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TRANSCRIPT
Co
py
rig
ht
© 2
011
by
AS
AE
, C
IC,
DT
F,
MP
I, a
nd
PC
MA
. A
ll R
igh
ts R
eser
ved
.
Po
rtio
ns
of
this
do
cum
ent
con
tain
in
tell
ectu
al
pro
pe
rty
of
Pri
cew
ate
rho
use
Co
op
ers
LL
P,
a D
ela
wa
re l
imit
ed l
iab
ilit
y p
art
ner
ship
.
Fo
r m
ore
in
form
ati
on
or
qu
esti
on
s co
nta
ct:
Co
nv
en
tio
n I
nd
ust
ry C
ou
nci
l
70
0 N
. F
air
fax
Str
eet,
Su
ite
510
Ale
xa
nd
ria
, V
A 2
23
14
(57
1) 5
27
-311
6
cich
q@
con
ve
nti
on
ind
ust
ry.o
rg
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d th
e o
utc
om
es w
ill a
ssis
t th
e n
ation
’s p
olit
ical an
d b
usin
ess lea
ders
to
bett
er
und
ers
tand
the
econ
om
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Pri
cew
ate
rho
use
Co
op
ers
LL
P,
42
21
Wes
t B
oy
Sco
ut
Bo
ule
va
rd,
Su
ite
20
0,
Ta
mp
a,
FL
33
60
7
T:
(813
) 2
18-2
917
, F
: (8
13)
37
5-7
84
2,
ww
w.p
wc.
com
Feb
rua
ry 1
1, 2
011
Ms.
Ka
ren
Ko
tow
ski,
CA
E,
CM
P
Ch
ief
Ex
ecu
tiv
e O
ffic
er
Co
nv
en
tio
n I
nd
ust
ry C
ou
nci
l 7
00
No
rth
Fa
irfa
x S
tre
et,
Su
ite
510
A
lex
an
dri
a,
Vir
gin
ia 2
23
14
Dea
r M
s. K
oto
wsk
i:
Pri
cew
ate
rho
use
Co
op
ers
LL
P (
"Pw
C")
ha
s p
erf
orm
ed c
erta
in s
erv
ices
to
ass
ist
the
Co
nv
enti
on
In
du
stry
Co
un
cil,
Am
eri
can
So
ciet
y o
f A
sso
cia
tio
n
Ex
ecu
tiv
es,
Pro
fess
ion
al
Co
nv
enti
on
M
an
ag
em
ent
Ass
oci
ati
on
, M
eeti
ng
P
rofe
ssio
na
ls
Inte
rna
tio
na
l,
an
d
Des
tin
ati
on
a
nd
T
rav
el
Fo
un
da
tio
n
(co
llec
tiv
ely
, th
e "M
an
ag
ing
Pa
rtn
ers"
or
"yo
u,“
or
"Cli
ent”
) in
th
e a
sses
smen
t o
f th
e E
con
om
ic S
ign
ific
an
ce o
f U
.S.
Mee
tin
gs
. O
ur
serv
ices
wer
e
per
form
ed a
nd
th
is D
eliv
era
ble
(w
hic
h i
s h
erea
fte
r re
ferr
ed t
o a
s “R
ep
ort
”) w
as
dev
elo
ped
in
acc
ord
an
ce w
ith
ou
r e
ng
ag
eme
nt
lett
er d
ate
d
No
vem
ber
12
, 2
00
9 a
nd
are
su
bje
ct t
o t
he
term
s a
nd
co
nd
itio
ns
incl
ud
ed h
erei
n.
Ou
r se
rvic
es w
ere
per
form
ed i
n a
cco
rda
nce
wit
h S
tan
da
rds
for
Co
nsu
ltin
g S
erv
ices
est
ab
lish
ed b
y t
he
Am
eric
an
In
stit
ute
of
Ce
rtif
ied
Pu
bli
c A
cco
un
tan
ts (
"AIC
PA
").
Th
e p
roce
du
res
we
per
form
ed
did
no
t co
nst
itu
te a
n e
xa
min
ati
on
or
a r
evie
w i
n a
cco
rda
nce
wit
h g
ener
all
y a
ccep
ted
au
dit
ing
sta
nd
ard
s o
r a
tte
sta
tio
n s
tan
da
rds.
