CORE HOUSES ADJUSTMENTS AND ITS TYPOLOGIES DURING THE DWELLING PROCESS

Case studies : low cost housings by Perum Perumnas in Semarang City, Indonesia

コアハウスの増改築とその類型に関する研究住宅公社による低所得者向け住宅を事例として－インドネシア・スマラン市－

Edward Endrianto PANDELAKI＊ and Yoshimitsu SHIOZAKI＊＊ エドワード エンドリアント パンデラキ，塩 崎 賢 明

This paper clarifies the core houses adjustments conducted by the occupants, and its typologies related with their dwelling process. The core house concept has been implemented for more than three decades in Indonesia to fulfill the housing need of lower income people through the formal sector as a part of sites and services programs. Provided with basic rooms and simple house shape and construction, further development of the core house is according to its occupant’s desires and capabilities. Various adjustments have been made by the occupants to their core houses. Analysis of the adjustment efforts is done based on 150 collected samples in three dif ferent housing locations developed by Perum Perumnas or the Indonesian Housing Development Agency in Semarang City, Indonesia, that is Bukit Beringin Lestari housing, Bumi Tlogosari housing, and Banyumanik housing. It is inferred that related with its nature along the dwelling process of the occupants, the typologies of the adjustments are Initial, Moderate, and Advanced.

1. Introduction

Low cost housing in the sites and services programs have been built since the 1970’s to fulfill the need of housing in Indonesian cities. The

core house is one type of house provided by the formal sector as a part of sites and services projects. This kind of house is built on small lots

with simple form and construction, and provided with basic rooms as a starter house, such as a multipurpose room, bathroom and toilet, small

kitchen or cooking area, and sometimes one bedroom. Further development of core houses depends on the capabilities and desires of the

occupants. Therefore, indirectly they are called to be involved in adjusting their living environment. Through this concept it is hoped that the

provided house could be more affordable for the targeted group. The core house concept evolved in Indonesia. The design, specifications, as

well as the actors involved in the development, are varied.

There are various adjustments which have been made by the occupants to their core houses during the dwelling process. These adjustments

are direct efforts in sustaining the occupants’ living condition in their houses, as well as adapting their lifestyles to their houses. Adjustment is a

physical change of the house by the occupant. This term is contrasted with adaptation which is considered as a behavioral change. It is a

response from the individual toward the environment which involves active alteration of the environment by the individual (Wohlwill, 1974).

Attention needs to be given to the occupants’ capability and effort in adjusting their living environment, in order to direct the occupants toward

a better form of living environment.

The aim of this study is to clarify the adjustments conducted by the occupants to their core houses, and the typologies that can be distilled

related to the dwelling process of the occupants. There are scholars who studied about core housing, but each has a different aim from this

study, such as follows. Murtini (1994) studied the behavior of the occupant and the rooms needed in developing their standard house with a

case study in Banyumanik Housing, Semarang, Indonesia. Suprapto (1996) looked at the dynamic spatial pattern in low cost housing with a case

study in Bumi Tlogosari Housing, Semarang, Indonesia. Tipple & Ameen (1999) studied the house alterations by the occupants of core housing

日本建築学会計画系論文集 第76巻 第660号，295-304，2011年 2月J. Archit. Plann., AIJ, Vol. 76 No. 660, 295-304, Feb., 2011

【カテゴリーⅠ】

計画系　660号

＊ Graduate Student, Dept. of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Kobe University, M.T. 神戸大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻　博士後期過程 ＊＊ Prof., Dept. of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Kobe University, Dr. Eng. 神戸大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻　教授・工博

Keywords : Adjustment typology, Core house, Low cost housing　　　　　増改築類型，コアハウス，低所得者向け住宅

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estate in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Tanaka et al. (2003) clarifies spatial characteristics of core housing extension by the occupants of Tung Song Hong

Settlement in Thailand. The typology, a systemic classification of types that have common characteristics ( “ Typology” ), in this study is based on

two characteristics of adjustments. The first is quantity adjustment which means adjustment in terms of the development of house floor space

area. The second is quality adjustment which means the condition of building materials utilized by the occupants in the adjustments. As a part of

a study that attempts to comprehend the concept of sustainability in the context of low cost housing, it is hoped that the result can contributes to

understand the dwelling process in the occupancy of core houses as a type of low cost house.

