copyright © tata institute of social sciences (tiss), 2015 ... · 6 this impact assessment report...
TRANSCRIPT
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Bhandara has a population of more than 1.2 million
people. The main economic activity is agriculture,
especially rice, industries and forest resources.
66.6% of the population has drinking water sources
outside their home in Bhandara district (per India
Development Indicators 2012, reported by
UNICEF). Surface and subsurface water in
Bhandara is polluted mainly due to fertilisers,
pesticides, brassware pollutants, mining, ordinance
industry pollution and their waste water discharge
into the river and ground water. Multi contaminants
are found in the local water sources - mainly
nitrate, TDS, Fluorine and Chlorine, bivalent
cations copper and zinc leading to health hazards.
There are frequent episodes of water borne
diseases – cholera, jaundice, and typhoid
especially in the monsoon season, as sewage
treatment facilities are negligible and raw sewage
is discharged into the river.
BHEL understands the importance of clean
drinking water as fundamental to good health. With
Safe Water Network, BHEL sought to improve the
lives of the rural poor around its station vicinity by
providing locally- owned and operated, affordable,
sustainable water to communities to improve their
health, generate livelihoods and most importantly
enable girls to attend school. BHEL committed to
set up 240 mw solar photo voltaic cells and 100
mw photo voltaic modules in Sakoli, providing
employment to over 3,000 people.
This report captures how the BHEL corporate
social responsibility (CSR) intervention transformed
the lives of the people in these villages and
adjoining areas where treated water is supplied.
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CONTEXT ........................................................................................................................................ 3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. 6
1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 8
2. BHANDARA ............................................................................................................................... 8
3. IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS ................................................................................................... 9
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & FINDINGS ........................................................................... 12
Qualitative ....................................................................................................................................... 12
Quantitative .................................................................................................................................... 12
Findings .......................................................................................................................................... 12
Safe Water Network Monitoring ...................................................................................................... 15
Indicators ........................................................................................................................................ 16
Water Quality .................................................................................................................................. 18
5. IMPACT ................................................................................................................................... 18
I. Social Impact ........................................................................................................................... 18
Consumer reported health benefits ................................................................................................. 22
Health and hygiene education to consumers .................................................................................. 22
II. Economic Impact ..................................................................................................................... 24
Livelihood generation ...................................................................................................................... 24
III. Environment Impact ................................................................................................................. 24
Environmental sustainability............................................................................................................ 24
6. RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................ 25
7. IJAL-COMMUNITIES-BENEFITS ............................................................................................ 26
Better access .................................................................................................................................. 26
Improved health .............................................................................................................................. 27
Benefits .......................................................................................................................................... 27
Reject Water Utilization ................................................................................................................... 28
8. ANNEXURE ............................................................................................................................. 29
a. Questionnaire ....................................................................................................................... 29
b. Water quality test reports (reports of all stations available on request) ................................. 31
c. Logical Framework Analysis ................................................................................................. 35
d. List of beneficiaries .............................................................................................................. 36
e. Operators trained ................................................................................................................. 38
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List of Tables
Table 1 iJal stations in Bhandara district............................................................................................................................ 12
Table 2. Summary findings of baseline and end line study: ..................................................................................... 15
Table 3 Field Progress Snapshot July2015 ...................................................................................................................... 17
Table 4. List of number of operators and distributors .................................................................................................. 24
Table 5. Details of water harvesting structures ............................................................................................................... 25
List of figures
Figure 1 Bhandara district map ................................................................................................................................................. 8
Figure 2 Picture of iJal station ................................................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 3 Map showing iJal stations in the region ........................................................................................................... 11
Figure 4 Distribution of population according to age .................................................................................................... 13
Figure 5 Bar graph showing occupation ............................................................................................................................ 13
Figure 6 iJal users and non-users according to their socio economic class .................................................... 13
Figure 7 Bar graph showing the Family size .................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 8. SEC profile of users .................................................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 9 Water collection ........................................................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 10. Reasons for using iJal .......................................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 11. Impact of iJal on other sources ........................................................................................................................ 19
Figure 12. Purpose of iJal .......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 13 Frequency of buying iJal ....................................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 14 Reasons for using iJal ............................................................................................................................................ 21
Figure 15. Impact on short term illnesses .......................................................................................................................... 22
Figure16. Impact on long term illnesses ............................................................................................................................. 22
Figure 17 Especially designed can for water collection and storage. .................................................................. 23
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This impact assessment report has been made for Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. (BHEL) by Tata
Institute of Social Sciences to evaluate the impact of BHEL CSR intervention. BHEL under the
Golden Jubilee CSR project had awarded a grant to Safe Water Network India to set up water
treatment stations – reverse osmosis treatment system equipped with ‘remote monitoring system’ in
ten villages in the Bhandara district. The project duration was one year from June 2014 –June 2015.