A
cco
rdin
gly
, w
e p
rov
ide
n
o o
pin
ion
, a
ttes
tati
on
or
oth
er f
orm
of
ass
ura
nce
wit
h r
esp
ect
to o
ur
wo
rk o
r th
e in
form
ati
on
up
on
wh
ich
ou
r w
ork
wa
s b
ase
d.
We
did
no
t a
ud
it
or
oth
erw
ise
ve
rify
th
e in
form
ati
on
su
pp
lied
to
us
in c
on
nec
tio
n w
ith
th
is e
ng
ag
em
ent,
fro
m w
ha
tev
er
sou
rce,
ex
cep
t a
s m
ay
be
sp
ecif
ied
in
th
is
Rep
ort
.
Ou
r w
ork
wa
s li
mit
ed t
o t
he
spec
ific
pro
ced
ure
s a
nd
an
aly
sis
des
crib
ed h
ere
in a
nd
wa
s b
ase
d o
nly
on
th
e i
nfo
rma
tio
n m
ad
e a
va
ila
ble
th
rou
gh
N
ov
emb
er 1
8,
20
10.
Acc
ord
ing
ly,
cha
ng
es i
n c
ircu
mst
an
ces
aft
er t
his
da
te c
ou
ld a
ffec
t th
e fi
nd
ing
s o
utl
ined
in
th
is R
ep
ort
.
Th
is R
ep
ort
ha
s b
een
pre
pa
red
pu
rsu
an
t to
an
en
ga
ge
men
t b
etw
een
Pw
C a
nd
its
Cli
ent.
A
s to
all
oth
er p
art
ies,
it
is f
or
gen
era
l in
form
ati
on
p
urp
ose
s o
nly
, a
nd
sh
ou
ld n
ot
be
use
d a
s a
su
bst
itu
te f
or
con
sult
ati
on
wit
h p
rofe
ssio
na
l a
dv
iso
rs.
We
ap
pre
cia
te t
he
op
po
rtu
nit
y t
o a
ssis
t y
ou
wit
h t
his
ma
tter
. I
f y
ou
ha
ve
an
y q
ues
tio
ns
or
we
can
be
of
furt
her
ass
ista
nce
, p
lea
se c
on
tact
Ro
ber
t C
an
ton
at
(813
) 2
18-2
917
or
via
em
ail
at
rob
ert.
can
ton
@u
s.p
wc.
com
.
Ver
y t
ruly
yo
urs
,
Ta
ble
of
Co
nte
nts
I.In
tro
du
ctio
n &
Ex
ecu
tiv
e S
um
ma
ry ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
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....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.. 2
Ba
ckg
rou
nd
& O
bje
ctiv
es ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.. 2
Stu
dy
Gu
idel
ines
...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
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....
....
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....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.. 3
Res
earc
h O
ver
vie
w ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
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4
Mee
tin
gs
Vo
lum
e E
stim
ate
s ...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
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....
....
....
....
....
....
....
. 5
Dir
ect
Sp
end
ing
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
... 6
To
tal
Eco
no
mic
Sig
nif
ica
nce
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
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....
... 7
Mee
tin
gs
Dir
ect
Co
ntr
ibu
tio
n t
o G
DP
Co
mp
are
d t
o O
ther
In
du
stri
es ..
....
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9
Ap
pen
dix
A:
Glo
ssa
ry ..
....
....
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....
....
....
... 1
1
Ap
pen
dix
B:
Eco
no
mic
Mo
del
ing
...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
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....
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.. 1
6
Ap
pen
dix
C:
Se
con
da
ry R
ese
arc
h S
ou
rces
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
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....
....
....
....
....
....
18
Ap
pen
dix
D:
Ack
no
wle
dg
emen
ts ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
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....
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....
....
....
...
20
Ta
ble
of
Fig
ure
s
Ta
ble
1 N
um
ber
of
Mee
tin
gs
an
d P
art
icip
an
ts b
y M
eeti
ng
Ty
pe
...
....
....
....
....
....
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....
5
Ta
ble
2 D
irec
t S
pen
din
g b
y C
om
mo
dit
y ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
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....
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....
....
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....
....
....
....
....
....
....