2. Methodology

This study uses a field survey for data collection, and a qualitative method in analyzing the collected data from case studies of three housing

development locations in Semarang City, Indonesia. Sketches of the current core houses’ condition, photographs, and interviews are conducted

in the field survey. Analysis is done based on a total of 150 samples which were collected using purposive random sampling. Fifty samples are

taken randomly in each housing development area location, with the characteristics of : core house which has floor space area of 21 m2 or T21,

as defined as a core house by Indonesian Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure (2002) ; it has an owned housing tenure

status ; and the core house still had its original form when it was obtained by the current occupants. The case studies are Banyumanik Housing,

Bumi Tlogosari Housing, and Bukit Beringin Lestari Housing which were built

by Perum Perumnas 1.

3. Case studies

Perum Perumnas build Banyumanik Housing (BY), Bumi Tlogosari Housing

(TL), and Bukit Beringin Lestari Housing (BR) in different periodes and three

different locations in Semarang City, and also with variations of core house

design (Fig. 1). The low cost housing policy related with the core house and

sites and services program expanded during the time, such as in the actors

involved in the provision effort which became more various and in the target

group of beneficiary. Formerly the program was intended for government

official, but later private company employee also became eligible to purchase

Fig. 1 The case studies’ locations, site plans, and variations of the design of core houses provided (Source : Adopted from Semarang City Government and Perum Perumnas).

Table 1 Characteristic of the case studies (Source : Adopted from Perum Perumnas).

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the provided houses.

Semarang City, the capital of Central Java Province, with its 1.47 million

population has characteristics of a trade and services city. This city is located

on the Northern part of Java Island with a tropical climate. The total area of

Semarang city is 373.67 km2, which is a combination of coastal area, low land

area, and high land area.

There are varieties of house types provided in each housing location,

including various core house designs (Fig. 2). These varieties of houses are

an effort of Perum Perumnas to create a diverse mixed income community.

Social and public facilities range from economic facilities, education facilities

to health facilities, are also intended to be provided in each housing location

to support the inhabitants’ needs.

3.1. Banyumanik Housing (BY)

Banyumanik housing was started to be developed in 1979 on 96.5 hectares

of land and located in the Southern part of Semarang. It is the higher part of

the City with unflat topography. Administratively this housing is located in the

Banyumanik District. The provided house types are T21, T33, and T36, with

the total of 5,094 units and Ready to Build Lots built on 96.5 hectares of land.

About 2,500 units of T21 houses with one design of BY 01 (Fig. 1) were

provided in the designated blocks on a standard lot of 84 m2. It is a Coupled

House with Half-Gabled Roof style. The rooms provided in this core house are

one multipurpose room and one bathroom-toilet which is built separately. The specifications of the core house is stone foundation, cement floor,

concrete block wall with no finishing, and corrugated asbestos roof with no ceiling.

3.2. Bumi Tlogosari Housing (TL)

Bumi Tlogosari housing was started to be developed in 1986. Located on a low-land area in the Eastern part of Semarang City, this housing

area has flat topography. Administratively Bumi Tlogosari housing is located in the Pedurungan District. On 161.95 hectares of land, Perum

Perumnas has built 9,036 houses of different types of floor space, ranging from T15, T18, T21, T36, T45, T54, T70 and also Ready to Build Lots.

The T21 is about 2,800 units. Bumi Tlogosari housing has variants of T21 design of TL 01 and TL 02 (Fig. 1) provided for the inhabitant on

standard lot of 72 m2 and 90 m2. The designs are houses with Gabled roof and the specifications resemble Banyumanik housing. The provided

rooms are slightly different. One of the designs provides a multipurpose room, kitchen and bathroom-toilet under the same roof. In the other

design a separate bedroom is provided beside the multipurpose room which is became smaller.