These were set up in the villages of Lakhni, Sendurwafa, Murmadi, Rajegaon, Pimpalgaon, Pohara,
Kesalwada, Dharmapuri, Palandur, Pindkepar. These villages were selected by Safe Water Network
and approved by BHEL. The selection process was based on a community need assessment
covering water quality challenges, community willingness to pay for safe water, and proximity to the
upcoming BHEL solar factory. The choice of location was also guided by the baseline report of the
region conducted by Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) for the PSUs to assist them in their
CSR intervention. TISS has also studied the milestone reports submitted by Safe Water Network to
BHEL during the contract period.
The SWN along with Local NGO conducted community mobilisation and selected the entrepreneurs
in consultation with the community and sarpanch; eligibility depended partly on the ability of the
entrepreneur to invest in infrastructure and his commitment to be inclusive in water delivery.
The salient features of the project were rigorous community mobilisation and demand activation to
improve the consumer knowledge, attitude, behaviour and practices towards safe water, willingness
to buy, hygiene and sanitation practices. Safe Water Network’s Technical Assistance department
provided training to the local NGO for setting up iJal stations and the local youth to operate and
maintain the station which includes the fundamentals of water quality and BIS 10500 quality criteria.
The entrepreneurs set up additional distribution channels to reach remote hamlets to increase
revenue. Communities were acclimatized to collect and store water in a 20L narrow mouth cans
made of virgin food grade polymer, and to purchase their daily water through pre cash loaded RFID
cards which Safe Water Network uses to track the consumer behaviour and purchase. Measures
were deployed for rain water harvesting like roof water harvesting, ground water recharge, and
complete reject water usage for sanitation, cattle wash and cattle feed, household usage in washing
etc.
A brief glimpse of the project impact:
iJal station villages 10 installed and commissioned
Lakhani, Murmadi, Sendurwafa, Rajegaon, Pimpalgaon, Pohara,
Kesalwada, Dharmapuri, Palandur, Pindkepar
Safe Water current Access 37,512
Registered users 40%
Water Quality BIS 10500
Quantity of water produced 96000L or 160 cans daily on an average per station
Livelihood generated 20
Operators trained 10
Distribution network 10
Utilization of Reject water
from iJal stations
All 10 stations – sanitation, cattle wash, cattle feed, washing
clothes
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Baseline and Endline survey on consumer knowledge attitude and practices around safe water
as well as the community behaviour reports that there has been a clear improvement in the
awareness of the importance of safe drinking water in the region, WASH activities and benefit
to the women. More boys and men are fetching water from the iJal station as contrast to water
collection by women and girl child.
The following are some of the positive impacts in the project area:
Safe water provision –
Increase in accessibility to pure and safe drinking water in the intervention village.
Positive effect on the wealth and income of consumers as it has allowed them to save money
on health expenditures and improved ability to work due to less sick days.
Health Benefits
Improvement in health self-reported incidence of diarrhoea and dysentery has reduced,
especially amongst children.
Reduction in water borne disease diarrhoea and jaundice as reported by the local doctor.
Benefit to women and girl child
Reduction in drudgery for women from daily water collection.
Increased school attendance as reported by teacher and mothers
Safety and privacy levels have increased, particularly among the women in the locality; reduced
disputes at water collection points
WASH activities
Health and hygiene education has instilled
better hand-wash activity before eating food and after toilet
handling water safely to prevent recontamination.
Skill building
Community volunteers, operators, distributors received various trainings which have had positive
behavioural effects.
Livelihood generation
The local community owns and operates the iJal stations and this provides them with livelihood
generation.
However, there have been certain challenges faced by the consumers, especially the increased
cost of water delivery at home or hamlets as compared to collecting water at the kiosk. There is
need for field service entity to support these installations with maintenance services.
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Every year, approximately 37.7 million Indians, mainly children, die from preventable waterborne
diseases, of which 1.5 million are dying of diarrhoea alone, posing serious health risks.1 Preventable
waterborne diseases continue to reduce productivity in impacted communities and continue to be a
leading global cause of illness, death and poverty. BHEL recognises the benefits of safe water and
awarded the implementation of ten water treatment stations to Safe Water Network in the Bhandara
district for communities welfare. The project was implemented June 2014-June 2015 under BHEL
Golden Jubilee CSR initiative.
Bhandara district is situated on the left bank of the river Wainganga, Nagpur division in the state of
Maharashtra. The Wainganga basin is the main water source, which includes the Wainganga River
and tributaries like Bavanthadi, Chulbandh, Godora and Sun Rivers. It is fondly called the 'District of
Lakes.' The district is underlain by crystalline rocks while rest of the Maharashtra State is covered
by Deccan Trap basalt. It is endowed with a large number of irrigation tanks known as ‘Malguzari
Tanks’.
