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Tropical Biology (Costa Rica)Biology 320

May 20-31, 2008

Register for Bio 360 and 320 for Spring

$1900 approximate costScholarships Available!

For more information:Dr. Elliott or Dr. Szczys

G113 or Planetarium EML

Quiz 6Maximum score before adjustment was 93.9 (n=2)So two question adjustment was applied to your quizzes.

The resulting average was 74.2 which was 3 points better than the Quiz 5 average.

The course average includes all papers graded and returned to you. The average of averages is 81.0. This includes a couple of people who I think may have dropped.

1. Open up your Time Log to Today’s Green Page.2. Hold it up until I signal you to put it down.

I’m looking to see who has not got the first column filled out!

Biology:lifestudy of

What is Life?Cellular Structure: the unit of life, one or many

Growth: cell enlargement, cell number

Evolution: long term adaptation

Behavior: short term response to stimuli

Reproduction: avoid extinction at death

Metabolism: photosynthesis, respiration, fermentation, digestion, gas exchange, secretion, excretion, circulation--processing materials and energy

Movement: intracellular, movement, locomotion

Properties of Life

Homeostasis - metabolism

All of these nutritional modes are found among prokaryotes!Eukaryotes are not as diverse in their nutritional modes.

Nutrition ModeEnergy Source

Carbon Source

Photoautotroph Light CO2

ChemoautotrophInorganic

chemCO2

Photoheterotroph

LightOrganic chem

Chemoheterotroph

Organic chemOrganic chem

How do Archaea tolerate the heat?

• Proteins stabilized by more ionic bridges between amino acid r-groups and more-hydrophobic core amino acids

• Heat shock protein (chaperonins) refold denatured proteins…Pyrococcus 121°C for 1 hour!

• DNA depurination reduced by presence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate.

• DNA supercoiling by reverse gyrase reduces denaturation

• Sac7d in Sulfolobus is a minor groove protein increases the melting temperature by 40°C

• Histone-like proteins help stabilize DNA as well

• Heat-resistant di-bi-phytanyl diether lipid membranes (monolayer) prevent delamination of membrane

Cell Membrane Structure

O O

O O

R

R

O O

O O

R

R

Composed of diglyceridesR group may be phosphate, sulfate, or sugarLong chain branched hydrocarbon (not fatty acid) Hydrocarbons may be C20 or C40

If C20, the membrane is a bilayer:

If C40, the membrane is a monolayer

In some species, the membrane is a mixture of both C20 and C40 diglycerides forming a mixed mono-/bi-layer

http://www.molgen.mpg.de/~ag_ribo/ag_franceschi/franceschi-projects-30S.html

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

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Thermus aquaticus

Gram negative bacterium (not archaeon)

Thermophile isolated from Yellowstone Hot SpringOptimum temperature 85°C

Stability of macromolecules excellentEnzymes for research or commercial useTaq polymerase is the enzyme of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Lives near cyanobacteria which feed Thermus

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

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http://sci.agr.ca/crda/images/BACTERI1.JPG

• Photoautotrophism

• Photoheterotrophism

• Chemoautotrophism

• Chemoheterotrophism

Which of these metabolic pathwaysis Thermus demonstrating?

√Hint:

• Organic chemicals for energy

• Organic chemicals for carbon

How Many Kingdoms?Multicellul

ar Animals

Myxozoans

Protozoans

Tracheophytes

Bryophytes

True Fungi

Slime Molds

Red algae

Brown Algae

Green Algae

Chrysophytes

Euglenoids

Archezoans

Archaebacteria

Bacteria

Original Cell

Extant

Extinct

Long Time with

Prokaryotes only

8

5

3

2

1

Protista appears

How Many Kingdoms?Multicellul

ar Animals

Myxozoans

Protozoans

Tracheophytes

Bryophytes

True Fungi

Slime Molds

Red algae

Brown Algae

Green Algae

Chrysophytes

Euglenoids

Archezoans

Archaebacteria

Bacteria

Original Cell

Extant

Extinct

Long Time with

Prokaryotes only

8

5

3

2

1

Protista appears

Protista refined

How Many Kingdoms?Multicellul

ar Animals

Myxozoans

Protozoans

Tracheophytes

Bryophytes

True Fungi

Slime Molds

Red algae

Brown Algae

Green Algae

Chrysophytes

Euglenoids

Archezoans

Archaebacteria

Bacteria

Original Cell

Extant

Extinct

Long Time with

Prokaryotes only

8

5

3

2

1

Protista appears

Protista refined

So what is this eukaryotic color code all about?

http://www.btinternet.com/~stephen.durr/pelomyxapalustris.html

Uroid

Glycogen body

Vacuoles

PseudopodiaEndosymbiotic bacteria

Pelomyxa palustrisFree-living in freshwater sediment (microaerophilic)Phagocytosis active

At least 3 species of endosymbiont in each cell…two species are methanogenic archaeons!How would you describe the host cell’s metabolism?

