copyright by isiorho. draft prepared mmay 22, 2001 g107 summary part i draft draft draft
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001
G107 Summary Part I
Draft draft draft
Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001
Introduction
Geography is the study of the distributions (locations) and interrelationships of Earth phenomena (causes and consequences)… Geography is the study of the Earth (space, spatial location,and theme being studied)
Geography is divided into Physical and Historical
Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001
Physical Geography
Deals with locational aspect of natural materials
It involves weather, climate, landforms and water bodies, vegetation, and soils
Two questions are important in physical geography- Where (location) and Why (process)
Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001
Map
A 2-D representation of three dimensional surface features
Small scale map covers large area Large scale map covers small area Three ways to represent scales in a map
– Written or verbal– Representative fraction (RF)– Graphic
Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001
Scientific Methods
Five general steps Problem or Questions Hypothesis Collection of data Testing of hypothesis Theory
– Theories can be modified or discarded Law- usually cannot be falsified
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Fundamental Themes in Geography
Location Place Regions Movement Human and the environment
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Proof for the Sphericity of Earth
Travel in a given direction See curvature Sailing Boat Use of three sticks Higher you are, the more area you see Eclipse Satellite pictures Gravity data
Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001
Size of Earth
Earth is oblate spheroid so the polar diameter is different from equatorial diameter
Polar diameter is 12,714 km (7900 mi) Equatorial diameter is 12,757 km (7927 mi) Polar circumference is 40,008 km (24,860
mi) Equatorial circumference is 40,075 km
(24,902 mi)
Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001
Movement of Earth
Rotation and Revolution Rotation- earth rotates west to east and
when looked on from the north pole is counter clockwise or from the south pole –clockwise
Rotation occurs around an imaginary line- AXIS that has 23.5 degrees tilt
Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001
Consequences of Earth’s Rotation
Daily or diurnal rhythm phenomenaLight, heat, humidity, air motion, and DAY & NIGHT
Coriolis effect Tides and shape of the Earth
Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001
Time Zones
Takes the earth 24 hours to make one complete rotation (inscribing 360 degrees)
Takes the earth 1 hour to cover every 15 degrees , so can divide the world into 24 time zones
N. America has 7 time zones, USA has 6 and the 48 contiguous states have four time zones.
International Dateline follows approximately Longitude 180.. What happens when you cross the dateline?
Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001
Seasons Why 4 seasons in Ft. Wayne? Tilted axis, Fixed axis, Rotation, and Revolution The four seasons
Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001
Imaginary lines
Longitude and Latitudes are imaginary lines needed to locate oneself in a map
Lines of Longitude run north –south– All lines of longitudes are Great Circles and the
reference line Prime Meridian or Greenwich Meridian– Longitudes are measured east or west of the reference
line– The distance between two adjacent lines of longitude is
111 km at the equator, 96 km at 30; 56 at 60 and o at 90
Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001
Imaginary lines
Longitude and Latitudes are imaginary lines needed to locate oneself in a map
Latitudes run east – west– Equator is the reference line and they are
measured north or south of the reference line– Latitudes are also known as lines of parallel.– Only the Equator is a Great Circle– The distance between two adjacent lines of
latitude is 111 km.
Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001
Material Realms or Spheres
Lithosphere Biosphere Hydrosphere Atmosphere
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Atmosphere Envelope of air around the Earth Atmosphere can be classified using composition,
function or temperature Make-up of the atmosphere
– Variable –CO2, H2O, O3, H– Non variable gases
• N (78%), O (21%), Ar (0.9%) & Ne (0.002%)
Classification of the Atmosphere using temperature– Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, &
Thermosphere
Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001
Ozone
Importance of Ozone
Removes harmful UV radiation When not present
– Can lead to increase in skin cancer– Decrease in crop yield– Kills certain aquatic life forms
Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001
Global Energy
Flow of energy from the sun is fairly constant
Radiation from the sun is made up of different wavelengths– Divided into 3 regions- UV, Visible,and IR
• Visible range is between 0.4 um and 0.7 um
Sun’s spectrum is short wave length compared to the earth’s spectrum
Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001
Albedo & Others
The % of energy reflected from a surface
A good reflector has high albedo Greatest energy lost occurs as radiation
passes through the clouds Temperature and heat energy How is heat transferred?
Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001
Heat Transfer
Conduction- requires solid Advection- requires gas or liquid Convection- requires gas or liquid Radiation- requires no medium
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Temperature
Fahrenheit Centigrade Kelvin
Copyright by Isiorho. Draft prepared Mmay 22, 2001
Possible questions?
Map scales, latitudes and radiation, heat transfer, time zones, atmospheric layers, ozone, great circles, mountain slope- which will receive more radiation, albedo, heat trapping ability, shape of earth, meridian, equator, wavelength, electromagnetic, planets, dateline, reduction of solar radiation, visible range, theories, distance between latitudes and longitudes, nitrogen, oxygen, Antarctic circle, etc.