Figure 1. Bhandara district map
District Statistics
Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS)
National Rural Drinking Water Programme, 2014-2015
General Information
Geographical Area 3716.65 sq. km
Administrative Divisions 7 Talukas: Bhandara, Lakhandur, Lakhani, Mohadi, Pauni, Sakoli,
Tumsar
1 World Bank 2010 Report.
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Blocks 7
Gram Panchayat 542
Villages 780
Habitations 795
[SC: 62 (7.80%)] [ST: 77 (9.69%)] [Others: 656 (82.52%)]
Rural Population
(In Lakhs)
11.06
[SC: 1.99 (17.96%)] [ST: 0.97 (8.74%)] [GEN: 8.11 (73.30%)]
Covered Population
(In Lakhs)
9.70
[SC: 1.73 (86.83%)] [ST: 0.86 (89.24%)] [GEN: 7.11 (87.70%)]
Literacy Rate 67.67%
Normal Annual Rainfall 1250 to 1500mm
Geomorphology
Major Physiographic unit Two; Structural units like hills and ridges, denundational units like
pediments and fluvial units
Major Drainage One: Wainganga River and its tributaries like Bagh, Chulbandh,
Panghodi Suz, Gadhavi, Chandan, Bavanthadi
Principal crops (2000-01) Rice, Pulses, Oil Seeds
Groundwater Monitoring Wells
Dug Wells 24
Piezometers 2
Climate and Rainfall
Minimum Temperature 6°C
Maximum Temperature 45°C
Villages in Bhandara were identified by Safe Water Network and approved by BHEL. These sites
were severely affected by ground water quality – salinity, hardness, nitrate, etc and the surface
water had high microbial contamination causing diarrhoea and jaundice. The following steps were
completed at each of the ten sites.
Screening Phase: Raising Awareness and Mobilizing Communities
There was a thorough evaluation of each community before the start of construction of safe water
station to understand the water needs, cultural considerations, governance structure, willingness to
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pay, and appropriate technology solution. Community engagement was key to promoting hygiene
and safe water management, and strengthening governance structures.
The core of the program is consumer activation using a series of activities to reach men, women
and children. A set of activities that were conducted over two months:
‘Dastak’- door to door campaign
Mohalla meetings in each section of village for inclusion
‘Jal Neeru agnipariksham’ (TDS, pH meter and fluoride testing, and electrolyser tests used to
show consumers quality of existing sources )
Standardised and replicable Marathi audio visual recording on tablets, shown to key opinion
leaders Sarpanch, Asha, Anganwadi, local RMP, teachers and other influential person
Inauguration of the iJal station with huge fanfare involving speeches by sarpanch, BHEL CSR
team and other village elders.
Preparatory Phase
The preparatory phase involves selecting the location of the station and discussion with the Gram
Panchayat and the community or entrepreneur regarding the space for installation of iJal stations in
their villages. The acceptability of the villagers regarding the project can also be assessed through
the interaction with various stakeholders during this period. The ground water level and the water
quality tests are also done for checking the water quality and need for the project. After the water
quality test reports show impurities beyond the permissible limits then installation of an iJal station is
finalised.
Implementation Phase: Training Local Capacity & Construction of iJal Stations
This phase entailed identification of the entrepreneur and Gram Panchayat as well as approval from
the Sarpanch to permit the raw water abstraction and the setting up of the Safe Water Station. Local
operators were identified and trained to operate and maintain the iJal station, which covered the
topics: water quality fundamentals, daily station operation, maintenance and repair, book keeping,
reporting- water quality, consumer and station operation in prescribed format and setting up
distribution routes. The operators once trained have full capacity to run the iJal station also keeping
in track the technical details of the iJal station.
The consumer pay Rs. 5/- for 20L of treated water. This money is responsible for the operation &
maintenance of the iJal station and the salary of the operator. It has been observed that a sense of
ownership has inculcated within the operators because during the survey it was seen that the iJal
stations were well maintained throughout.
iJal stations measure about 15x20’ with tile floors and walls and aluminium doors and windows.
They are well-lit and ventilated. The treatment technology is a 1000 LPH reverse osmosis stations
equipped with remote monitoring system and an automatic voltage regulator. The station has a six
step purification process with sand filter, carbon filter, micron filter, reverse osmosis membrane,
ultraviolet treatment and residual chlorine. There are three dosing pumps of antiscalant, pH and
chlorination. The treated water is stored in 5000L tank and conforms to the BIS 10500 quality. The
water quality reports of raw water, treated water and reject water are displayed at the station site.
Water is dispensed to the consumer at specified times in the morning and evening paid for monthly
using RFID cards at the rate Rs5 / 20L for the walk in consumer. A remote monitoring system with
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24x7 station monitoring capability captures and transmits the data pertaining to water quality, station
health and consumer purchase through GPRS to the central control room of Safe Water Network.
The records report that safe water is supplied reliably and there is <2% technical downtime. For the
reject water utilisation various options have been worked at the site depending upon feasibility,
including sanitation, cattle wash and cattle feed, and household usage in washing. The water is sold
at varying price ranging between Rs 10-15 at distribution points.
The iJal station regularly supplies about 3200L- 4000L per day of treated drinking water. The
stations remain open every day as per the opening schedule displayed at the iJal station.