3.3. Bukit Beringin Lestari Housing (BR)

Development of Bukit Beringin Lestari housing started in 1994 in the Western part of Semarang City’s upper land area with hilly topography.

Built on 63.56 hectares of land in the Ngaliyan District, Perum Perumnas planned to build 2,235 units of three house types of T21, T36, T45, and

also Ready to Build Lots and Garden Houses. About 1,000 units of T21 are planned with several variations of designs built on standard lots of 72

m2. The variants (BR 01, BR 02, BR 03) have the same rooms provided, that is : one bedroom, one multipurpose room, kitchen or area for

cooking, and bathroom-toilet. One of the variants is similar to the Bumi Tlogosari housing’s design, and other variants have the specification of

stone foundation, ceramic tile, concrete block wall with finishing only on the front elevation wall, and clay roof tiles. Perum Perumnas has put

aesthetic elements and finished the front elevation wall with plastered cement and paint, therefore it has a better appearance compared with the

other core house designs. With the contour of land condition, the houses are built as duplexes, singles, and some houses have variations of

extended lots.

3.4. The Occupants’ Characteristics

The occupants’ characteristics at each housing, based on the samples, have several differences as well as similarities. In the matter of length

of occupancy, inhabitants in Banyumanik housing, as the oldest housing development, have more occupants with longer occupancy, while Bukit

Beringin Lestari housing has shorter occupancy (Table 2). This difference is also likely reflected in the difference of characteristic of family life

cycle stage. Bukit Beringin Lestari housing is dominated by families with young children stage, Tlogosari housing is dominated by families of

launching children stage, while in Banyumanik housing is distributed in the launching children stage and later life stage or retirement. In the

matter of family type and family members, there are similarities in all three housing locations. Most of the occupants have the form of nuclear

family, with an average number of family members of 4.37 persons. Tlogosari housing has the largest average family size with 4.72 persons,

followed by Banyumanik at 4.46 persons, and Beringin Lestari at 3.94 persons.

Fig. 2 Several original core houses appearance and neighborhood condition in each housing development area (Source : Field Survey).

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The head of household occupation is dominated by private company

employees in Bukit Beringin Lestari housing, government officials and

private company employees in Tlogosari housing, and retirees in

Banyumanik housing. Within these types of occupation and the owned

tenure status, the mobility of the inhabitant is low. There are 24％ of heads

of household who have side occupations which vary from trader, self

employment, and private company employee. The average amount of family

total monthly income is 2.3 million Rupiah, while the average main

household monthly income is 1.4 million Rupiah. The later average income

falls into the 2nd category of income group as defined by the Indonesian

Government as the basis of allocating housing subsidies in purchasing low

cost housing (Ministry of Housing, 2007).

4. Core houses adjustments

Various adjustments have been conducted by the occupants toward their

core houses. They made the adjustments incrementaly in several stages

(Table 3). In earlier stages the adjustment activities emphasized making

extensions of floor area space by adding new rooms, or it can be called

quantity adjustment. There are two patterns of the quantity adjustment. The

first is they did the adjustment by adding on room by room (97％). The

second is by taking steps in creating foundations, then walls, and then

adding the roof at the end (3％). The latter pattern is not usual, likely

because there are no new rooms which can be used right away since the

new rooms are urgently needed to accommodate family activities. While the

occupants are doing quantity adjustments, some of them also conduct

activities to create a better building by using better materials and finishes

which can be called quality adjustment, such as putting ceramic floor tile,

ceilings, plastering and painting the walls. According to interviews with the

respondents, this quality adjustment is conducted because they want to

create better houses or because the original materials are already worn out.

In later stages these improvements in quality continued and were mostly

conducted by the occupants (Table 4).

