copyright © 2011 delmar, cengage learning. all rights reserved. chapter 29 safety, infection...
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Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Chapter 29
Safety, Infection Control, and Hygiene
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Creating a Culture of Client Safety
• National Patient Safety Goals:– Identify patients correctly
– Improve staff communications
– Use medicines safely
– Prevent infection
– Check patient medicines
(continued)
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Creating a Culture of Client Safety
• National Patient Safety Goals:– Prevent patients from falling
– Help patients be involved in own care
– Identify patient safety risks
– Watch patients closely for changes
– Prevent errors in surgery
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Factors Affecting Safety
• Age
• Lifestyle
• Sensory and perceptual alterations
• Mobility
• Emotional state
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Types of Accidents
• Client behavior
• Therapeutic procedure
• Equipment
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Potential Occupational Hazards
• Nurses at risk in workplace– Latex allergies
– Work-related musculoskeletal disorders
• OSHA– Enforces safety standards
– Cites and disciplines agencies not in compliance
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Infection Control Principles
• Pathogens– Microorganisms that produce disease
• Infection– Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms
– Results in injury
(continued)
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Infection Control Principles
• Colonization– Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms
without tissue injury
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Chain of Infection
• Agent, host, and environment– Biological agents
– Chemical agents
– Physical agents
– Susceptible host
– Compromised host
(continued)
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Chain of Infection
• Modes of transmission– Contact
– Airborne
– Vehicle
– Vector-borne
• Break chain
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Normal Defense Mechanisms
• Nonspecific immune defense:– Skin and normal flora
– Mucous membranes and sneeze, cough, and tearing reflexes
– Elimination and acidic environment
– Inflammation
(continued)
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Normal Defense Mechanisms
• Specific immune defense:– Humoral immunity
– Acquired immunity• Vaccination
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Stages of the Infectious Process
• Infectious responses:– Localized
• Limited to defined area or single organ
– Systemic• Affects entire body and multiple organs
(continued)
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Stages of the Infectious Process
• Incubation period
• Prodromal stage
• Illness stage
• Convalescent stage
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Emerging Infections
• Tuberculosis
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV)
• Hepatitis
• West Nile virus
• Viral hemorrhagic fevers
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Health Care-Associated Infections
• Acquired in hospital or other health care facilities
• Hospitalized clients at risk for nosocomial infections
• Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs)
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Hygiene
• Factors influencing hygienic practice:– Body image
– Social and cultural practices
– Personal preferences
– Socioeconomic status
– Knowledge
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Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Assessment
– Health history• General health perception and management status
– Physical examination• Risk factors
• Client in inpatient setting
• Client in home
(continued)
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Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Assessment
– Diagnostic and laboratory data• Blood profile
– Altered clotting
– Anemic conditions
– Leukocytosis
(continued)
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Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Diagnosis
– NANDA statements• Risk for injury
• Risk for infection
• Self-care deficits
• Others
(continued)
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Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Outcome identification and planning
– Manipulate external environment to reduce risk of injury and infection
– Client and caregiver education• Identification of hazards
• Health promotion practices
(continued)
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Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Implementation
– Raise safety awareness and knowledge
– Prevent falls• Restraints
– Physical
– Chemical
• Environment
(continued)
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Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Implementation
– Prevent fire
– Ensure safe operation of electrical equipment
– Reduce exposure to radiation
– Prevent poisoning
– Reduce noise pollution
(continued)
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Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Implementation
– Ensure asepsis• Medical
– Reduces number, growth, and spread of microorganisms
– Clean technique
– Hand hygiene
(continued)
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Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Implementation
– Ensure asepsis• Surgical
– Eliminates microorganisms and spores
– Sterile technique
– Sterile gloves
– Surgical attire
– Surgical hand antisepsis
– Gown and closed glove
(continued)
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Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Implementation
– Reduce or eliminate infectious agents• Cleansing
• Disinfection
• Sterilization
• Home health care
• Disposal of infectious waste
• Sharps-related hazards
(continued)
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Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Implementation
– Practice standard and isolation precautions• Contact
• Droplet
• Airborne
(continued)
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Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Implementation
– Employ alternative therapies• Herbal baths
– Bath for specific body part
– Full body bath
• Herbs for infections
(continued)
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Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Implementation
– Provide for client bathing needs• Cleaning baths
– Shower
– Tub bath
– Self-help bath
– Complete bed bath
– Partial bath
(continued)
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Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Implementation
– Provide for client bathing needs• Therapeutic bath
– Hot or warm water tub bath
– Cool or tepid bath
– Sitz bath
(continued)
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Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Implementation
– Provide clean bed linen• Unoccupied
• Occupied
– Provide skin care• Perineal care
• Back rubs
(continued)
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Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Implementation
– Provide foot and nail care
– Provide oral care• Fluoride
• Flossing
• Brushing
• Care for unconscious client
(continued)
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Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Implementation
– Provide hair care• Brushing and combing
• Shampooing
• Shaving
• Mustache and beard care
(continued)
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Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Implementation
– Provide eye, ear, and nose care• Eyes
– Contact lenses
• Ears– Hearing aids
• Nose
(continued)
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Safety, Infection Control, Hygiene and the Nursing Process• Evaluation
– Client free from injury
– Client free from infection
– Self-care needs met