power and solar energy, and Brazil with ethanol. Responses at band D are likely to provide a descriptive account of sustainable sources of energy and their merits, without any real attempt to link the discussion to examples that reveal the idea that adopting sustainable sources of energy could be regarded as a costly venture that only high-income countries can afford. Responses at this level may conclude that some forms of sustainable energy are less costly than others to introduce and implement. At band E, responses are likely to demonstrate either a clear understanding that changing to sustainable sources of energy implies significant economic and possibly social costs, but that such a change is essential for development to be ecologically sustainable or contest the statement by, for instance, offering examples that demonstrate that even some non-wealthy countries have made great strides in changing to sustainable sources of energy. At band F, responses should incorporate both these ideas, though not necessarily in equal depth, and should provide a conclusion that matches the arguments advanced.

Marks should be allocated according to the markbands.

N15/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q

GeographyStandard level Paper 2

© International Baccalaureate Organization 201512 pages

Instructions to candidates

yy Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.yy Answer two questions. Each question is worth [20 marks].yy Each question must be selected from a different optional theme, A – G.yy Do not answer two questions on the same optional theme.yy Use case studies, examples, maps and/or diagrams where relevant.yy A copy of the geography paper 2 resources booklet is required for this paper.yy The maximum mark for this examination paper is [40 marks].

Option Questions

Option A — Freshwater – issues and conflicts 1 – 2

Option B — Oceans and their coastal margins 3 – 4

Option C — Extreme environments 5 – 6

Option D — Hazards and disasters – risk assessment and response 7 – 8

Option E — Leisure, sport and tourism 9 – 10

Option F — The geography of food and health 11 – 12

Option G — Urban environments 13 – 14

1 hour 20 minutes

Wednesday 18 November 2015 (morning)

8815 – 5203

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– 2 –

Answer two questions. Each question must be selected from a different optional theme. (Do not answer two questions on the same optional theme.)

Wherever possible, answers should include case studies and examples, and where relevant, large, well drawn maps and diagrams.

Option A — Freshwater – issues and conflicts

1. The diagram below outlines environmental problems for agriculture associated with the overuse of irrigation water.

Environmental effects

of irrigation

Changes inprecipitation

Disease

Waste ofwater

Waterlogging

Environmentalproblem

A

Environmentalproblem

B

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2016]

(a) State and briefly outline what environmental problem A and environmental problem B could be. [2+2]

(b) Using one named example, briefly explain one cause and two consequences of an international conflict related to freshwater. [6]

(c) “Natural factors are always more important than human factors in causing a river flood.” Discuss this statement with reference to one named example. [10]

(Option A continues on the following page)

N15/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q – 3 –

Turn over

(Option A continued)

2. (a) (i) Briefly outline how the natural recharge of an aquifer takes place. [2]

(ii) State two methods that can be used to artificially recharge an aquifer. [2]

(b) Suggest how three human modifications of a floodplain can help to reduce flooding. [2+2+2]

(c) Evaluate the strategies that have been used to resolve competing demands for water in one named river basin. [10]

End of Option A

N15/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q

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– 4 –

Blank page

N15/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q – 5 –

Turn over

Option B — Oceans and their coastal margins

3. If you choose to answer this question refer to the map on page 7 in the resources booklet and its key on page 6.

Map B shows the area around the city of Prince Rupert (population: 13 000) on the west coast of Canada. The scale of the map is 1:50 000. The contour interval is 40 metres.

(a) Identify and briefly describe two coastal landforms in area X marked on map B. [2+2]

(b) Using located examples, suggest two reasons why ocean pollution may impact areas far from the source of pollution. [3+3]

(c) Evaluate the contribution that subaerial processes and wave action make to the development of coastal landforms. [10]

4. If you choose to answer this question refer to the photograph on page 2 in the resources booklet.

The photograph shows part of an advancing coast.

(a) Describe two physical and/or human features shown in the photograph that suggest this is an advancing coastline. [2+2]

(b) Explain how oceanic trenches are formed. [6]

(c) “There are no simple solutions for the conflicts that arise over the use of coastal areas.” Discuss this statement. [10]

End of Option B

N15/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q

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– 6 –

Option C — Extreme environments

5. If you choose to answer this question refer to the photographs on page 3 in the resources booklet.

The two photographs show the Qori Kalis Glacier, Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru. Photograph A was taken in summer 1978; photograph B was taken in summer 2002.

(a) Describe two changes in the landscape shown by the two photographs that demonstrate glacial retreat. [2+2]

(b) Explain the formation of two features resulting from the processes of glacial and/or fluvioglacial deposition. [3+3]

(c) Using examples, discuss the opportunities for agriculture in hot, arid areas. [10]

6. If you choose to answer this question refer to the photograph on page 4 in the resources booklet.

The photograph was taken at 68° North.

(a) Referring to the photograph, briefly describe how people have adapted their clothing and transport in order to live in extreme cold environments. [2+2]

(b) Explain two causes of low rainfall in hot, arid environments. [3+3]

(c) Examine how tourism in one type of extreme environment has led to a wide range of adverse environmental impacts. [10]

End of Option C

N15/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q – 7 –

Turn over

Option D — Hazards and disasters – risk assessment and response

7. The diagram shows changes in population and vulnerability for a city at risk of multiple natural hazards, between 1915 and 2015.

Total population(millions)

5.17.8

10.5

% populationaged over 65

8 8

18

% populationliving below poverty line

22

26

19

Key:

1915

1965

2015

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2016]

(a) Using data from the diagram, describe three trends shown. [4]

(b) Suggest how a community’s vulnerability to hazards is affected by:

(i) the demographic characteristics of its population; [3]

(ii) the socio-economic characteristics of its population. [3]

(c) Using examples, contrast the strategies adopted to minimize the risk from future droughts and hurricanes. [10]

8. (a) Referring to either earthquakes or volcanoes, briefly outline:

(i) one scale used to measure the magnitude of the hazard event; [2]

(ii) why some hazard events are categorized as disasters. [2]

(b) Referring to either earthquakes or volcanoes, briefly explain their occurrence:

(i) at a destructive (convergent) plate margin; [3]

(ii) in areas other than along a plate margin. [3]

(c) Discuss why some hazard events are easier to predict than others. [10]

End of Option D

N15/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q

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– 8 –

Option E — Leisure, sport and tourism

9. The graph shows people’s participation in sport in Canada in relation to their household income between 1992 and 2005.

