core course science a-54: life as a planetary phenomenon
TRANSCRIPT
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Core Course Science A-54: Life as a Planetary Phenomenon
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Lecture 3: In the Beginning: Origins of the Elements
1. The Periodic Table: elements and isotopes2. Synthesis of elements in the Early Universe
3. Stars: making the “elements of life”
4. We are made of star stuff.
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What is the Universe made of ?
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NASA Hubble Space Telescope - Jan. 2010
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Millenium Run, Springel et al. 2006
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The Periodic Table
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Electron Orbits in Atoms
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The Periodic Table
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Electron Orbits in Atoms
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Electron Orbits in AtomsPlots of electron density shapes of 1s, 2p and 3d orbitals:
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The Periodic Table
… in terms of electron subshells:
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The Periodic Table
… the elements of Earth life:
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Lecture 2: In the Beginning: Origins of the Elements
1. The Periodic Table: elements and isotopes2. Synthesis of elements in the Early Universe
3. Stars: making the “elements of life”
4. We are made of star stuff.
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Looking Back into the Past
HotDenseSmooth
ColdThinClumpy
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Looking Back into the Past
NASA’s WMAP mission mapped the sky in microwaves
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Looking Back into the Past
False-color map of thetemperature fluctuationsseen by measured byWMAP.
This pattern appears tobe random, but it is the superposition of wavesof different size. It islike a fingerprint.
The pattern seen isconsistent only if 75% ofH and 25% of Heconstitute the gas.
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Stars like our Sun expand and disperse their envelopes
It takes 3 to 10 Ga for thethe synthesis of light and heavyelements in these stars.Their envelopes are rich in heavyelements - yet, especially inC, N, and O. Eventually new stars are formedfrom this gas.
How do we know that ?a) We see the spectral signaturesof these newly synthesized elements in their light.
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The most massive stars end their thermonuclear cycles as Supernovae
Supernova 1994D:the bright explosion of astar in the outskirts of adistant galaxy.
During the explosion, in a matter of minutes, hours anddays, large quantities of iron and other heavy elements are synthesized.
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The most massive stars end their thermonuclear cycles as Supernovae
During the explosion, in a matter of hours and days, large quantities of iron andother heavy elements aresynthesized.
How do we know that ?a) We see the spectral signatures in the light from the explosion;b) Computer models reproduce measured isotopic ratios in SolarSystem objects and other stars.
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We are made of star stuff
By mass -• Human body: H = 10%, He = 0%, C = 18%, N = 3%, O = 65%, Ca = 2%, Fe = 0.004%.
• Earth’s crust: H = 1 %, He = 0%, C = 2%, N = 0%, O = 47%, Si = 26%, Ca = 3%, Fe = 5%
• Sun & stars: H = 71%, He = 27%, all other elements = 2% (with O most abundant).
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The Periodic Table
… the elements of Earth life:
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Main points to take home:
1) Elements: def. by protons in atom (90 stable); Isotopes: def. by neutrons in atom (266 stable) The Periodic Table of the Elements allows the analytical description of all species of mineral or biological origin.
2) There are 2 main sources of their origin:a) H, He, & Li were synthesized ~13.7 Ga
ago in the Early Universe;b) stars transform H & He into all the rest.
3) Planets and life are here thanks to many past generations of stars.
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The Periodic Table
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We are made of star stuff
By mass -• Human body: H = 10%, He = 0%, C = 18%, N = 3%, O = 65%, Ca = 2%, Fe = 0.004%.• Plants: H = 10%, He = 0%, C = 3%, N = 0.3%, O = 79%, Ca = 0.1%, Fe = 0.02%.• Earth’s crust: H = 1 %, He = 0%, C = 2%, N = 0%, O = 47%, Si = 26%, Ca = 3%, Fe = 5%• Sun & stars: H = 71%, He = 27%, all other elements = 2% (with O most abundant).