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B. Redmer, C. Bellon, B. Sölter, H.-J. Malitte:
Fifth EAN Workshop on“Industrial Radiography: Improvements in Radiation Protection”Rome, Italy, 17-19 Oktober 2001
Copyright declaration:This presentation may be only used with the reference below. Single pages may be separated for presentationsbut it is not allowed to do any modifications and to usethem without reference!
Reduction of Radiation ExposureThrough the Application of NewDetector Techniques in IndustrialRadiography
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Reduction of Radiation ExposureThrough the Application of New Detector
Techniques in Industrial Radiography
Bernhard Redmer1, Carsten Bellon1, Barbara Sölter2,Hans-Joachim Malitte1
1 Bam Berlin2 DGZfP, Berlin
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Present Trends in Digital Industrial Radiography
NDT Image Capture Technologies
Ref.: Soltani (Liberty)
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Dose Minimisation through Reduction of the Exposure
Application
Image Plate System
Dose Minimisation through Reduction of the Exposure
Application
Image Plate System
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Readout and Erasure
He-Ne Laser
PMT
IPData Output
filter
imaging plate
cassette
IP
exposure
Exposure of imaging plates
Ref.: Ewert, Zscherpel (2001)
Principle of an Image Plate System
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Digital Image• readout procedure by a scanner• enhancement of the image
quality by image processing
Preparation of an Exposure• handling like a film
Image Plate System
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(a)
Ewert, Zscherpel, BAM-VIII.3
(a) imaging plate (b) film
(b)
Comparison of Transfer Curves
(a) imaging plate (IP)(b) film
The image quality of theimaging plate system andthe X-ray film cannot becompared withouttransfer functionmatching.
Image Plate System
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Ref.: Osterloh (July 2001)
corrosion of a pipe: wall thickness 5.9 mm, diameter 110 mm, Ir-192, FDD 1000 mm, 1min.
original image processed
Image Plate System
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D4; C3D4; C3 D7; C5D7; C5 IPIP
Timed Detonator (WZD-6 Tsch;Ru) FFA = 1000 mm; U = 180 keV
Ref.: Beckmann, Onel, Ewert (Juni 2000)
Image Plate System
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• limited spatial resolution• high sensitivity in a case of low energy radiation• different characteristic to the film
• high linearity• high sensitivity
– shorter exposure time• multiple use of the image plate• no dark room required• digital images available
– evaluation through digitalalgorithm possible
– high accuracy
Ref.: Beckmann, Onel, Ewert (Juni 2000)
Image Plate System
AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages
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Dose Minimisation trough Using ofFan Beam Geometry
Application
Radiometric Line Camera
Dose Minimisation trough Using ofFan Beam Geometry
Application
Radiometric Line Camera
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Line Camera
Technical Parameter
Pixel Number 1856x1Pixel Size 83² µm²
(12 pixel/mm)Szintillator 200...250 µm
GdO2S
Scan Width 160 mmResolution 160...200 µm
Principle of an Line Camera System
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Computer-Laminography (CL)with line scan technique
Computer-Laminography (CL)with line scan technique
Line Camera System
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Camera trip through the object:Camera trip through the object:
Average reconstruction of the crack range after
filtering.
Average reconstruction of the crack range after
filtering.Surface peel off
Line Camera System
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Reconstruction from theline scan measurementsat 180 kVp
Reconstruction from theline scan measurementsat 180 kVp
Surface representation ofthe crack range
Surface representation ofthe crack range
Magnified range:
Line Camera System
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Flaw in an welding: stress corrosion
Ref.: Tillack, Bellon (2001)
Line Camera System
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Dose Minimisation through Reductionof the Exposure
Application
Flat Panel Detector
Dose Minimisation through Reductionof the Exposure
Application
Flat Panel Detector
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Direct Conversion
Direct Conversion
X-rays generate electron hole pairs in the semi-conductor.
Miniature electrodes are chargedand can be read outafter exposure.
Amorphous Se-detector ofSterling
35 x 42 cm8 Mega pixels139 µm resolution
35 x 42 cm8 Mega pixels139 µm resolution
AGFA αααα-Se-detector, Oct. 2000
New Detector in Radiology: Flat Panel
Ref.: Ewert, Zscherpel (July 2001)
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Test in the Lab. (with test weld BAM 5):
Ref.: Ewert, Zscherpel (July 2001)
New Detector in Radiology: Flat Panel
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New Detector in Radiology: Flat Panel
Ref.: Ewert, Zscherpel (July 2001)
Highpass Filtering:
DR : detector resolution limited through pixel size
DirectRay: BAM 5
at 120 kV, 1 mA1 mm Cu prefilteringFFA 0.5 m, 30 s exposure time without shutter
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Varian Imaging System, Oct. 2000
Improved Application of in-House TestingImproved Application of in-House Testing
Flat Panel Applicationsneed less expensive manipulation techniquethan intensifiers
Automated pipeinspection,substituting film andIntensifier technology
Ref.: Ewert, Zscherpel (July 2001)
New Detector in Radiology: Flat Panel
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• limited spatial resolution• different characteristic to the film• currently: high expenses for
temperature controlling– large readout-time per cycle
• direct process of radiationdetection
• high sensitivity– shorter exposure time
• no dark room required• digital images available
– evaluation through digitalalgorithm possible
– higher accuracy• easy handling (size, weight)• time integration on the detector
Ref.: Beckmann, Onel, Ewert (Juni 2000)
AdvantagesAdvantages DisadvantagesDisadvantages
New Detector in Radiology: Flat Panel
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Ref.: Zscherpel (2000)
New Systems in Radiology: Film Printer
• pixel size: 40 µm (630 dpi)8.000x10.000 pixels on 35 x 43 cm²
• 8 bit digital input via programable densityfunction (LUT) scaled to 16 bit
• Dmin und Dmax between 0.2 and 3.6 ODadjustable
• data transmission up to 3 min. per film;laser imaging max. 40 sec.
• Development in NDT chemistry
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Conclusion
Fan Beam Geometry• reduction of the radiation beam• smaller control zone• Application: line camera with slit collimator in front
Shorter Exposure Time• Minimisation of the exposure of persons• Application: Image Plates (up to 60%, limited resolution)
Flat Panel Detector
Mechanised Scanner-Principle• no film handling --> Minimisation of the exposure of
persons (e.g. Nuclear Power Plant)• one-time setup of the manipulator on the test object for
multiple repeated exposures