% p

artic

ipat

ion

rate

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

1992

1998

2005

Key:

Less than C$20 000 to C$50 000 C$20 000 C$49 999 or more

Household income

[Source: adapted from www.statcan.gc.ca]

(a) Referring to the graph, describe the relationship between household income and participation in sport in Canada. [4]

(b) Using examples, explain how levels of participation in international sport are affected by:

(i) one economic factor; [3]

(ii) one political factor. [3]

(c) “Land value is the most important factor influencing the location of recreation and sports facilities in urban areas.” Discuss this statement with reference to specific urban areas. [10]

(Option E continues on the following page)

N15/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q – 9 –

Turn over

(Option E continued)

10. If you choose to answer this question refer to the diagram on page 5 in the resources booklet.

The diagram shows information about international tourist arrivals in 2012.

(a) Briefly describe:

(i) the pattern shown on the bar graph; [2]

(ii) the trend shown on the map. [2]

(b) Using examples of countries, suggest three reasons why numbers of international tourist arrivals have sometimes decreased. [2+2+2]

(c) “The economic gains from tourism always exceed its negative social impacts.” Discuss this statement with reference to one or more case studies. [10]

End of Option E

N15/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q

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– 10 –

Option F — The geography of food and health

11. The Venn diagram shows overlapping categories of malnutrition, with some examples of countries in different categories.

Category AChild stunting

no examples

no examples

BangladeshEthiopiaGhanaIndia

Nigeria

EcuadorEgyptNauru

SwazilandLithuaniaMexicoPoland

Saudi Arabia

Category BMicronutrient

deficiencyAlgeriaBrazilChinaPeru

Thailand

CanadaIsraelJapan

UKUSA

Category C

[Source: © FAO 2013 ‘The state of food and agriculture’, www.fao.org (accessed November 2015)]

(a) (i) Identify the malnutrition category experienced in Swaziland, but not in Poland. [1]

(ii) Briefly describe how the malnutrition category you have identified in (a)(i) affects an individual. [2]

(iii) Identify malnutrition category C. [1]

(b) Briefly describe what is meant by the term famine. [2]

(c) Referring to one type of agricultural system, explain what is meant by the term energy efficiency ratio. [4]

(d) To what extent is access to safe water a good indicator of the health of a population? [10]

(Option F continues on the following page)

N15/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q – 11 –

Turn over

(Option F continued)

12. If you choose to answer this question refer to the maps on pages 6–7 in the resources booklet.

Map A shows the spread of an influenza (flu) outbreak in the area over a four-week period. All people catching flu in the first week lived inside the area marked 1, all people catching flu in the second week lived inside the area marked 2, and so on.

Map B shows the area around the city of Prince Rupert (population: 13 000) on the west coast of Canada. The scale of the map is 1:50 000. The contour interval is 40 metres.

(a) (i) Identify the type of diffusion shown on map A by the spread of flu in the first two weeks. [1]

(ii) Identify the type of diffusion shown on map A by the spread of flu in week four to new areas such as the settlement of Digby Island. [1]

(iii) Using evidence from map B, suggest why the flu outbreak started in square 1419. [2]

(b) Using evidence from map B, suggest three reasons for the spread of this disease between the end of week one and week four. [2+2+2]

(c) Examine the reasons why some communities enjoy greater food security than others. [10]

End of Option F

N15/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q

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– 12 –

Option G — Urban environments

13. The photograph shows part of the informal sector of the economy in King William’s Town, South Africa.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2016]

(a) Using photographic evidence, outline two characteristics of the informal sector of the economy in King William’s Town. [2+2]

(b) Referring to examples, explain two factors that influence the location of megacities. [3+3]

(c) “Sustainable urban management is desirable but impossible to achieve.” Discuss this statement, using examples. [10]

14. (a) (i) Define the term suburbanization. [2]

(ii) Briefly outline two possible population changes in an urban area where suburbanization is occurring. [2]

(b) Referring to one or more named cities, explain two ways in which humans affect urban air pollution. [3+3]

(c) Examine the effects of the movement of services and manufacturing activities to new locations in cities. [10]

End of Option G

N15/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/QN15/3/GEOGR/BP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/RE

GeographyHigher level and standard levelPaper 2 – resources booklet

© International Baccalaureate Organization 20157 pages8815 – 5204

Wednesday 18 November 2015 (morning)

Instructions to candidates

• Do not open this resources booklet until instructed to do so.• Use the resources as appropriate to the questions in paper 2.

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– 2 –– 2 –

Option B — Oceans and their coastal margins

4. The photograph shows part of an advancing coast.

1

2

3

4

5

6

A B C D E F

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2016]

N15/3/GEOGR/BP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/RE – 3 –

Turn over Turn over

Option C — Extreme environments

5. The two photographs show the Qori Kalis Glacier, Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru. Photograph A was taken in summer 1978; photograph B was taken in summer 2002.

Photograph A (1978)

Photograph B (2002)

[Source: Lonnie G. Thompson, Byrd Polar Research Center, the Ohio State University]

N15/3/GEOGR/BP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/RE

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– 4 –– 4 –

6. The photograph was taken at 68° North.

[Source: Used with permission from the photographers.]

N15/3/GEOGR/BP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/RE – 5 –

Turn over Turn over

Option E — Leisure, sport and tourism

10. The diagram shows information about international tourist arrivals in 2012.

International tourist arrivals, 2012

Asia-Pacific

Europe

AmericasMiddle EastAfrica

535

233

162

53 52

Tour

ist a

rriv

als

in 2

012

/ mill

ions

500

400

300

200

100

0

Percentage change in international tourist arrivals, 2011–2012

%

Key:Percentage change in tourist arrivals 2011–2012

Americas

+4%

Europe

+3%Middle East

– 5%Asia Pacific

+7%

Africa

+6%

[Source: World Tourism Organization (2015), International tourist arrivals up 4% in the first four months of 2015, published 9 July 2015, UNWTO, Madrid (online), available at: www.unwto.org, accessed 13 January 2016.

World Tourism Organization (2015), International Tourism 2014, infographic published 9 July 2015, UNWTO, Madrid (online), available at: http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_int_tourism_ita_itr_en_july_2015.pdf,

accessed 13 January 2016.]

N15/3/GEOGR/BP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/RE

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Candidate session number

N16/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX

GeographyHigher level and standard levelPaper 1

© International Baccalaureate Organization 201620 pages8816 – 5201

Wednesday 16 November 2016 (morning)

Instructions to candidates

y Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. y Section A: answer all questions. y Section B: answer one question. y Write your answers on the lines in the boxes provided. If you need to continue your answer,

use the blank space immediately below the lines provided in the box. y Use examples, maps and/or diagrams where relevant. y The maximum mark for this examination paper is [60 marks].