Figure 2. Picture of iJal station
The map given below shows the location of the iJal stations in the Bhandara district.
Figure 3. Map showing iJal stations in the region
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Table 1. iJal stations in Bhandara district
S.No iJal Station No. of HH Station Inauguration
date
% of village population
enrolled for safe
drinking water
1 Lakhni 2698 20th October 2014 71%
2 Sendurwafa 1798 20th October 2014 46%
3 Murmadi 1342 20th October 2014 41%
4 Rajegaon 538 21st November 2014 71%
5 Pimpalgaon 705 15th December 2014 42%
6 Kesalwada 747 30th January 2015 40%
7 Pohara 1103 30th January 2015 11%
8 Dharmapuri 236 19th March 2015 98%
9 Palandur 1006 31st March 2015 24%
10 Pindkepar 663 31st March 2015 17%
A quantitative survey of baseline and endline and also qualitative research with focused group
discussions and in-depth interviews of key opinion leaders was conducted.
Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with local doctor, ASHA, anganwadi, school
teachers, village elders explored the knowledge, attitude, behavior and practices around water and
sources of water. Questions on the ability and willingness of community to buy safe water, water
practices of the community, needs and existing venues of safe water provision informed decisions
on the feasibility of initiating a market-based model for rural poor.
The quantitative study focused on the community’s socioeconomic condition, literacy levels and
knowledge on water quality and water borne disease, impact of water collection on women and
children, current sources of drinking water in the village, water collection and storage practices at
home, frequency of water collection. Data was collected through household surveys and also
through water quality tests.
The baseline study, conducted in the villages Lakhani, Pimpalgaon, Mundipar and Sakoli, found:
Water Source: Traditional sources, such as hand-pumps and tube-wells were widely used by
Bhandara inhabitants. Communities did not buy water from the market.
Water Quality: The ground water had quality issues with respect to hardness, nitrate and
salinity. Some of the community members and local doctors reported incidence of jaundice
during and after rainy season.
Collection Behavior: The females were found to be primarily responsible for collecting water.
Socio-Economic Class: Mostly backward classes.
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Demographic Characteristics
Figure 4. Distribution of population according to age
The above pie chart shows the population according to age, with the highest respondents of about
23% falling within the age 36-50 years.
Figure 5. Bar graph showing occupation
The bar graph for occupation shows that maximum population is involved as skilled laborers like
carpenters, masons etc. for their livelihood.
Figure 6. iJal users and non-users according to their socio economic class
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The Socio Economic Class (SEC) classification was determined using the methodology defined by
the Indian Readership Survey: highest level of education level attained by the chief wage earner
and the type of Household the respondent lives in (Pucca, Semi Pucca, Semi Kuccha). R1 is the
highest SEC strata, while R4 signifies the bottom of the strata. Therefore from the above SEC graph
it is seen that there are minimum users from the SEC R4 which signifies the bottom of the strata.
And the people from high strata have high number of users of iJal
Figure 7. Bar graph showing the Family size
The above bar graph of family size shows the households with respect to the family size. It can be
concluded that maximum number of households has a family size of 4.
SEC Profile of Users of various sources of water (Regular User)
Figure 8. SEC profile of users
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Figure above shows that adoption to iJal was seen mostly by upper socio economic class
households.2 The figure also shows a reduction in use of handpumps, home tap water and covered
wells by R1 and R2 population.
Table 2. Summary findings of baseline and end line study:
Baseline (%) End line (%) Remarks
Knowledge
Awareness about
importance of good quality
water
34 60 The knowledge about
safe drinking water has
increased considerably.
iJal is pure and clean water Not launched 84% (57%
mentioned it as
RO Water)
iJal connected as pure
and clean water is
evident among larger
population
Attitude- Water habits
Good Water quality (Rank 1
as most important factor for
well-being)
35% 47% Significant rise in
understanding the
importance of safe water
Good hygienic habits will
lead to less occasions of
family members falling sick
Not launched i-Jal User – 73%
i-Jal Non User –
51%
The attitude towards
hygiene is stronger
among users of iJal
Practices Health
Health problems:
Jaundice
Dizziness/Nausea
Headache
Loose motions
Cold/cough
Severe joint pain
15
24
36
12
80
53
1
5
6
3
56
2
The incidences of water
related ailments have
also reduced.
Behaviour
Who goes to collect water
from iJal station
Females went
to collect
water from
other sources.
Male : 62%,
female :33 %,
help: 5%
Males generally go to
collect water from iJal
station
Source: Endline survey conducted on March, 2015
Daily operations of the iJal station are recorded through the Remote Monitoring system, used for
monitoring the station. Data is fed into the Safe Water Network database as shown in the table
below:
Villages, where the iJal stations are located;
Station location with GPS coordinates;
2 Determined using the methodology defined by the Indian Readership Survey: highest level of education level
attained by the chief wage earner and the type of Household the respondent lives in (Pucca, Semi Pucca, Semi
Kuccha). R1 is the highest SEC strata, while R4 signifies the bottom of the strata.