.. 6
Ta
ble
3 T
ota
l E
con
om
ic C
on
trib
uti
on
s ..
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
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....
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...
8
Ta
ble
4 T
ota
l T
ax
Co
ntr
ibu
tio
ns
....
....
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....
8
Ta
ble
5 D
irec
t C
on
trib
uti
on
to
GD
P a
nd
Em
plo
ym
ent
of
Sel
ect
Ind
ust
ries
....
....
....
....
....
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....
....
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....
. 9
Intr
od
uct
ion
& E
xe
cuti
ve
Su
mm
ary
2
I.In
tro
du
ctio
n &
Ex
ecu
tiv
e S
um
ma
ry
A s
um
ma
ry o
f th
e k
ey f
ind
ing
s h
av
e b
een
pro
vid
ed i
n t
his
sec
tio
n.
Th
e fu
ll r
ep
ort
sh
ou
ld b
e re
ad
in
its
en
tire
ty t
o u
nd
erst
an
d t
he
ba
ckg
rou
nd
,
met
ho
ds,
an
d a
ssu
mp
tio
ns
un
der
lyin
g t
he
stu
dy
's f
ind
ing
s.
Ba
ckg
rou
nd
& O
bje
ctiv
es
Ov
er t
he
pa
st s
ev
era
l d
eca
des
, th
e m
eet
ing
s se
cto
r h
as
emer
ged
as
a s
ign
ific
an
t co
ntr
ibu
tor
to n
ati
on
al
eco
no
mie
s; h
ow
ev
er,
the
va
lue
of
the
sect
or
ha
s b
een
dif
ficu
lt t
o m
easu
re d
ue
to a
la
ck o
f re
sea
rch
an
d c
on
sist
ency
wit
hin
an
d a
mo
ng
va
rio
us
cou
ntr
ies.
In
20
06
, th
e U
nit
ed N
ati
on
s W
orl
d
To
uri
sm O
rga
niz
ati
on
(U
NW
TO
), a
lon
g w
ith
th
e In
tern
ati
on
al
Co
nv
enti
on
an
d C
on
gre
ss A
sso
cia
tio
n (
ICC
A),
Mee
tin
g P
rofe
ssio
na
ls I
nte
rna
tio
na
l
(MP
I),
an
d R
eed
Tra
vel
Ex
hib
itio
ns,
sp
earh
ead
ed a
n i
nit
iati
ve
to m
easu
re t
he
eco
no
mic
act
ivit
y o
f m
eet
ing
s o
n a
na
tio
na
l sc
ale
. T
he
UN
WT
O a
nd
its
pa
rtn
ers
dev
elo
ped
def
init
ion
s fo
r m
eeti
ng
s, r
eco
mm
end
ed a
met
ho
do
log
y t
o q
ua
nti
fy m
eet
ing
s a
ctiv
ity
th
rou
gh
an
ex
ten
sio
n o
f n
ati
on
al
tou
rism
sa
tell
ite
acc
ou
nts
, a
nd
cre
ate
d a
pil
ot
pro
gra
m a
nd
gu
idel
ines
fo
r in
div
idu
al
cou
ntr
ies
to q
ua
nti
fy m
eet
ing
s a
ctiv
ity
.
As
a r
esu
lt o
f th
e U
NW
TO
's i
nit
iati
ve
, ef
fort
s to
mea
sure
th
e ec
on
om
ic s
ign
ific
an
ce o
f m
eeti
ng
s h
av
e g
ain
ed m
om
entu
m i
n r
ece
nt
yea
rs.
Fo
r
exa
mp
le,
the
MP
I F
ou
nd
ati
on
Ca
na
da
sp
on
sore
d a
stu
dy
(re
lea
sed
in
20
08
) th
at
qu
an
tifi
ed t
he
eco
no
mic
co
ntr
ibu
tio
n o
f m
eet
ing
s a
ctiv
ity
in
Ca
na
da
(T
he
Eco
no
mic
Co
ntr
ibu
tio
n o
f M
eeti
ng
s A
ctiv
ity
in
Ca
na
da
).