1 hour 30 minutes

20EP01

– 2 –

Core theme – patterns and change

Section A

Answer all questions. Write your answers on the lines in the boxes provided. If you need to continue your answer, use the blank space immediately below the lines provided in the box.

1. Populations in transition

The graph shows the changes in child mortality rates for selected regions of the world since 1990.

200

175

150

125

100

75

50

25

0

1990

2012

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

Sub-Saharan Africa

South Asia

Europe and Central Asia

2014

Chi

ld m

orta

lity

rate

Year

[Source: adapted from http://blogs.worldbank.org (1990)]

(a) State what the child mortality rate measures. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(This question continues on the following page)

20EP02

N16/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX

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– 3 –

Turn over

(Question 1 continued)

(b) Describe the trend in child mortality shown on the graph for Europe and Central Asia. [2]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) Suggest two reasons for the trend in child mortality since 1990 in Sub-Saharan Africa. [2+2]

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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20EP03

N16/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX – 4 –

(Question 1 continued)

(d) Suggest two positive socio-economic impacts of an ageing population. [2+2]

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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20EP04

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– 5 –

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Please do not write on this page.

Answers written on this page will not be marked.

20EP05

N16/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX – 6 –

2. Disparities in wealth and development

The map shows how different regions within Nigeria score on the United Nations Development Programme’s Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). The higher the score, the greater the incidence of poverty.

150 km

N

Key:

0–0.19

0.20–0.39

0.40 or more

Lagos

Kano

Abuja

Ibadan

Port Harcourt

Benin

Cameroon

Niger

Incr

easi

ng p

over

ty

Atlantic Ocean

(Average for Nigeria is 0.30)

Major urban area

[Source: Alkire, S., Conconi, A., Robles, G., and Seth, S. (2015). “Multidimensional Poverty Index, Winter 2014/2015: Brief Methodological Note and Results.” OPHI Briefi ng 27, University of Oxford, January

(http://www.ophi.org.uk/methodological-note-mpi-winter-20142015/).]

(This question continues on the following page)

20EP06

N 16 /3/GEOGR/BP1/ ENG /TZ0/XX

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(Question 2 continued)

(a) Describe the pattern of poverty shown on the map. [3]

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(b) Suggest two reasons why differences in poverty occur within countries. [2+2]

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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20EP07

N16/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX – 8 –

(Question 2 continued)

(c) Explain two positive outcomes of a strategy designed to reduce economic disparities within one named country. [2+2]

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Please do not write on this page.

Answers written on this page will not be marked.

20EP09

N16/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX – 10 –

3. Patterns in environmental quality and sustainability

The graph shows the progress made by a manufacturing corporation since 2010 towards meeting its 2020 targets for environmental sustainability. All values are relative to an index value of 100 in 2010.

A

Waste to landfill

Greenhousegas emissions

Particulatesin the air

Toxic airemissions

Energy consumption

0

20

40

60

80

100

2040

60

80

100

100

100

100

100

80

80

80

8060

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

2020

20

20

2010Progress made by 20132020 targets for environmental sustainability

Key:

[Source:© Owens Corning 2016. Used by permission.]

(a) Describe what is meant by the term “environmental sustainability”. [2]

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(Question 3 continued)

(b) State the aspect of environmental sustainability that should replace “A” on the graph. [1]

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(c) Describe the progress made by this corporation since 2010 towards meeting its 2020 targets for environmental sustainability. [4]

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(d) Suggest two environmental disadvantages of sending waste to landfill. [2+2]

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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20EP11

N16/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX – 12 –

4. Patterns in resource consumption

The graph shows the global extraction of several important groups of resources and per capita consumption rates.

Metal oresCoal, oil, natural gas

Biomass

Non-metallicminerals

1980 1995 2010

16

48

8

6

1112

1616

12

22 27

Resource consumption per capita inmetric tonnes

9.1 8.7 9.5

Year

80

60

40

20

0

Glo

bal e

xtra

ctio

n (b

illio

ns o

f met

ric to

nnes

)

[Source: Ellen MacArthur Foundation, www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org]

(a) Referring to the graph, describe the trend in global biomass extraction between 1980 and 2010. [3]

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(Question 4 continued)

(b) Suggest two reasons why the total resource consumption per capita decreased between 1980 and 1995, even though global resource extraction was increasing. [2+2]

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) Suggest two disadvantages of recycling materials as a strategy to reduce resource consumption. [2+2]

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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20EP13

N16/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX – 14 –

Section B

Answer one question. Write your answer on the lines in the box provided.

5. “The fact that the world’s population is now growing less rapidly means that there will be less pressure on the environment.” Discuss this statement. [15]

6. Examine the geopolitical and environmental impacts of the production and/or consumption of fossil fuels such as oil. [15]

7. Examine the relationship between environmental change and human migrations. [15]

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Page 33: Core theme patterns and change Geography Higher level and … · 2020-03-18 · 5 urn over N15/3/GEOGR/BP1/ ENG/TZ0/XX Please do not write on this page. Answers written on this page

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20EP20

N16/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX

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N16/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q

GeographyStandard level Paper 2

© International Baccalaureate Organization 201615 pages

Instructions to candidates

yy Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.yy Answer two questions. Each question is worth [20 marks].yy Each question must be selected from a different optional theme, A – G.yy Do not answer two questions on the same optional theme.yy Use case studies, examples, maps and/or diagrams where relevant.yy A copy of the geography paper 2 resources booklet is required for this paper.yy The maximum mark for this examination paper is [40 marks].

Option Questions

Option A — Freshwater – issues and conflicts 1 – 2

Option B — Oceans and their coastal margins 3 – 4

Option C — Extreme environments 5 – 6

Option D — Hazards and disasters – risk assessment and response 7 – 8

Option E — Leisure, sport and tourism 9 – 10

Option F — The geography of food and health 11 – 12

Option G — Urban environments 13 – 14

1 hour 20 minutes

Thursday 17 November 2016 (morning)

8816 – 5203

– 2 –

Answer two questions. Each question must be selected from a different optional theme. (Do not answer two questions on the same optional theme.)

Wherever possible, answers should include case studies and examples, and where relevant, large, well drawn maps and diagrams.

Option A — Freshwater – issues and conflicts

1. Thegraphshowsthenumberoffloodsperdecadeforariver.

Num

ber o

f flo

ods

0

10

20

30

40

50

Decade

1900

s19

10s

1920

s19

30s

1940

s19

50s

1960

s19

70s

1980

s19

90s

2000

s

[Source: copyright International Baccalaureate Organization, 2016]

(a) (i) Describethechangesinfloodfrequencyshownonthegraph. [3]

(ii) Estimatehowmanymorefloodsoccurredinthe1990sthaninthe1930s. [1]

(b) Suggest one physical reason and one human reason why the risk of a river floodingcanchangeovertime. [3+3]

(c) Towhatextentarefloodplainlandformstheresultofriverdeposition? [10]

(Option A continues on the following page)

N16/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q

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– 3 –

Turn over

(Option A continued)

2. If you choose to answer this question refer to the map on page 2 in the resources booklet.

The map shows the distribution of wetland areas in the Americas that have been given Ramsar status. The Ramsar Convention is the convention on wetlands of international importance.