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Date of launch;
Access;
Household participation with socio-economic classification; and
Technology partners.
*Data Sourced from Safe Water Network Report to BHEL
There are various indicators that are used by Safe Water Network for monitoring of the iJal stations.
The indicators that are used are:
Volume: It is the amount of iJal used by the consumers from the iJal station. The average
volume of water generated per station per month is 96000 litres.
Adoption: It is the number of Households that have started using the iJal water. There is 40%
adoption till date in all the 10 villages. There are about 15011 persons who are drinking iJal i.e.
almost 40% of the total population.
Finance: The finance is monitored by tracking the Capex repayment, can repayment and service
fee payments.
Downtime: <2% technical downtime and 0% sales downtime
Water quality: The quality of water TDS, pH, chlorine is checked daily and is recorded by the
operator in the station itself. Periodically, after every six months, a water sample of Raw, reject
and treated water from every iJal station is sent for testing to selected accredited laboratory. The
table given below shows a snapshot of the monitored data of the 10 iJal stations of Bhandara
district. These are how the water quality, volumes, adoption, finance, downtime are kept track of
on a daily basis. The data is then collated and reported on a monthly basis. We find strong M&E
of each iJal station.
Below is a recent recorded data of the RMS system in the 10 iJal stations of
Maharashtra.
Operations over Prior Month
MoM Volumes: 4% (10 Stations operational > 1 month) | (Stations > 1 year = 0)
The Maharashtra cluster also reported a 4% growth in volumes through strong distribution (3%
in July and 409% from June to July’15). The average can sale recorded from Jan-Jul’15 is 123
cans per day.
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Table 3. Field Progress Snapshot July2015
FIELD PROGRESS SNAPSHOT – JULY 2015
Districts
Launch
Year
iJal Statio
ns
YTD Jul'15 Volumes
Jul-14 Volumes
Jun-15
Volumes
Jul-15 Volumes
Month
-on-Month
Year-on-Year
Year To Date%
Jul-15
YTD Avg Cans sold/Da
y
Total HHs
Jun-15
Jul-15
Dropout
s
Revived
HH Registration
Post Dropout
s
Capex Repayment
Can Repayment Service Fee Payments
Technical & Sales
Downtime %
Amount
(INR)
% LTD
Amount
(INR)
LTD (INR)
Amount (INR)
Total Till
Date
ALL INDIA 4,836,
180 0
833,060
870,180
8% 32% 13%
123 873 873 313.
4 66 0 37%
₹ 35,80
0 1%
₹ 12,48
0
₹ 394,560
₹ 18,000
₹ 82,000
Jul'15: 0.2% Tech, 2.4% Sales YTD 2015:
0.3% Tech; 1.5% Sales
MAHARASHTRA 4,836,
180 NF
833,060
870,180
4% NA NA 123 873 873 313 66 0 37% ₹
35,800
1% ₹
12,480
₹ 394,560
₹ 18,000
₹ 82,000
0%
BHANDARA
2014
Lakhani
1,399,340
NF 239,2
00 227,9
00 -
5% NF - 330 1200 814 846 146 0 58% 3% ₹ 84,000 ₹ 2,000
₹ 16,000
-
Murmadi
894,280
NF 144,1
20 143,2
00 -
1% NF - 211 1200 487 487 59 0 36%
₹ 1,000
2% ₹ 51,600 ₹ 2,000 ₹
16,000 -
Sendurwafa
891,340
NF 141,0
20 178,2
80 26%
NF - 210 1200 475 551 90 0 38% 3% ₹
3,600 ₹ 45,600 ₹ 2,000
₹ 16,000
-
Rajegaon
246,140
NF 34,20
0 34,54
0 1% NF - 58 231 156 163 44 0 52%
₹ 8,000
0% ₹ 720 ₹ 21,400 ₹ 2,000 ₹ 6,000 -
Pimpalgaon
483,960
NF 75,48
0 78,38
0 4% NF - 114 794 320 336 64 0 34%
₹ 5,000
2% ₹ 41,720 ₹ 2,000 ₹ 8,000 -
Kesalwada
318,220
NF 55,14
0 70,04
0 27%
NF - 87 747 213 302 40 0 35% ₹
7,300 0% ₹ 25,920 ₹ 2,000 ₹ 8,000 -
Pohara
159,680
NF 26,32
0 31,28
0 19%
NF - 44 1174 127 129 85 0 4% ₹
5,000 2% ₹ 27,360 ₹ 2,000 ₹ 8,000 -
2015
Dharmapuri
182,320
NF 44,04
0 37,16
0
-16%
NF - 68 283 194 278 44 0 83% ₹
1,500 0%
₹ 3,120
₹ 48,720 ₹ 0 -
Palandur
161,340
NF 42,70
0 45,46
0 6% NF - 66 1149 259 278 60 0 19%
₹ 3,000
0% ₹ 30,000 ₹ 2,000 ₹ 2,000 -
Pindkepar
99,560
NF 30,84
0 23,94
0
-22%
NF - 40 747 89 130 28 0 14% ₹
5,000 0%
₹ 5,040
₹ 18,240 ₹ 2,000 ₹ 2,000 -
Data Sourced from Safe Water Network Report ’Financial sustainability’
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During the baseline survey the water quality of the region was tested and it was found that the
water sample contained high fluoride, nitrate and TDS, more than the permissible limits:
1. High Fluoride (>1 ppm)
2. High Nitrates (>45 ppm)
3. High TDS (>500 ppm)
After the iJal station was installed the source of drinking water for the people who use iJal has
improved. The treated water quality test results from the iJal station showed that the problem of
high fluoride, high nitrate and high TDS has been solved and the treated water complied with the
norms of BIS 10500:2012. The water quality test result of an iJal station is given below:
Water quality test result (for Pohara iJal station)
Standard Raw water Treated water
Fluoride 1.0ppm max 0.9 0.4
Nitrate 45ppm max 126.2 35.5
TDS 500ppm max 1254 100
The impact of the project has been divided into three sub headings: social impact including
health impact, economic impact and environment impact.