4.1. Building Forms

The core houses have expanded to each side as well as to the upper side of the house or vertically. There are two types of vertical expansion,

that is adding a new story or only lifting up the house. The latter is commonly seen in Bumi Tlogosari housing which is located in the lower land

of Semarang with flat topography. Flooding which usually happens especially in the rainy season motivated the inhabitants to raise the elevation

of their lot and ground floor about 30 to 50 cm. As a consequence of this activity they also have to elevate the roof, body of the building, ceiling,

and their doors and window frames. These adjustments also are a response to increased street elevations. One of the efforts of the community

to prevent their neighborhood area from flooding is through increasing neighborhood street level elevation. Therefore unelevated houses are

more vulnerable to flooding and will look like a sunken house.

There are a total of 52 occupants (34.7％) who already added a new story. Some of them conduct this activity toward a small part of their

house using a flat roof only to provide space for drying clothes. In some units the occupants already planned to add their second story through

utilizing a concrete flat roof for their current house adjustment and developing stairs in certain places of their houses.

In the shape and building mass, the commonalities of the adjustments’ form are a cube-like building mass following the lot shape using the

variations of gabled roof style which are sometimes combined with a flat roof. In some units the original core house still remains and could be

clearly recognized according to the original floor plans and the visual appearance, but some of them are already adjusted and became

unrecognizeable (Fig. 3). In Bukit Beringin Lestari housing there are 7 units where the original floor plan already changed differently, while in

Bumi Tlogosari housing and Banyumanik housing there are 12 units and 18 units. In the matter of unrecognizeability in the visual appearance,

there are 15 units found in Bukit Beringin Lestari, 40 units in Bumi Tlogosari housing, and 47 units in Banyumanik housing. The existence of

the unrecognizable original core house after the adjustment on one hand has the meaning that the design is not flexible enough and wasting

Table 2 The occupants’ characteristics according to the respondents in the case studies (Source : Field Survey).

Table 3 The number of major stage of adjustments conducted by the respondents (Source : Field Survey).

Table 4 The activities conducted in each adjustments’ stages (Source : Field Survey).

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materials. But on other hand, it also could mean that the occupants have the

capability to actualize their desire and the current adjusted houses already

have a nonmonotonous appearance. Considering the length of occupancy

which is still short in Bukit Beringin Lestari housing, the possibility of the

original core house’s recognizable existence still needs to be seen in the

coming years. Related to the issue of the unrecognizable core house, a more

appropriate concern is necessary about how the materials utilized in the

original core house can be reusable in the adjustments process.

4.2. Building materials

The utilization of building materials in the adjustments depends on

available materials which can be easily purchased and are affordable for the

occupants at the time when they did the adjustments. The materials used

are mostly the same as the ones that are used as permanent building

materials, that is stone as foundation, reinforced concrete for columns and

beams, cement and ceramic for floor, bricks for the walls with plastered

cement and paint finishing, and roof using corrugated asbestos cement or

clay tiles with wood construction. Within these materials there are

occupants who utilized semi permanent and nonpermanent materials for the

adjustments (Fig. 4). Based on field observation, the utilization of these

latter materials by the occupants gives an impression of mainly a role as an

immediate solution toward the needs of room extension with limited fund

capability.

4.3. Floor and lot area

The total average number of current house floor space is 90.98 m2. The

floor space area extension ranges from 10.5 m2 to 200.5 m2. Core houses in

Bukit Beringin Lestari housing have the smallest average floor area

extension of 52.5 m2, while in Banyumanik housing and Bumi Tlogosari

housing they are 78.6 m2 and 79.7 m2. With the average number of family

members of 4.37, the current average floor space per person has reached

20.82 m2.

The average building coverage ratio is 87％ for all the houses in the

surveyed areas. Bukit Beringin Lestari housing has the smallest building

coverage ratio of 75％ since the lots in this housing have not been fully

developed by their occupants. In Bumi Tlogosari housing the building

coverage ratio has reached 92％, slightly below Banyumanik housing that is

94％. The core house design has basic extension guidance provided by

Perum Perumnas. Therefore the adjustments will be appropriate with the

regulation of maximum building coverage with a ratio of 40 to 60％.