(a) (i) Definethetermwetland area. [2]

(ii) Describe the pattern of wetland areas shown on the map. [3]

(b) (i) State one component of agricultural run-off that contributes to the eutrophication of lakes and wetlands. [1]

(ii) Suggest two impacts of eutrophication that can have adverse effects for people. [2+2]

(c) “The drainage basin is an open system with inputs, outputs, transfers and stores.” Discusshowthisknowledgehelpspeopletopreventflooding. [10]

End of Option A

N16/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q – 4 –

Option B — Oceans and their coastal margins

3. The diagram shows four landforms (A, B, C, D) associated with a cliff.

A

BCD

High tideLow tide

Cliff

[Source: copyright International Baccalaureate Organization, 2016]

(a) (i) Identify two of the landforms shown in the diagram. [1]

(ii) Outline how wave action could lead to the collapse of the cliff. [3]

(b) Explain three factors favouring the growth of coral reefs. [2+2+2]

(c) Examine the environmental and economic impacts of the pollution of oceans by oil. [10]

(Option B continues on the following page)

N16/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q

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– 5 –

Turn over

(Option B continued)

4. The photograph shows an area of sand dune restoration.

PLEASE KEEP OFFRESPECT THE DUNE

RESTORATION

[Source: copyright International Baccalaureate Organization, 2016]

(a) (i) State one natural cause and one human cause of sand dune degradation. [1+1]

(ii) Identify two ways in which people are attempting to restore the sand dunes shown in the photograph. [1+1]

(b) Brieflyexplainthecharacteristicsand formation of two ocean floor landforms found at a constructive plate boundary. [3+3]

(c) Examine the possible impacts of changes in the ocean carbon store. [10]

End of Option B

N16/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q – 6 –

Option C — Extreme environments

5. The diagram shows the proportions of land and water at each degree of latitude and the locations of some cold extreme environments.

0˚66˚N 66˚S

25 %

50 %

75 %

90˚S90˚N

100 %A B

Latitude

Extremecold

environments

Pro

porti

on o

f lan

d/w

ater

at e

ach

degr

ee o

f lat

itude

0 %

Extremecold

environments

Key:WaterLand

[Source: adapted from http://radicalcartography.net]

(a) (i) Estimate the latitude at which the percentage of land is highest in the Northern Hemisphere. [1]

(ii) State one reason why extreme cold environments can even be found at latitude A. [1]

(iii) Brieflyoutlinetheseasonalvariationsintemperaturelikelytobefoundatlatitude B. [2]

(b) Explain the characteristics and formation in periglacial environments of:

(i) patterned ground; [3]

(ii) thermokarst. [3]

(c) Referring to examples, evaluate the varied economic opportunities in hot, arid environments. [10]

(Option C continues on the following page)

N16/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q

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– 7 –

Turn over

(Option C continued)

6. (a) Outline two physical causes of aridity in hot, arid environments. [2+2]

(b) Explain two processes of weathering commonly found in hot, arid environments. [3+3]

(c) “Human activity within periglacial environments is unsustainable.” Discuss this statement. [10]

End of Option C

N16/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q – 8 –

Option D — Hazards and disasters – risk assessment and response

7. The map shows the global pattern of hurricane (tropical cyclone, typhoon) tracks.

Equator

Key:Hurricane track

[Source: National Hurricane Centre / NOAA]

(a) Describe the distribution and tracks of hurricanes (tropical cyclones, typhoons) affecting mainland Asia. [2+2]

(b) Brieflyexplaintwo geographical consequences of a recent human-induced (technological) hazard. [3+3]

(c) Using one or more recent examples, discuss the relative importance of short-term and long-term responses to hazard events and/or disasters. [10]

(Option D continues on the following page)

N 16 /3/GEOGR/SP2/ ENG /TZ0/XX/Q

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–9–

Turn over

(Option D continued)

8. If you choose to answer this question refer to the diagrams on page 3 in the resources booklet.

Diagram A shows the number of reported disasters by decade by hazard type, globally. Diagram B shows economic losses by hazard type, globally.

(a) (i) Describethechangeinthetotalnumberofreporteddisastersbetween1971and 2010. [2]

(ii) State the type of natural hazard that has not increased in frequency since1981. [1]

(iii) Estimatethetotaleconomiclossesduetostormsandfloodsbetween1971and 2010. [1]

(b) Explain three reasons why communities may underestimate the probability of a major hazard event occurring in the area in which they live. [2+2+2]

(c) Discuss the view that human vulnerability to natural hazards (excluding river flooding)isgreaterinurbanareasthaninruralareas. [10]

End of Option D

N16/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q – 10 –

Option E — Leisure, sport and tourism

9. (a) Describe two characteristics of the leisure hierarchy. [2+2]

(b) Explain three geographicfactorsthatmightinfluencedecision-makersinchoosinga host city for an international sports event. [2+2+2]

(c) Using one or more examples, evaluate the strategies designed to manage tourism in rural areas. [10]

(Option E continues on the following page)

N16/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q

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– 11 –

Turn over

(Option E continued)

10. If you choose to answer this question refer to the map on page 4 in the resources booklet and its key and the photograph on page 5.

The map shows the area around the valley of the River Tarn and the town of Sainte-Enimie in Southern France. The scale is 1:100 000 and the contour interval is 40 metres. Photograph A shows the town of Sainte-Enimie.