The awareness generation activity for safe drinking water informed community members on
water quality and its impact on health. It encouraged them to use treated water to safe guard
their health. There is a positive change in the community.
Water collection from iJal station
During baseline survey it was found that it was mostly females who collected water from tube
wells, handpumps etc. But after the project implementation it was seen that males were mostly
responsible for collection of water from iJal stations as shown in Figure 9 below.
Source: End line survey conducted on March, 2015
Figure 9. Water collection
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Reasons for using iJal water
Source: End line survey conducted on March, 2015
Figure 10. Reasons for using iJal
The above figure depicts the reason for the community to adopt iJal for drinking purposes with
the majority of the respondents responding that iJal water is clean water.
Impact of iJal on other sources:
Source: Endline survey conducted on March, 2015
Figure 11. Impact of iJal on other sources
Before the implementation of the project in the area the main source of drinking water were hand
pumps, bore or tube wells, open wells and tap water. After the installation of iJal stations there
was reduced usage of hand pumps water for drinking. However those who used taps at home
did not change the water source. Survey showed that other sources of water are mostly used for
washing clothes, bathing etc.
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Purpose of iJal usage:
Communities were asked about how they use iJal water. It was observed that iJal users used it
mostly for drinking in home and outside of home followed by cooking. It seems the project has
increased community awareness of the importance of drinking safe water.
Source: Endline survey conducted on March, 2015
Figure 12. Purpose of iJal
Frequency of buying iJal amongst registered users
Source: Endline survey conducted on March, 2015
Figure 13. Frequency of buying iJal
From the above figure it can be seen that 64% of the users have bought iJal more than 21 times
a month. It was also found that since the users pay for water they tend to value the product and
use it judiciously. In addition, they observe that the water is clean, pure and tastes good so
ultimately they become loyal users of iJal. Figure below shows the result of the endline survey
where users were asked to score the options why they used iJal; the top answer is that the water
is pure.
21
Source: End line survey conducted on March, 2015
Figure 14. Reasons for using iJal
User satisfaction:
Source: End line survey conducted in March, 2015
It has been found out that 83% of the consumers are satisfied with water from iJal stations.
Therefore 77% of the consumers are strongly willing to buy in future also. 78% are strongly
willing to recommend iJal to other members of the community.
22
Source: As per endline survey conducted on March, 2015
Figure 15. Impact on short term illnesses
Source: End line survey conducted on March, 2015
Figure16. Impact on long term illnesses
As per the above figure the incidence of short term illnesses has decreased.
It was observed that there was a positive attitudinal change within the community regarding
the importance of safe water and personal hygienic habits.
Regular health & hygiene education-related programs are displayed at the iJal station. There are
activities around water and health especially during the village selection phase and during
inauguration where there is active registration of users for iJal. There are focused programs for
the key opinion leaders and in schools to promote safe water adoption. Consumers understood
23
the need of a narrow mouth can for water collection to safeguard water quality at home and
during handling.
Figure 17. Especially designed can for water collection and storage.
Consumer mindset:
Consumers felt water to be the most important ingredient to a healthy life.
There was a very strong association of iJal with quality and good water properties like color,
smell and visual appeal as well as health benefits among both users & non-users.
The consumers were asked to answer few questions and their analyzed findings have been
stated in the tables below:
Consumer Mindset
Users Non Users
To avoid illness in the family, we need to consume the
best quality water
74 42
Worth travelling a longer distance to get clean drinking
water
52 24
Treated water is the best quality water available 72 46
Source: As per endline survey conducted on March, 2015
Consumer Mindset
Users Non Users
Good hygienic habits will lead to less occasions of
family members falling sick
73 51
Source: As per endline survey conducted on March, 2015
There is increased awareness amongst consumers towards water and health as well as need of
hygiene.