Ignorance of the concept of core house as an incrementally developed house

and low level of concern are several factors that affect the current form of

adjustments. Random interviews with several respondents revealed that

there are occupants who do not know or realize that there are provided extension guidance. For those who knew the guidance, most of them

only follow the guidance in the earlier stage of the adjustments and when there was still control or supervision from Perum Perumnas at that

time. In the next stages of adjustment they prefer to develop their houses according to their own desires, and also by looking at precedents of

the other inhabitants.

4.4. Labor

The inhabitants did the adjustments mostly through hiring building workers (Table 6). But some of them conduct the adjustment by

themselves with the help of family members, hired building contractors, and also through gotong royong with their neighbors. Gotong royong is a

mutual assistance among community members to solve problems which are faced by them, individually or as a group. This form of doing

adjustment is very rare in the city, and there is only one case found in the sample, in a house that is also used as posyandu 2. Therefore the

Fig. 3 The recognizable and unrecognizable adjustments of the same original core house BR 01 (Source : Field Survey).

Fig. 4 Utilization of nonpermanent materials for adjustments (Source : Field Survey).

Table 5 The building materials used by the occupants in the adjustments (Source : Field Survey).

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community prepares and ar ranges some par t of the house to

accommodate this activity.

4.5. Fund resources

Most of the occupants conduct the first stage of adjustment within 2

years after they occupied their houses (Table 7). Some of them also

conducted the adjustments after 10 years of occupation and before they

started to dwell there. The occupants need to collect some funds and

savings before they can conduct the first adjustment activity after they

spend their money to obtain the core house. Saving is the most popular

resource for providing funds used by the inhabitants to do the

adjustments (Table 8). The other types of fund resources are loan, bank

credit, and family support.

4.6. Rooms and functions

There are various rooms that have been added by the occupants, such

as multipurpose room, guest room, bedroom, living room, dining room,

kitchen, bathroom which is usually combined with toilet, and other rooms

such as storage, praying room, hobby room, study room, garage, and carport. Rooms used for economic generation activities also emerged in

several cases, where the occupants conduct economic activities to provide income for their family in their houses. The emergence of various

rooms reflects the various needs and desires of the occupants along with their capabilities in the dwelling process.

In the matter of floor plans, the room of the original core house which is most often changed by the occupants is the bathroom and toilet. The

occupants move the original bathroom to the back of their current house. Based on the interview some of the occupants move it for privacy and

aesthetic reasons, and the others move it because they want to make a bigger room in the location of the original bathroom.

The living room and the multipurpose room which is utilized as the center of family activities usually became the center of the rooms’ arrangement in these adjusted houses. Although the core house does not have a large lot size, activities of receiving guests in a particular room

which has a nature of public area or semi public area is still provided by the occupants as a part of their way of living (Fig. 5). The occupants

provide several kind of rooms for this activity, starting from a guest room which is designed specifically only for receiving guest, a multipurpose

room which also serves as a guest room, or a terrace which also functions as a guest room. In the small adjusted core house, the guest room is

usually combined with the multipurpose room. In these kinds of houses, the occupants although not always, try to separate the public

multipurpose room from the private multipurpose room or service multipurpose room. In the larger adjustments this kind of multipurpose room

is developed into an open plan room, where several different activities are combined and placed in one bigger room but still separated in

different areas of the room. This separation could be achieved through arranging furniture in a group or through adding non permanent

partitions. Flexibility in arranging rooms, spacious impression of the room, and the need for a room which can accommodate a large number of

people for specific occasions are several reasons for the creation of this room. There are several occasions usually held by the occupants

in their houses when they invite a large number of people, such as : monthly

neighborhood gatherings, praying together, and other special occasions. This kind

of room is a proper solution for houses with small spaces to hold these kinds of

activities.