(a) Using map evidence, identify and locate two secondary tourist resources. [2+2]

(b) Describe how one characteristic of the valley of the River Tarn limits its environmental carrying capacity. [2]

(c) (i) State the direction in which the camera was pointing when photograph A was taken. [1]

(ii) Referring to photograph A, suggest the evidence that the perceptual carrying capacity of Sainte-Enimie may already have been exceeded. [3]

(d) Using examples, evaluate the use of tourism as a development strategy in some low-income countries. [10]

End of Option E

N16/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q – 12 –

Option F — The geography of food and health

11. The graph shows the amount of global food aid in millions of tonnes, from 2000 to 2011.

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Purchased from another countryPurchased from within the countryGiven directly by a donor country

Key:

Glo

bal f

ood

aid

(mill

ions

of t

onne

s)

Year

[Source: World Food Programme / FAIS]

(a) Describe the trends in food aid between 2000 and 2011. [4]

(b) Explain two possible disadvantages of food aid for a community that is currently experiencing food shortages. [3+3]

(c) “Prevention should always be prioritized over treatment.” Discuss this statement, withreferencetospecificdiseasesandcommunities. [10]

(Option F continues on the following page)

N16/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q

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– 13 –

Turn over

(Option F continued)

12. The graph shows the food miles for fruit and vegetables supplied to institutions in the state of Iowa, USA.

PumpkinsCabbagePotatoes

SquashBeans

Corn, sweetTomatoes

PeppersApplesOnions

GarlicSpinachLettuce

StrawberriesCarrots

Broccoli0 500 1000 1500 2000

Food miles

[Source: www.leopold.iastate.edu]

(a) (i) Definethetermfood miles. [2]

(ii) State the fruit or vegetable that ranks sixth in terms of the highest number of food miles. [1]

(iii) Estimate the average (mean) food miles for the fruit and vegetables shown in the graph above. [1]

(b) Suggest one advantage and two disadvantages of using food miles as an indicator of the environmental impacts associated with food production. [2+2+2]

(c) To what extent are food availability, malnutrition and diseases of poverty connected withoneanother? [10]

End of Option F

N16/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q – 14 –

Option G — Urban environments

13. The graph shows population density in cities and individual emissions from transport.

Tokyo Bogotá

AtlantaMarseilles

Johannesburg

Mexico City

Cairo

Kuala LumpurFrankfurt

ParisCape Town

SeoulDelhiSantiago

BerlinMumbai

Harare

SingaporeSão PauloCuritiba

00

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

Population density (people per hectare)

Indi

vidu

al e

mis

sion

s fro

m tr

ansp

ort

(kg

per c

apita

)

ShanghaiLos

Angeles

[Source: adapted from World Development Report, (2010), p. 210.]

(a) (i) Describe the general relationship between population density and air pollution from transport. [3]

(ii) State why Mexico City could be considered an anomaly. [1]

(b) Referring to one or more named cities, explain two ways in which a circular city system operates. [3+3]

(c) Examine the characteristics of urban deprivation in one or more cities you have studied. [10]

(Option G continues on the following page)

N16/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q

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– 15 –

(Option G continued)

14. The graph shows rural and urban population as a proportion of total population for different regions from1950to2050.

Africa Asia Europe19

50

1970

1990

2010

2030

2050

1950

1970

1990

2010

2030

2050

1950

1970

1990

2010

2030

2050

1950

1970

1990

2010

2030

2050

1950

1970

1990

2010

2030

2050

1950

1970

1990

2010

2030

2050

Latin America and the Caribbean North America Oceania

Key:

Urban populationRural population

100908070605040302010

0

Prop

ortio

n of

tota

l po

pula

tion

(%)

Prop

ortio

n of

tota

l po

pula

tion

(%)

2014

100908070605040302010

0

[Source: http://esa.un.org]

(a) (i) Identify the region with the highest proportion of people living in urban areas in 2014. [1]

(ii) Identifytheregionwiththelowestrateofurbanizationbetween1950and2050. [1]

(iii) Describe the change in the proportion of people living in urban areas in LatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanbetween1950and2050. [2]

(b) Suggest three reasons why different ethnic groups are often concentrated in different parts of cities. [2+2+2]

(c) Evaluate the success of one management strategy to tackle pollution in one named urban area. [10]

End of Option G

N16/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/QN16/3/GEOGR/BP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/RE

GeographyHigher level and standard levelPaper 2 – resources booklet

© International Baccalaureate Organization 20165 pages8816 – 5204

Thursday 17 November 2016 (morning)

Instructions to candidates

y Do not open this resources booklet until instructed to do so. y Use the resources as appropriate to the questions in paper 2.

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– 2 –

Option A — Freshwater – issues and conflicts

2. The map shows the distribution of wetland areas in the Americas that have been given Ramsar status. The Ramsar Convention is the convention on wetlands of international importance.

Key:Wetland areas withRamsar status

N

NorthAmerica

South America

2000 km

[Source: adapted from www.gislounge.com]

N16/3/GEOGR/BP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/RE – 3 –

Turn over

Option D — Hazards and disasters – risk assessment and response

8. Diagram A shows the number of reported disasters by decade by hazard type, globally. Diagram B shows economic losses by hazard type, globally.

Diagram A

Number of reported disasters by decade by hazard type globally (1971–2010)

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

01971–1980 1981–1990 1991–2000 2001–2010

FloodsMass movementStormsDrought

Key:Others

Num

ber o

f dis

aste

rs

[Source: From Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather Climate and Water Extremes (http://library.wmo.int/pmb_ged/wmo_1123_en.pdf), ©2014 World Meteorological Organization.]

Diagram B

Economic losses by hazard type, globally (1971–2010)

Storms

Floods

Droughts

Mass movement

Others

Total US$2 billion

[Source: From Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather Climate and Water Extremes (http://library.wmo.int/pmb_ged/wmo_1123_en.pdf), ©2014 World Meteorological Organization.]

N16/3/GEOGR/BP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/RE

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– 4 –

Option E — Leisure, sport and tourism

10. The map shows the area around the valley of the River Tarn and the town of Sainte-Enimie in Southern France. The scale is 1:100 000 and the contour interval is 40 metres. Photograph A shows the town of Sainte-Enimie.

SCAN 100®, © IGN – 2016. No copy. Authorization No. 60.16021

Scale 1:100 000

1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 km

N16/3/GEOGR/BP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/RE – 5 –

Key:Boundary of National Park

Boundary of the surrounding area

National Park Information Centre

GR footpath

Local walking trail: starting point

Bridle way

Tourist trail

Temple, church, chapel, abbey

Castle, castle open to public, museum

Tower, rampart, historic bridge

Traditional architecture, building of interest

Belfry, watchtower

Dolmen, menhir

Converted cave, sinkhole

Ruin, remains

Point of interest, Order of Knights of Malta site

Viewpoint indicator, view point

Spring, waterfall

Tourist information, police station

Hostel / guarded refuge, unguarded refuge / shelter

Stables, camping

Youth centre, holiday park

Equestrian centre, equestrian centre with accommodation

Minor roads: 7 metres and wider, less than 7 metres

Distances in kilometres (as total between important towns)

Other roads: regularly maintained, unmaintained

Agricultural track/forestry track, path, mule path

Crossing level, tunnel, bridge

Canals: navigable, non-navigable

Lock, station, port, tunnel, reservoir, water tower

Lakes or ponds: permanent, seasonal, marshland

House or group of houses, lodge

Church, chapel, wayside cross

Monuments: megalithic, commemorative, cemetery

Castle, tower, ruins

Fortifications: fort, battery

Aerodromes: with facilities, without facilities

Population in thousands of inhabitants

Wood, scrubland

The contour interval is 40 metres.Arrow points in direction of decreased elevation.