Accumulate glycogen reserves

http://www.ac-rennes.fr/pedagogie/svt/photo/microalg/euglena.jpg

Euglena gracilis

Nucleus

Eyespot

Anterior invaginationWith internal short flagellumLong flagellum rooted here also (not shown)

Paramylon grainChloroplasts

Protein pellicle(striations)

Posterior extension

Contractile vacuole

PyrenoidMitochondrion

http://bio.rutgers.edu/euglena/

How would you describe the metabolism?

http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/paraav/images/10-16.jpg

Trypanosoma gambienseBlood-borne parasiteFlagellated undulating cell

Chemical agent causes African sleeping sickness

Vectored by Tsetse fly between alternate hosts

Nucleus Flagellum

http://niah.naro.affrc.go.jp/disease/fact/image/trypanosoma.jpg

How would you describe the parasite’s metabolism?

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/amoebafeeding3.jpg

Pseudopodia

Contractile vacuole

Nucleus

Food vacuoles

Mitochondria

Amoeba proteusA freshwater amoeboid protistEngulfing a Staurastrum green alga

The pseudopodia assist in locomotion and phagocytosis, but they also secrete proteolytic enzymes to digest particles outside the cell.

How would you describe the amoeba’s

nutritional mode?

How would you describe the

prey’s nutritional mode?

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/hoffmangallery/images/stentor.jpg

Stentor polymorphusFunnel-shaped protist

Cytostome rim is ciliated

Food swept into alveolus

Cilia

Nucleus

Holdfast

http://comuredsl.com/fotos/stentor.jpg

Contractile

vacuole

Macronucleus

Micronucleus

How would you

describe stentor’s nutritional mode?

http://pantransit.reptiles.org/images/1998-

05-23/Paramecium.jpg

Cell Membrane

Cilia

Trichocysts

ContractileVacuoles

Macronucleus Micronucleus

FoodVacuoles

Paramecium caudatum

Oral groove not shown (on back side)

A ciliated protist

Mitochondrion in cytosol

http://www.jochemnet.de/fiu/bot4404/BOT4404_1.html

Paramecia can be both heterotrophic and autotrophic (at least functionally so)

Paramecium bursaria

Ectocarpus siliculosusMarine haploid filamentous thallus with true branching.

Produces haploid gamete by mitosis in gametangium:gametangium chloroplasts

http://www.biology.lsa.umich.edu/courses/bio458/Ectocarpus.jpg

Kingdom Chromista

http://www.biologie.uni-

erlangen.de/botanik1/

photobiologie/images/kap9/

abb9-22.JPG

Obviously both photoautotrophi

c and chemoheterotrop

hic!

http://www.news.wisc.edu/newsphotos/images/potato_blight_s.jpg

http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEG%20files/potato.blight.jpg

http://www.plantpath.wisc.edu/wivegdis/images/potatoeb.gif

A water mold, Phytophthora infestans, was responsible for the potato blight that led to crop failure, starvation, and emigration of the Irish population in the 1840s.

Kingdom Chromista

Chemoheterotrophic only!

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

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http://www.bio.mtu.edu/the_wall/phycodisc/RHODOPHYTA/gfx/PORPHYRIDIUM_UNICELL.jpg

Porphyridium

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Mitochondrion

Nucleus

Stellate Chloroplast

Floridean Starch

Vacuole

Both chemoheterotrophicAnd photoautotrophic!

Plant Cell: mesophyll protoplast

http://www.botany.wisc.edu/images/mesophyll-protoplast_lg.jpg

cell membraneimport/export

chloroplastphotosynthesis

cytosolfermentation glycolysis

vacuoletoxic waste processing

nucleustranscriptionreplication

(Cell wall was digested off by cellulase)

Only Photoautotrop

hic?

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http://faculty.uca.edu/~johnc/Chloroplast_and_microbodies.jpg

TEM or SEM? of a Plant or Animal Cell?

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http://www.up.ac.za/academic/electron/mito1.htm

Plant mitochondrion

cristae(mesosomes)

outer membraneinner membrane

matrix

TEM or SEM?

Animal Cell: Pancreatic cellhttp://www.tmd.ac.jp/artsci/biol/textbook/nucleus.gif

endoplasmic

reticuluminternal transport

nucleustranscription, replication

mitochondrionKrebs, ETS, ox. phos.

zymogen granule

protein storageenzyme secretion

DNA

RNA

80S ribosometranslation

cytosolglycolysis, fermentation

Chemoheterotrophic only!

http://www.jhu.edu/iic/Yeast_1.png

Saccharomyces: yeast from kingdom Fungi?

Cell wall: chitin not cellulose

Mitosis nearly completeCytokinesis via furrowing (budding!)

?

? Chemoheterotrophic only!