There are 42 houses that also have economic function (Fig. 6). Various types of

economic activities are conducted by the occupants, such as daily goods shop,

mobile phone kiosk, barber shop, electronic repair, catering, and tailor. These

economic activities are conducted to provide side income as well as the main

source for the family’s income. With the various kinds of economic activities, the

space needed also varies, from activities which need a specific room, such as tailor

and barber shop, and activities that can be accommodated in daily activity rooms

such as a daily goods shop in the guest room and catering in the kitchen.

5. Typologies of core houses adjustments

Typology in architecture could be related with geometrical concern such as

building forms and shapes as well as with concern toward reality, such as social

activity and building construction (Moneo, 1978). In this research the typologies

Table 6 The source of labor for the adjustments (Source : Field Survey).

Table 7 The distance of time from started to dwell and the first adjustment activity (Source : Field Survey).

Table 8 The adjustments’s fund resources (Source : Field Survey).

Fig. 5 Guest room as a part the occupants living style (Source : Field Survey).

Fig. 6 Economic activities conducted by the occupants in their houses (Source : Field Survey)

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of core house adjustments are inferred related with their nature in the dwelling process of the occupants. These typologies are basically

developed based on examining two adjustment characteristics. The first characteristic is the adjustment quantity, that is adjustment based on its

floor space area extension. This characteristic has three categories as follow : small adjustment which has current building floor space area

below 50 m2 ; medium adjustment which has building floor space area 50 m2 until 100 m2 ; and large adjustment which has building floor space

area above 100 m2. The second characteristic is the adjustment quality, based on the greater condition of building materials utilized by the

occupants in the adjustments. This second characteristic has three categories as follow : poor adjustment which has poor condition of building

materials and below the standard ; average adjustment which has condition of building materials similar with the standard ; and good

adjustment which has building material condition better than the standard. The term standard which is used here has the meaning of the same

building material utilized in the original core house, such as corrugated asbestos roof, clay bricks or concrete blocks without finishing, and

Fig. 7 The core houses adjustments (Source : Analysis).

Table 9 The adjustment types and characteristics (Source : Analysis)

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cement floor. Through these

characteristics and categories,

there are 7 types of core house

adjustment found based on

the samples (Fig. 7), which are

then fur ther examined and

correlated through their nature

along the dwelling process of

the occupants. Three typologies

of core house adjustment

are inferred, that is : Initial,

Moderate, and Advanced.

5.1. Typology A (Initial Adjustment)

Typology A is developed based on Type 1

(12 units), Type 2 (1 unit), and Type 3 (1

Unit). This typology has the nature of initial

adjustment. It is shown that the adjustments

are conducted to fulfill short term needs

in an immediate way and with limited

funds available. Therefore it reflects the

adjustments that mainly have a purpose to

fulfill the primary needs of the occupants.

Within the limited financial capability,

those who still have only a short period

of occupation likely execute this type of

adjustment.

The average floor space area is 41.68 m2.

With the average number of family members

of 3.71, the current floor space area per

person of this typology is 11.23 m2. The

provided rooms are ver y limited. The

quantity adjustments in this typology are

mostly done through extending the basic

rooms provided in the original core house,

that is multipurpose rooms and bedrooms.

Some of the occupants also make the

extension in the front part of the house by

adding a terrace used for multipurpose

function such as receiving guest, relaxing,

and to accommodate a large number of

people in special occasions of praying

together, and monthly neighborhood gathering. This kind of space is very useful to accommodate such activities.

The visual appearance of this adjustment looks like it was just added on to the original core house that still could be recognized clearly. Most

of the adjustments are executed with semi permanent and nonpermanent materials. The utilization of these materials has an impression of

mainly a role as an immediate solution towards the need of space extension within limited fund capability. Within this condition the houses have

quality adjustments mostly below the standard. Based on the interview, one of the reasons for utilizing the semi permanent materials is because

the occupants are going to continue it in the next stage after more funds become available. Therefore on one hand this condition could cause

the visual quality of the house to become poor, but on the other hand it is economically appropriate for the occupants’ financial capability.