[Source: produced and edited by the French National Geographical Institute in collaboration with the National Park Of Cevennes]

Photograph A

[Source: copyright International Baccalaureate Organization, 2016]

N16/3/GEOGR/BP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/RE

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24EP01

Instructions to candidates

y Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. y Section A: answer all questions. y Section B: answer one question. y Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided. y Use examples, maps and/or diagrams where relevant. y The maximum mark for this examination paper is [60 marks].

Candidate session number

GeographyHigher level and standard levelPaper 1

24 pages

Tuesday 7 November 2017 (afternoon)

1 hour 30 minutes

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2017

N17/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX

8817 – 5201

Core theme – patterns and change

Section A

Answer all questions. Answers must be written within the answer boxes provided.

1. Populations in transition

The graph shows the percentage ownership, by gender, of agricultural land for selected countries.

Tanzania

Vietnam

Nigeria

Niger

Malawi

Ethiopia

Bangladesh

0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 %Percentages of agricultural land ownership

Cou

ntrie

s

FemaleMaleJoint

Ownership:

[Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Gender and Land Rights Database, http://www.fao.org/gender-landrights-database/data-map/statistics/en/?sta_id=1168. Reproduced with permission.]

(a) State the country with the biggest gap between female and male land ownership. [1]

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(This question continues on the following page)

24EP02

– 2 – N17/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX

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(Question 1 continued)

(b) Suggest two reasons why the percentage of female land ownership in Malawi is similar to the percentage of male land ownership in Malawi. [2+2]

Reason 1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Reason 2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(This question continues on page 5)

24EP03

Turn over

– 3 – N17/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX

Please do not write on this page.

Answers written on this page will not be marked.

24EP04

– 4 – N17/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX

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(Question 1 continued)

(c) Explain three socio-economic impacts of a youthful population for a country. [2+2+2]

Impact 1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Impact 2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Impact 3: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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2. Disparities in wealth and development

The graph shows the gross national income (GNI) per person and the Human Development Index (HDI) score for two countries in 2015.

25

20

15

10

5

0

0.900

0.800

0.700

0.600

0.500

0.400

Chile

HumanDevelopment

Index

GNI per person(thousands of US$)

EquatorialGuinea

[Source: 2015 Human Development Report ‘Work for Human Development’. Human Development Report Office, United Nations Development Programme. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2015_human_development_report.pdf]

(a) Define the term GNI (per person). [2]

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(Question 2 continued)

(b) Using evidence from the graph, outline why Chile is more developed than Equatorial Guinea. [2]

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(Question 2 continued)

(c) Explain two reasons why countries with similar GNI per person can have very different HDI scores. [2+2]

Reason 1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Reason 2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(Question 2 continued)

(d) Infant mortality rate is defined as the number of children who die before their first birthday per 1000 live births. Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using infant mortality as a measure of socio-economic development. [2+2]

Advantage: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Disadvantage: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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3. Patterns in environmental quality and sustainability

The graph shows external forcings, such as greenhouse gases, causing changes in the Earth’s atmospheric system.

–1.5

–1

–0.5

0

1

1.5

2

2.5

0.5

–1.5

–1

–0.5

0

1

1.5

2

2.5

0.5

ParticulatesOzone

Albedo

Greenhousegases

Dire

ct e

ffect

Land

use

CO

2

Stra

tosp

heric

Stra

tosp

heric

wat

er v

apou

r

Trop

osph

eric

Hal

ocar

bons

Blac

k ca

rbon

on s

now

Clo

ud a

lbed

o ef

fect

{

{Rad

iativ

e fo

rcin

g (W

atts

/m2 )

[Source: Figure SPM.2 from Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

[Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.]

(a) State which external forcing shown on the graph has the greatest impact on temperature in the atmosphere. [1]

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(Question 3 continued)

(b) Outline what is meant by “albedo”. [2]

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(c) Briefly describe the difference between stratospheric ozone and tropospheric ozone. [2]

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Please do not write on this page.

Answers written on this page will not be marked.

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(Question 3 continued)

(d) Explain two environmental consequences of global climatic change (global warming). [3+3]

Consequence 1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Consequence 2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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4. Patterns in resource consumption

The graph shows a forecast for how future demand for oil and natural gas will be met.

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

Year

Forecast120

100

80

60

40

20

0

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Barre

ls (m

illion

s/da

y)

Key:

Oil fields yet to be developed

Oil fields yet to be found

Unconventional oil and gas

Natural gas

Currently-producing oil fields

[Source: © 2009 New Scientist Ltd. All rights reserved. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.]

(This question continues on the following page)

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(Question 4 continued)

(a) (i) Describe the trend for currently-producing oil fields shown on the graph for the period 2015–2030. [3]

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(ii) Suggest two possible reasons for the trend you described in (a)(i). [1+1]

Reason 1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Reason 2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(Question 4 continued)

(b) Briefly suggest what is meant by “unconventional” oil and gas. [2]

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(c) Explain two limitations of one named source of renewable energy. [2+2]

Source of renewable energy: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Limitation 1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Limitation 2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Section B

Answer one question. Your answer must be written within the answer boxes provided.

5. “Poverty reduction cannot be achieved without improved soil management.” Discuss this statement. [15]

6. Discuss why resource conservation strategies may be more effective than population control in reducing global resource consumption. [15]

7. Discuss why some governments find it difficult to provide access to safe drinking water for all their people. [15]

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24EP17

Turn over

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24EP18

– 18 – N17/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 53: Core theme patterns and change Geography Higher level and … · 2020-03-18 · 5 urn over N15/3/GEOGR/BP1/ ENG/TZ0/XX Please do not write on this page. Answers written on this page

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24EP19

Turn over

– 19 – N17/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX

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24EP20

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24EP21

Turn over

– 21 – N17/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX

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24EP22

– 22 – N17/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX

Page 55: Core theme patterns and change Geography Higher level and … · 2020-03-18 · 5 urn over N15/3/GEOGR/BP1/ ENG/TZ0/XX Please do not write on this page. Answers written on this page

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24EP23

Turn over

– 23 – N17/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX

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24EP24

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Instructions to candidates

y Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. y Answer two questions. Each question is worth [20 marks]. y Each question must be selected from a different optional theme, A – G. y Do not answer two questions on the same optional theme. y Use case studies, examples, maps and/or diagrams where relevant. y A copy of the geography paper 2 resources booklet is required for this paper. y The maximum mark for this examination paper is [40 marks].

