copyright c 2005, 2002, 1999, 1995, 1990, 1985, 1980, 1976 by elsevier inc. principles of...

Copyright C 2005, 2002, 1999, 1995, 1990, 1985, 1980, 1976 by Elsevier Inc.

Principles of Pharmacology

Chapter 30


Introduction

Pharmacology is the science that conducts research and develops the use

and effects of drugs.


Overview of Drugs

• Drug Derivatives

– Organic: Drugs derived from living organisms such as plants or animals

– Inorganic: Drugs synthesized in the laboratory

• Identifying Drugs

– Chemical name: Drug’s chemical formula

– Generic name: Name that any business firm may use

– Brand or trade name: Registered trademark


Dispensing of Drugs

• Drugs are classified in two categories:

– Patent Medicines (over-the-counter)

• Drugs that can be obtained without a prescription

– Prescription Drugs

• Also referred to as “Ethical Drugs”

• Supplied by a pharmacist who has received a prescription


Prescriptions

• Written order by a physician or dentist for the preparation and administration of a medicine by the pharmacist.

• Prescription Terminology

– Superscription: patient name, address, date, Rx

– Inscription: Name and quantity of the drug

– Subscription: Directions for mixing the drug

– Signature: Instructions for the patient on how to take the drug


Fig. 30-1 Example of a prescription pad. (Courtesy Colwell Systems, Champaign, IL.)


Table 30-1 Common Prescription Abbreviations


Drug Reference Materials• Physicians’ Desk Reference

– Also referred to as the “PDR”

– An updated source of information supplied by drug companies about their products

– Available as a bound text or CD-ROM

• Package Inserts

– Information sheet describing the drug for the patient

• Side effects

• Adverse or long-term effects

• Precautions

• Contraindications

• Dosage and route


Fig. 30-2 Mosby's Drug Consult


Drug Dosage

• Dosage is the amount of a drug that a patient takes.

• Specific factors in determining the dosage are:

– Age

– Weight

– Time of day the drug is taken

– Drug form

– Patient tolerance to drug

– Other drugs the patient is taking


Fig. 30-4 Routes of drug administration (From Young A, Procter D: Kinn’s the medical assistant: an applied learning approach, ed 9, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders;

Chester GA: Modern medical assisting, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders; and Daniel SJ, Harfst: Mosby’s dental hygiene: concepts, cases, and competencies, 2004 Update, St. Louis, Mosby 2004)


Stages of Drug Action in the Body


Controlled Substance Act

Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)

• Scheduled Drugs:

– Schedule I drugs have no current accepted medical usefulness and have a high potential for abuse.

– Schedule II drugs have a high potential for abuse but have accepted medical usefulness.

– Schedule III drugs have less abuse potential and do have accepted medical usefulness.

– Schedule IV drugs have low abuse potential and have accepted medical use.

– Schedule V drugs are not required to be prescribed.


Classification of Drugs

• Why do I need to know different drug classifications?

– Helpful when reviewing a patient’s drug history

– Have the knowledge of patients requiring premedication

– Assist in dental procedures requiring different types of pain control

– Assist in a medical emergency


Antibiotic Prophylaxis

• Antibiotic prescribed to an uninfected patient to prevent bacterial colonization.

– Most common application is for the prevention of infective endocarditis.

– Bacteria is abundant in the oral cavity

• The antibiotic decreases the bacterial colonization or adherence.


Antibiotic Prophylaxis Recommendations


Table 30-2 Recommended Doses and Regimens for Common Antibiotics


Adverse Drug Effects

• Side Effects

– Body's reaction to a drug

• Allergic Reactions

– The body has an increased sensitivity to a substance

• Anaphylaxis

– Sudden onset of an allergic reaction to a drug

• Drug Tolerance

– Loss of effectiveness of a drug

• Drug Addiction

– Physical dependence on a certain drug


Common Side Effects of Medications

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