corals on acid ocean acidification – the other co 2 problem
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Corals on AcidOcean Acidification – The Other CO2 Problem
Adina Paytan, Arizona State University
![Page 2: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Talk Outline
What is ocean acidification?How does it work?Why do we care?Results from the field
![Page 3: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Atmospheric CO2 has been increasing at unprecedented ratesThe Keeling Curve
![Page 4: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What are the consequences of the increase in atmospheric CO2?
![Page 5: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
}More than 30% of the emitted CO2 is not in the atmosphere.
Much of this “missing” CO2has been adsorbed by the ocean.
![Page 6: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
HCO3- + H+
Carbon Dioxide
carbonate CO2bicarbonate Carbonic
acid protons
+ H20 CO3-2 + H+H2CO3
Abundance inSeawater
Acidity
Ocean Acidification – The other CO2 problem
![Page 7: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Evidence of Change
http://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/products/HOT_surface_CO2.txt
>500 billion tons of CO2emissions in the ocean
![Page 8: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Change in sea surface pH caused by anthropogenic CO2 between 1700 and 1990
![Page 9: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Model results suggest that surface ocean pH will decrease considerably.
Feely, Doney and Cooley, Oceanography (2009) pH
![Page 10: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Potential impacts on marine organisms & ecosystems
![Page 11: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Calcification
![Page 12: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
HCO3- + H+
Carbon Dioxide
carbonate CO2bicarbonate Carbonic
acid protons
+ H20 CO3-2 + H+H2CO3
Abundance inSeawater
Acidity
Ocean Acidification – The other CO2 problem
![Page 13: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Change in sea surface saturation between 1700 and 1990
Lower CO32- ion
concentrations means less CO3
2-
available for organisms that use carbonate minerals to form supporting skeletal structures.
calcification
![Page 14: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Representatives Calcifiers
(a) Coralline algae (b) Halimeda(c) Foraminifera(d) Reef-building coral(e) Deep-water coral(f ) Bryozoans (g) Mollusks(h) Echinoderm (i) Crustacean(j) Sponges(k) Polychaetes(l) Coccolithophore(m)Pteropod(n) Cephalopods(o) Various Larva
![Page 15: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Coral Reefs – The Rain Forests of the Ocean Rich Ecosystems that Provide Important Services
CaCO3 aragonite skeletons more soluble than calcite
Impacted by many other stressors
May be particularly sensitive to the environment
![Page 16: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Orr et al., 2005
![Page 18: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Fine and Tchernov, 2007
Corals exposed to low pH seawater lost their carbonate skeleton and stopped calcifying but survived well an “naked” polyps
Manipulation Experiments
Good news for corals bad news for coral reefs
![Page 19: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Coral Evolution
http://coral.aims.gov.au/info/evolution.jsp
Long-lived in geological time
First appearance - Paleozoic
Proliferation in Mid-Triassic
Persisted through several episodes of climate change in the last 450 My
A Family Tree of Scleractinia
![Page 20: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Coral calcification declines sharply below aragonite saturation of 2.5
![Page 21: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
If coral reefs are maintained in healthy condition and are given sufficient time, will they acclimate or even adapt to ocean
acidification and maintain high calcification rate that sustain reef infrastructure and growth?
![Page 23: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Fabricius et al., 2011 ~8.1
<7.7
![Page 24: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Low pH low saturation springs in the back reef lagoon 500m offshore with “control” sites close by for comparison.
Submarine Spring “Ojo” Yucatan Peninsula
![Page 25: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Ecosystem Response – Field experiments to investigate community and ecosystem responses and adaptation over long scales
![Page 29: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
* 3 calcifying corals species settled, grew and calcified under low pH low saturation (10 outside).
* These species (Porites astreoides, P. divaricata, and Siderastrea radians) are not
major contributors to reef framework.
* Coral species richness & coral colony size decline in proximity
to low-saturation.
* Response to ocean acidification is likely to vary across species and
environments.
Crook et al., 2011
![Page 30: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Impact on coral physiology –calcification rate and other coral health parameters (symbionts, tissue thickness and protein content)
![Page 31: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Extension – Distance between annual growth bands.
Density – How much aragonite in each volume of skeleton.
Calcification – Product of extension and density.
Cores were scanned intact with a Siemens Volume Zoom Spiral Computerized Tomography (CT) scanner.
Purple & blue low DYellow High D
![Page 32: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Two pairs of Porites cores of equal size from ojos center (a & c - pH 7.6) and control (b & d -pH 8.1) showing differential degrees of boring.
![Page 33: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Mechanisms for Acclimation
Tissue thickness – increase to compensate for calcification at low pH
Symbiont clades – May be different symbionts are more adapted?
Symbiont density – More symbionts more resources ?
Nutrient levels – Higher nutrients more energy for calcification ?
![Page 34: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Recruitment
Largest effect on algae
Control Low pH
![Page 35: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Coraline Algae
Field survey: underwater transects @ 5 ojos
Measured percent cover of all calcifying algae & identified to species/genus, (richness, diversity, composition and structure)
![Page 36: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Foraminifera
Absolute Abundances Relative Abundance of Symbiont-bearing
![Page 37: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Response to ocean acidification is likely to vary across species and environments. Need to understand genetic mechanisms for calcification.
Ongoing Research
What are the prospects for adaptation?
![Page 38: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
TRANSPLANTATIONORIGIN
CONTROL
REEF
OJO
CONTROL
OJO Porites porites
Porites astreoides
Siderastrea Radians
![Page 39: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
More symbiontsMore chlorophyllMore protein
![Page 41: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
There is a significant difference in gene expression due to coral origin.
Origin Control
Origin Ojo
SiderastreaThere is a significant difference due to
transplantation effect.
TransplantationControl
Transplantation Ojo
P. astreoides
![Page 42: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Mitigation, Conservation and Protection, Elimination of Invasive Species Enhancement by Transplantation
Technology
Breeding - "assisted evolution." Cross-breeding organisms for desirable traits
Hybridized - manually breeding “supercorals” capable of living in the increasingly inhospitable sea
Manipulate the bacteria and algae that live within coral
Genetic modification - Crisper
Credit: COURTESY O AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE
![Page 43: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Value the ocean It’s the only one we have.
![Page 44: Corals on Acid Ocean Acidification – The Other CO 2 Problem](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013015/61cfec00973dd7451c5f5c03/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
We were life Aquatic