Option QuestionsOption A — Freshwater – issues and conflicts 1 – 2

Option B — Oceans and their coastal margins 3 – 4

Option C — Extreme environments 5 – 6

Option D — Hazards and disasters – risk assessment and response 7 – 8

Option E — Leisure, sport and tourism 9 – 10

Option F — The geography of food and health 11 – 12

Option G — Urban environments 13 – 14

GeographyStandard levelPaper 2

15 pages

Wednesday 8 November 2017 (morning)

1 hour 20 minutes

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2017

N17/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q

8817 – 5203

Answer two questions. Each question must be selected from a different optional theme. (Do not answer two questions on the same optional theme.)

Wherever possible, answers should include case studies and examples, and where relevant, large, well drawn maps and diagrams.

Option A — Freshwater – issues and conflicts

1. (a) Briefly outline two processes of river erosion. [2+2]

(b) (i) Explain how irrigation can lead to salinization. [2]

(ii) Explain two consequences of salinization for farmers. [2+2]

(c) Discuss the positive and negative hydrological impacts of dam and reservoir construction. [10]

(Option A continues on the following page)

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(Option A continued)

2. The diagram shows a storm hydrograph for a river.

12:00 12:006:0024:0018:00 18:000

10

20

30

40

50 Pr

ecip

itatio

n (m

m)

Time (hours)24:00

10

20

30

40

50

Discharge(cumecs)

Falling limb

Rising limb

Rainfallpeak

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2017]

(a) (i) State the lag time for the storm event shown on the hydrograph. [1]

(ii) State how many hours the discharge was over 40 cumecs. [1]

(iii) Outline why the rising limb on this hydrograph is steeper than the falling limb. [2]

(b) Explain the formation of two landforms on a river floodplain. [3+3]

(c) Discuss the environmental consequences of eutrophication and the pollution of aquifers. [10]

End of Option A

Turn over

– 3 – N17/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q

Blank page

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Option B — Oceans and their coastal margins

3. If you choose to answer this question refer to the map on page 3 in the resources booklet.

The map shows part of the North Atlantic sea floor.

(a) Identify and briefly describe two landforms in box X. [2+2]

(b) Using examples, explain two positive economic impacts that El Niño events can bring. [3+3]

(c) “Geopolitical conflict is the inevitable outcome of human use of oceans.” Discuss this statement. [10]

4. (a) (i) State two causes of a negative change in sea level. [2]

(ii) Briefly describe one landform associated with an advancing coast. [2]

(b) Using examples, explain two effects of the oceanic conveyor belt on different places. [3+3]

(c) “The loss of coral reefs has more serious effects than the loss of mangrove swamps.” Discuss this statement. [10]

End of Option B

Turn over

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Option C — Extreme environments

5. If you choose to answer this question refer to the key on page 6 and the map on pages 4 and 5 in the resources booklet.

The map extract shows a glaciated area of part of the Lake District in the north-west of England. The scale of the map is 1:25 000. The contour interval is 10 metres.

(a) (i) Identify one landform of glacial erosion in square 3415. [1]

(ii) State the name of one U-shaped valley/trough shown on the map. [1]

(iii) Estimate the length in kilometres of the walking track between the start of the walking track (footpath) at Highpark Wood (3116) to the summit of Helvellyn (3415). [1]

(iv) State the height gained from the spot height in square 3315 to the triangulation pillar in square 3415. [1]

(v) Using map evidence, explain one reason, other than climate, why mining in this extreme environment is challenging. [2]

(b) Explain the formation of one feature or landform of glacial deposition. [4]

(c) Examine how the balance between challenges and opportunities affects economic activities in one or more extreme environments. [10]

(Option C continues on the following page)

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(Option C continued)

6. The graph shows the change in the volume of ice for one glacier from 1850 to 2010.

1850 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010– 45

– 40

–35

–30

–25

–20

–15

–10

Glacier ice volume change Key:

Volu

me

of g

laci

er ic

e (m

etre

s w

ater

equ

ival

ent)

Year

–5

0

[Source: Reprinted from the Annals of Glaciology with permission of the International Glaciological Society]

(a) (i) Estimate the volume of ice lost between 1850 and 1950. [1]

(ii) State the year when the glacier began a continuous decline lasting to 2010. [1]

(iii) Suggest why a short-term increase in glacial ice (positive balance) begins around 1950. [2]

(b) Distinguish between aridity and infertility in hot, arid areas. [6]

(c) Examine the causes and consequences of the melting of permafrost. [10]

End of Option C

Turn over

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Option D — Hazards and disasters – risk assessment and response

7. The diagram shows the deaths and economic losses resulting from tropical storms in Mexico, before and after the introduction of an early warning system.

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Cos

t (bi

llions

of M

exic

an p

esos

)

Dea

ths

Year

2012

1986

1984

1982

1980

Introduction of early warning system

DeathsEconomic losses

Key:

Before early warning system After early warning system

[Source: adapted from Víctor Orlando Magaña Rueda et al. (2014). El sistema de alerta temprana ante ciclones tropicales desde una perspectiva de riesgo. H2O Gestión del agua 1, January–March 2014. Revista auxiliar de difusión

del Sistema de Aguas de la Ciudad de México. Published by Helios Comunicación]

(a) With reference to the diagram, describe the changes in:

(i) number of deaths; [2]

(ii) economic losses. [2]

(b) Suggest reasons for the changes you identified in (a) for:

(i) number of deaths; [3]

(ii) economic losses. [3]

(c) Examine the factors that affect the choice of adjustments before, and responses after, tectonic (earthquake/volcanic) hazard events. [10]

(Option D continues on the following page)

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(Option D continued)

8. (a) (i) Outline what is meant by the term “drought”. [2]

(ii) Briefly describe one physical cause of a located severe drought. [2]

(b) Suggest two reasons why individuals and communities may underestimate the probability of a severe drought occurring in the region in which they live. [3+3]

(c) Discuss the reasons why some low-income countries may be more vulnerable than others to the effects of hazard events. [10]

End of Option D

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Option E — Leisure, sport and tourism

9. (a) Using a located example, outline two ways in which sustainable tourism supports the culture of local people. [2+2]

(b) Explain two impacts of tourism on the natural environment of rural areas. [3+3]

(c) Examine how the benefits of hosting one or more major international sporting events have been unevenly distributed. [10]

(Option E continues on the following page)

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(Option E continued)

10. The diagram shows the relationship between catchment areas of sports facilities and the population of settlements.

Settlement

1 10010 1000

1000

100

10

Cat

chm

ent a

reas

(km

2 )