Basically the occupants of the core houses need some time to collect the funds to make the adjustments after they obtained the house. The

limited financial capability can be clearly seen in one case found in Bumi Tlogosari housing. In this case (STL 43), the occupant already occupied

Fig. 8 Examples of the adjustment typologies of each type (Source : Analysis).

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the house for 21 years and did the first adjustment in 1992. They extended their original core house by 5 m2 in the front side using semi

permanent materials and about 14 m2 at the back side to provide a bedroom and multipurpose room using nonpermanent materials. Even

though their family life cycle is changing, the condition of the house does not change until now. The original core house condition gives the

impression that they hardly maintain it. Based on the interview the occupants still have another priority to provide better education for their

children rather than to conduct adjustments, since the occupants have a monthly income of 1.6 million Rupiah which is already higher than the

average monthly family income of 1.4 million of the respondents. Most of the houses in this typology, 13 units, are located in Bukit Beringin

Lestari housing. Only 1 unit is found in Bumi Tlogosari housing, and none in Banyumanik housing. Based on other samples which could be

traced back to their earlier adjustments activities, some units also undergo this type before they develop into the current adjustment, even

though it is not the case with all of the samples.

5.2. Typology B (Moderate Adjustment)

Typology B is developed based on Type 4 (30 units) and Type 5 (2 units). This typology showed that the adjustments have a nature as

moderate adjustment which served as an intermediate means for the occupants in fulfilling their needs and desires during the dwelling process.

It is a decent adjustment where fulfillment of the needs for larger floor space area through prioritizing floor area extension is emphasized. On

the other hand the quality of the house still could not receive sufficient attention. The house quality is mostly similar to the standard core house

specifications, therefore it still has to be maintained and finished. After the floor area extensions activities are conducted, the occupants

incrementally improve the quality of their houses part by part along with their financial capability. The front part of the house usually received

the first attention from the occupants in conducting quality adjustment. The front elevation and public room such as guest room has been tidied

up by using better materials and finishing.

The average floor space area is 82.59 m2. The current floor space area per person of this typology has reached 17.99 m2 although the average

number of family members of 4.59 is bigger than the Initial Adjustment. With the larger space condition of this typology, the rooms which

can be utilized to accommodate the occupants’ activities

are more available and flexible. The provided rooms

basically already can accommodate each activity more

clearly or separately. Therefore the pattern of usage

is more obvious in the provided rooms and spaces in

the house. It is found that there are 32 units of houses

which are categorized in this typology. There are 17

units in Bukit Beringin Lestari Housing, 12 units in

Bumi Tlogosari housing, and 3 units in Banyumanik

housing.

5.3. Typology C (Advanced Adjustment)

Typology C is developed based on Type 6 (64 units) and Type 7 (40 units). This typology has the nature of an advanced adjustment. It is a

stable adjustment where balanced concern is given toward quantity adjustment as well as quality adjustment. The average floor space area is

100.2 m2 in this typology. With the average number of family members of 4.39, the current floor space area per person is 22.82 m2. There are

various types of rooms and more floor space area provided, especially for Type 7. Therefore the occupants’ activities are more clearly patterned

and settled in the rooms and spaces. Consideration in the quality of the house also has been given and emphasized by the occupants. Most parts

of the houses have building material conditions better than the standard core house. The houses also have better and more varied appearance in

this typology.

There are 47 units found in Banyumanik housing, 37 units in Bumi Tlogosari housing, and 20 units in Bukit Beringin Lestari housing which

are categorized in the Advanced Adjustment. From this dispersion of units which are mostly categorized in this typology, the financial capability

related with the length of occupancy encourages the establishment of the Advanced Adjustment. Longer length of occupancy enables the

occupants to collect more funds that can be used to adjust their houses to become this type.

6. Conclusion

Various adjustments have been done by the occupants to their core houses, which are continuously and incrementally conducted over time.

