copyright © 2013, 2010 by saunders, an imprint of elsevier inc. chapter 1 orientation to...
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Copyright © 2013, 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Chapter 1
Orientation to Pharmacology
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2Copyright © 2013, 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Pharmacology
A science that draws on information from multiple disciplines, including: Anatomy Physiology Psychology Chemistry Microbiology
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3Copyright © 2013, 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Four Basic Terms
Drug Any chemical that can affect living processes
Pharmacology Study of drugs and their interactions with living
systems
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4Copyright © 2013, 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Four Basic Terms
Clinical pharmacology Study of drugs in humans
Therapeutics A.k.a. pharmacotherapeutics The use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat
disease or to prevent pregnancy Primary concern studied in this text
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5Copyright © 2013, 2010 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Orientation to Pharmacology
Properties of an ideal drug The therapeutic objective Factors that determine the intensity of drug
responses Therapeutics
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Three Most Important Properties of an Ideal Drug
1. Effectiveness 2. Safety3. Selectivity
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Additional Properties of an Ideal Drug
Reversible action Predictability Ease of administration Freedom from drug interactions Low cost Chemical stability Simple generic name
But because no drug is ideal…
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Therapeutic Objective of Drug Therapy
To provide maximum benefit with minimum harm
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Factors That Determine the Intensity of Drug Responses
Administration Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Sources of individual variation
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Fig. 1-1. The four basic pharmacokinetic processes.Dotted lines represent membranes that must be crossed as drugs move throughout the body.
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Administration
Important determinants of drug responses: dosage size, route, timing
Medication errors Patient adherence
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Pharmacokinetics
Determining how much of administered dose gets to its sites of action
Impact of the body on drugs Four major pharmacokinetic processes
Drug absorption Drug distribution Drug metabolism Drug excretion
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Pharmacodynamics
Impact of drugs on the body Drug-receptor interaction
Binding of the drug to its receptor Patient’s functional state
Influences pharmacodynamic processes Placebo effects
Also help determine the responses a drug elicits
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Sources of Individual Variation
Physiologic variables Age, gender, weight
Pathologic variables Diminished function of kidneys and liver
Genetic variables Can alter metabolism of drugs and predispose
patient to unique interactions Drug interactions