Population (thousands)Key:

A

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2017]

(a) (i) Describe the general relationship shown by the diagram. [2]

(ii) Suggest one reason why settlement A does not fit the general relationship. [2]

(b) Suggest three possible reasons why the sphere of influence of supporters of a sports team could change over time. [2+2+2]

(c) Examine the contribution that ecotourism can make to a country’s tourist industry. [10]

End of Option E

Turn over

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Option F — The geography of food and health

11. (a) (i) State two diseases of poverty. [1]

(ii) Describe the distribution of diseases of poverty. [3]

(b) Explain two types of diffusion in relation to the spread of disease. [3+3]

(c) To what extent have recent changes in agriculture increased the production and availability of food in low-income countries? [10]

(Option F continues on the following page)

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(Option F continued)

12. The graph shows the mortality rates for children under the age of five for world regions between 1990 and 2015.

Sub-

Saha

ran

Afric

a

Sout

hern

Asi

a

Oce

ania

Cen

tral A

sia

Sout

heas

tern

Asi

a

Nor

ther

n Af

rica

Wes

tern

Asi

a

Latin

Am

eric

a an

dth

e C

arib

bean

East

ern

Asia

0

50

100

150

200

1990Key:

Dea

ths

per 1

000

live

birth

s 2015

[Source: United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME), ‘Levels & Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2015,’

Estimates Developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, United Nations Children’s Fund, New York, 2015.]

(a) (i) Describe the changes in Sub-Saharan Africa between 1990 and 2015. [1]

(ii) Identify the region with the greatest relative change in mortality rate between 1990 and 2015. [1]

(iii) Outline why HALE is a better indicator of a nation’s health than child mortality. [2]

(b) Explain how the application of two named barriers to limit the spread of disease has reduced child mortality rates. [3+3]

(c) Evaluate the relative importance of fair trade and food aid in overcoming food shortages in low-income countries. [10]

End of Option F

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Option G — Urban environments

13. The diagram shows the changing poverty rate (those living on less than US$2 per day) in the capital city, Abidjan, and the smaller cities of the Ivory Coast.

(a) (i) Describe the changing poverty gap between Abidjan and smaller cities over time. [2]

(ii) Suggest one reason why the poverty rate in Abidjan is always lower than the poverty rate in the smaller cities. [2]

(b) Suggest two reasons for the occurrence of low-cost housing areas within cities. [3+3]

(c) Evaluate the success of one or more strategies to control rapid city growth resulting from in-migration. [10]

(Option G continues on the following page)

Removed for copyright reasons

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(Option G continued)

14. If you choose to answer this question refer to the map on page 7 in the resources booklet.

The map shows temperatures for Dublin, Ireland, at 22:00 during a winter evening.

(a) (i) Describe the pattern of temperatures shown south of the River Liffey. [3]

(ii) Estimate the temperature range north of the River Liffey. [1]

(b) Using examples, explain two reasons for the growth of suburbs. [3+3]

(c) Examine recent land use changes in the central and/or inner areas of one or more cities. [10]

End of Option G

– 15 – N17/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/QN17/3/GEOGR/BP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/RE

GeographyHigher level and standard levelPaper 2 – resources booklet

© International Baccalaureate Organization 20177 pages8817 – 5204

Wednesday 8 November 2017 (morning)

Instructions to candidates

y Do not open this resources booklet until instructed to do so. y Use the resources as appropriate to the questions in paper 2.

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– 2 –

Blank page

N17/3/GEOGR/BP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/RE – 3 –

Turn over

Option B — Oceans and their coastal margins

3. ThemapshowspartoftheNorthAtlanticseafloor.

X

[Source: Heinrich Berann/National Geographic Creative]

N17/3/GEOGR/BP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/RE

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– 4 –

Option C — Extreme environments

5. ThemapextractshowsaglaciatedareaofpartoftheLakeDistrictinthenorth-westofEngland.Thescaleofthemapis1:25000.Thecontourintervalis10metres.Thekeyforthemapextractisonpage6.

Scale:

N

32 33 34 35 36 37 3813

14

15

16

17

18

0 1000

32 33 34 35 36 37 38

13

14

15

16

17

18

250 500 750metres [Source:©Crowncopyright2018.OrdnanceSurvey100041139.]

N17/3/GEOGR/BP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/RE –5–

Turn over

Option C — Extreme environments

5. ThemapextractshowsaglaciatedareaofpartoftheLakeDistrictinthenorth-westofEngland.Thescaleofthemapis1:25000.Thecontourintervalis10metres.Thekeyforthemapextractisonpage6.

Scale:

N

32 33 34 35 36 37 3813

14

15

16

17

18

0 1000

32 33 34 35 36 37 38

13

14

15

16

17

18

250 500 750metres [Source:©Crowncopyright2018.OrdnanceSurvey100041139.]

N17/3/GEOGR/BP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/RE

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–6–

Key:

ROADS AND PATHS

Dual carriageway

Main roadSecondary road

Path

FootpathBridleway

Road generally more than 4 m wideRoad generally less than 4 m wideOther road, drive or track, fenced and unfenced

A35

A30B3074

Triangulation pillar

VEGETATION

Coniferous trees

Non-coniferous trees

Coppice

Scrub

Bracken, heath or rough grassland

Marsh, reeds or saltings

Limits of vegetation are defined by positioning of symbols

Orchard

Parking / park & ride, all year/seasonal

Information centre, all year/seasonal

Public convenience

Telephone, public/roadside assistance/emergency

Campsite/caravan site

Public house/s

Walks/trails

Mountain bike trail

Viewpoint

Picnic site

Boat hire

GENERAL FEATURES

Gravel pit

Other pitor quarry

Sand pit

Landfill site orslag/spoil heap

Youth hostelBunkhouse/camping barn/other hostel

Electricity transmission lineSlopes

pylon poleWell; spring

National park boundary

HEIGHTS AND NATURAL FEATURES

52284

Ground survey heightAir survey height

Water Mud Sand; sand and shingle

Vertical face/cliff

Loose rock Boulders Outcrop Scree50

6075 Contours may be at

5 or 10 metresvertical interval

Surface heights are to the nearest metre abovemean sea level. Where two heights are shown,the first is the height of the natural ground in thelocation of the triangulation pillar, and the second(in brackets) to a seperate point which is the highest natural summit.

N17/3/GEOGR/BP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/RE – 7 –

Option G — Urban environments

14. ThemapshowstemperaturesforDublin,Ireland,at22:00duringawinterevening.

Removedforcopyrightreasons

N17/3/GEOGR/BP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/RE