Rather than to establish a certain step by step adjustment process of the core houses by the occupants, this study has the significance in

distilling the adjustments of core houses into typologies related with their nature in the dwelling process of the occupants. Three typologies of

core house adjustments can be inferred, that is : Initial, Moderate, and Advanced. The adjustments reflect, explicitly as well as implicitly, the

financial capability, available materials, desires and needs, and the concept of living of the occupants. Other factors such as neighborhood

condition, precedents of adjustments from the other occupants, weakness in control and concern, and ignorance of the occupants about the

Table 10 The adjustment typologies characteristics (Source : Analysis)

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concept of core house also affect the emergence of the current adjustments condition. Based on the current distribution of the typology of core

houses adjustments in each housing location and considering the length of occupancy, the trend is to become the Advanced Adjustment

typology. This condition showed that most of the occupants have the capability to incrementally develop their core houses. In order to create a

better living environment, it is necessary to provide guidance and supervise the activities of the occupants when they conduct the adjustments.

Therefore the result of the adjustments would be better not only for the occupants, but also on the wider scale of development.

Notes

*1). Perum Perumnas is a government owned company which has a task to develop housing especially for middle and low income people in Indonesia*2). Posyandu is an abreviation of Pos Pelayanan Terpadu. It is a place which has a purpose for babies health check center in a neighborhood.

References

1). Indonesia, Ministry of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure : Ministry Ordinance number 403/KPTS/M/2002 about Healthy Decent House, 2002. (In Bahasa Indonesia)

2). Indonesia, Ministry of Housing : Ministry Ordinance number 03/PERMEN/M/2007 about Provision of Housing and Settlement with Housing Subsidy Facility Through Subsidized Housing Ownership Credit, 2007. (In Bahasa Indonesia)

3). Moneo, Rafael : On Typology, in Oppositions, 13, pp.22-43, 1978. 4). Murtini, Titien Woro : The Change of Rooms Formation in Prototype or Mass Housing Development. Case Study : Perumnas Banyumanik Semarang, Master of

Architecture Program, Post Graduate Program, ITB, Bandung, 1994. (In Bahasa Indonesia) 5). Suprapto, T.D. : The Dynamic Spatial Pattern in Low Cost Housing. Case Study : Perumnas Tlogosari Semarang, Master of Architecture Engineering Program,

Diponegoro University, Semarang, 1996. (In Bahasa Indonesia) 6). Tanaka, Mari ; Kikuchi, Yukiyo ; Akazawa, Akira ; Funo, Shuji ; Kobayashi, Masami : Spatial Characteristics of Core Housing Units Brought by Residents’

Extension Activities at Tung Song Hong Settlements in Thailand, Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 2, pp.123-130, 2003. 7). Tipple, A. Graham and Ameen, Md. Shahidul : Environment and Urbanization, 11, pp.165-183, 1999. 8). “Typology” : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004, Answers.com 7 May, 2010,

http : //www.answers.com/topic/typology. 9). Wohlwill, Joachim F. : Human Adaptation to Levels of Environmental Stimulation, in Human Ecology, 2, pp.127-147, 1974.

日本語要約

本研究は，インドネシアのコアハウスで，居住者により行われた住環境変化への適応とその類型を明らかにするものである。このコアハウスという概念の事業は，公共セクターの敷地事業計画の１つとして，中・低所得者の居住要望を満たすために，30年以上にわたり実行されてきた。まず，基本的な部屋と簡素な外観と構造の家が支給される。その後，コアハウスの増築は，その家の居住者の要望と能力に従い行われる。コアハウスの居住者は，住環境変化へ様々な適応を行った。筆者は，この適応の効果に対する分析を，異なる

３つの居住地から集めた150の事例を基に行った。その３つの居住地とは，Bukit Beringin Lestari居住地，Bumi Tlogosari居住地，そして Banyumanik居住地という，インドネシア中部ジャワ省スマラン市のPerum Perumnasや Indonesian Housing Development Agency

（住宅公社）によって開発された地域である。居住者の住環境変化への適応の類型は，先進的で，適切であり，進歩的であると考えられる。

（2010年 6月10日原稿受理，2010年11月10日採用決定）

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