24
The iJal stations have generated livelihoods for various people directly or indirectly associated
with the safe drinking water provision in the district – entrepreneur, operator, distributor -driver,
loader/helper and retailer at the distribution point. The project has generated both full time and
part time employment for about 20 people among the community - 10 operators and 10 as
distributors. Also due to the convenience of location of iJal stations the communities self report
time saving in water collection, usage of time saved in other livelihood generation activities like
‘Papad making’. Below is the list of number of operators and distributors in the 10iJal stations of
Bhandara district.
Table 4. List of number of operators and distributors
S.No iJal Station Operator Distributor
1 Lakhani 1 2
2 Murmadi 1
3 Sendurwafa 1 2
4 Rajegaon 1
5 Pimpalgaon 1
6 Kesalwada 1 2
7 Pohara 1 1
8 Dharmapuri 1 2
9 Palandur 1 1
10 Pindkepar 1
TOTAL 10 10
Sustainability Measures - Water Harvesting & Reject Water Management at iJal Stations:
iJal Stations use RO systems due to salinity water quality challenge. The source water is ground
water. Hence for environmental sustainability artificial recharge structures have been constructed
to augment the ground water.
The estimation of recharge water is carried out to understand the percentage of water offset due
to recharge measures at each site. For example, the case study of a village Kesalwada, the
withdrawal is estimated at around 480 cubic meters per annum. Based on the roof area available
for water collection to the recharge measure and hydrogeological conditions, it is estimated
around 110 cubic meter water can be recharged annually. That means around 23% of the total
ground water withdrawal can be recharged through construction of artificial structures.
The same understanding can be applied to calculate the effect of reject water on the local
ecosystem. In Kesalwada, around 240 cubic meters of water is the reject generated. As per the
plan, this will be distributed to 8 families staying close by to the Kesalwada iJal Station. This
indicates that the reject water is going to be utilized for other than drinking purpose to meet the
water requirement of these families.
25
The construction work of water harvesting structures carried out in the following villages and
ground water recharge has been worked out as presented below:
Table 5. Details of water harvesting structures
Village
Location/ Station source or public source
Type of source
Area m²
Rain Water Volume m³
Expected annual recharge m³
Annual expected GW withdrawal m³
% of water offset by recharge
Lakhani Near Station, defunct well Dug well 106.58 128 96 5024 2%
Kesalwada Station raw water source
Bore well 110.96 133 100 1185 8%
Dharmapuri Station raw water source
Bore well 109.56 131 99 774 13%
Rajegaon
near dug well cum BW (Station raw water source)
dug well cum bore well
106.295 128 96 792 12%
Pind Ke Par Station raw water source
Bore well 297 356 267 313 85%
Palandur (School)
School Bore Well
Bore well 100 120 90 551 16%
Pimpalgaun (Hospital) Hand Pump
Hand Pump 95.81 115 86 1668 5%
Water level monitoring is conducted on a monthly basis from raw water sources to inform on
effect on recharge structures and trend of water level fluctuation.
The reject water storage and distribution to neighbouring households is observed where reject
water is be used for sanitation, cleanliness and other domestic needs, but for drinking.
For complete station capacity utilization, there is a need for active demand generation to
encourage nonusers to consume safe water, user to use safe water in cooking etc
It is observed that consumers are less satisfied with the iJal containers. Perhaps a smaller
sized can of 10-12 L can be introduced to them so that they have a choice to use either the
20L or smaller can for iJal.
Education activities can be carried out at schools. While conducting awareness focus can be
on electrolyser tests of home water samples to highlight water contamination.
Accelerate the mechanism of home delivery for more convenience.
26
Below is an overview of the whole iJal program and its important components.
The Customer has to come to the Safe Water iJal station to fetch water. They have been
provided with iJal cans which make it safer and easier for them to collect safe drinking water.
Distribution to households is also done through small trucks and auto rickshaws as shown in the
picture.
27
Due to easy access the people save time for themselves. The women of the communities shall
benefit from the extra time they save by getting a chance to study and to get involved in other
activities. With easy access of safe drinking water the health of the community shall improve.
The children shall also have more school days in the coming future. Few related activities of the
project area have been captured in the pictures below.
The health of the community has improved to a large extent. One of the local doctor said that the
number of patients coming to him with water borne illnesses have reduced considerably.
iJal station has become a source of Livelihood for people. The operators that runs the station
earn a certain amount of money which eases his monthly expenses.
28
The reject water from the stations are presently being utilized for various purposes as shown
above. They are used for flushing toilets, washing dishes and clothes, bathing animals and few
people are using it for gardening purposes too.
29
a. Questionnaire
A snapshot of the Baseline Questionnaire (detailed questionnaire available on request)
35
c. Logical Framework Analysis
Logical Framework Analysis
Goal/Objective To provide clean drinking water to the rural communities of Bhandara district, Maharashtra
NARRATIVE SUMMARY VERIFIABLE INDICATORS MEANS OF VERIFICATION ASSUMPTIONS
Outcome
Short term:
Awareness generated regarding importance of
pure & safe drinking water.
Easy access to safe drinking water. pH, TDS, Chlorine;
RMS data;
Personal interviews;
FGDs
Raw, treated & reject water
quality tests by Bhagavathi
Ana Labs;
Baseline & Endline survey
data ;
Observation
False rumours regarding
iJal from troublemakers;
Technical problems ;
Irresponsible operators
might cause problems in
functioning of iJal stations
Intermediate:
Increased usage of pure and safe drinking water;
Reduced rate of diarrhoea and stomach problems
Long term :
Reduced health problems
More school days for girls;
More time for females to do other work
Outputs
Public Awareness regarding safe water,
iJal Station commissioning;
Operation of iJal water station
Registration of users;
Detailed monitoring of the operation of iJal station
-10 iJal stations installed in 10 villages ;
-Technical registers, User profile registers,
Cash registers updated daily;
-RMS monitoring,
-RFID card
Project Monitoring through
Remote monitoring system
(RMS) recorded data directly
from web; Photographs
Source drying up;
Unavailability of operator;
Unwilling community
members
Activities
Raised community awareness,
Environment building activities;
Household surveys;
Operator nomination & training;
Installation of iJal stations
-Land for iJal Station;
-Equipment’s for 10 iJal stations
installation
Participation registers,
photographs, Baseline &
endline survey data
Cost : INR 1,45,00,000/-
Cooperation of
stakeholders, No
corruption, No inter
cultural conflicts and
resistances
Inputs
Physical Resource: Funding ; Technology infrastructure ;
Human Resource: SWN Facilitators, trainers,
Technicians, LNGO, Community members
BHEL , TATA, Pentair, LNGO Demographic data;
Agreement documents, MoU
Availability of facilitators,
trainers; Willingness of the
community
36
d. List of beneficiaries
Below is the list of the number of beneficiaries of the project:
S No. Villages No. of beneficiaries/Users
1 Lakhani 3,563
2 Murmadi 2,424
3 Sendurwafa 2,354
4 Rajegaon 598
5 Pimpalgaon 1,340
6 Kesalwada 1,335
7 Pohara 547
8 Dharmapuri 1,155
9 Palandur 1,147
10 Pindkepar 548
TOTAL 15011
38
e. Operators trained
S.
No
Name of iJal
Station / Village
Address Name of Entrepreneur
/ Operator to whom
Technical training has
been given
Mobile
Number
1 Lakhani Behind lakori road, post –lakhni,
tahasil- Lakhni, Dist- bhandara,
Maharastra,Pin-441804
Mr. Nitin Jaykrushna
Fenderkar / Mr. Anoop
09595522468
;
09404014810
;
09960046846
2 Murmadi Ganesh Nagar, village- murmadi,
post –lakhni, tahasil- Lakhni, Dist-
bhandara, Maharashtra, Pin-
441804
Mrs. Sumita Halmare /
Mr. Ashish
09623758278
3 Sendurwafa Beside piyush automobile,main
road,village- Sendurwafa, tahasil-
Sakoli, Dist- bhandara,
Maharastra, Pin-441802
Mr. Rakesh Jagiya / Mr.
Yogesh
09823005019
4 Rajegaon House # 123, Rajegoan, mandal
Lakhni, district Bhandara,
Maharashtra
Mr. Dhanajay Rajaram
Thakre / Mr. Shrikanth
09960019044
5 Pimpalgaon Rangepar road, opposite Thalathi
office, Pimpalgoan , post –lakhni,
tahasil- Lakhni, Dist- bhandar,
Maharastra
Mr. Vasant Keshavrav
Shivankar (Parasram) /
Mr. Bhandari
09158467909
6 Kesalwada Goan Kesalwada W, Mandal
Lakhni, District Bhandara,
Maharashtra
Mr. Anil Bhagwandas
Sachdev / Mr. Shubham
09881988190
7 Pohara Village- Pohra, tahasil- Lakhni,
Dist- bhandara, Maharastra, Pin-
441802
Mr. Deepak Ramdas
Walode / Mr. Gulshan
09823005019
8 Dharmapuri House # 113, Dharmapuri goan,
mandal Sakoli, district Bhandara,
Maharashtra
Mr. Praveen Genduji
Khotele / Mr. Domle
09767121767
9 Palandur 369 District Parisad Kanishta
Mahavidyalay javal, Palandur
Chou, post –lakhni, Mandal-
Lakhni, Dist- bhandar, Maharastra
Mrs. Sangeeta Mangesh
Yevale
09421712832
10 Pindkepar 17, Pindakepar Taluk, Sakoli,
District Bhandara, Maharashtra
Mr. Ashokrao Samarit /
Mr. Sandeep
09689837264
39
Safe Water Access to 37512 people
iJal Station 10 villages in Bhandara district
Average water produced per month 96000L or 160 cans daily
Affordable water
20L can @Rs 5 each
Livelihood generated 20 Registered users of iJal 40%