Ho
wev
er,
res
earc
h t
ha
t sp
ecif
ica
lly
ad
dre
sses
th
e e
con
om
ic s
ign
ific
an
ce o
f
mee
tin
gs
in t
he
Un
ited
Sta
tes
ha
s b
een
lim
ited
. W
ith
en
ha
nce
d s
cru
tin
y o
n t
he
me
etin
gs
sect
or
in r
ecen
t ti
me
s, t
he
Co
nv
enti
on
In
du
stry
Co
un
cil
(CIC
) in
itia
ted
a p
lan
to
de
mo
nst
rate
th
e v
alu
e o
f fa
ce-t
o-f
ace
mee
tin
gs
an
d s
tud
y t
he
eco
no
mic
sig
nif
ica
nce
of
the
mee
tin
gs
in t
he
U.S
. A
CIC
Ta
sk
Fo
rce,
wh
ich
in
clu
ded
th
e f
oll
ow
ing
lea
din
g i
nd
ust
ry o
rga
niz
ati
on
s, w
as
form
ed t
o s
up
po
rt t
his
eff
ort
:
Am
eric
an
Ho
tel
an
d L
od
gin
g A
sso
cia
tio
n (
AH
&L
A)
AS
AE
Ass
oci
ati
on
of
Des
tin
ati
on
Ma
na
ge
men
t E
xec
uti
ve
s (A
DM
E)
Co
nv
en
tio
n I
nd
ust
ry C
ou
nci
l (C
IC)
Des
tin
ati
on
Ma
rket
ing
Ass
oci
ati
on
In
tern
ati
on
al
(DM
AI)
Des
tin
ati
on
& T
rav
el F
ou
nd
ati
on
Fin
an
cia
l &
In
sura
nce
Co
nfe
ren
ce P
lan
ner
s (F
ICP
)
Inte
rna
tio
na
l A
sso
cia
tio
n o
f C
on
fere
nce
Cen
ters
(IA
CC
)
Inte
rna
tio
na
l A
sso
cia
tio
n o
f E
xh
ibit
ion
s a
nd
Ev
ents
/ C
ente
r fo
r E
xh
ibit
ion
Res
earc
h /
Ex
hib
itio
n I
nd
ust
ry F
ou
nd
ati
on
Inte
rna
tio
na
l S
pec
ial
Ev
en
ts S
oci
ety
(IS
ES
)
Mee
tin
g P
rofe
ssio
na
ls I
nte
rna
tio
na
l (M
PI)
& M
PI
Fo
un
da
tio
n
Na
tio
na
l S
pea
ker
s A
sso
cia
tio
n (
NS
A)
Pro
fess
ion
al
Co
nv
enti
on
Ma
na
gem
ent
Ass
oci
ati
on
(P
CM
A)
/ P
CM
A E
du
cati
on
Fo
un
da
tio
n
Sit
e &
Sit
e F
ou
nd
ati
on
U.S
. T
rav
el A
sso
cia
tio
n
3
Pri
cew
ate
rho
use
Co
op
ers
LL
P (
Pw
C)
wa
s e
ng
ag
ed b
y C
IC t
o l
ead
th
e ef
fort
of
esti
ma
tin
g t
he
eco
no
mic
sig
nif
ica
nce
of
mee
tin
gs
in t
he
U.S
. in
20
09
.
Ass
isti
ng
Pw
C i
n t
his
eff
ort
wa
s a
tea
m o
f in
du
stry
res
ea
rch
ers
(th
e E
con
om
ic S
ign
ific
an
ce S
tud
y R
esea
rch
Ta
sk F
orc
e o
r “t
he
RT
F”)
, w
hic
h
incl
ud
ed r
epre
sen
tati
ves
of
AS
AE
, D
MA
I, D
esti
na
tio
n &
Tra
vel
Fo
un
da
tio
n,
MP
I, P
CM
A,
an
d U
.S.
Tra
vel
Ass
oci
ati
on
. T
his
stu
dy
re
pre
sen
ts t
he
firs
t d
efin
itiv
e, q
ua
nti
tati
ve
, a
nd
res
earc
h-b
ase
d a
na
lysi
s o
f th
e ec
on
om
ic c
on
trib
uti
on
of
face
-to
-fa
ce m
eeti
ng
s to
th
e U
.S.
eco
no
my
.
It s
ho
uld
be
no
ted
th
at
this
stu
dy
see
ks
to q
ua
nti
fy t
he
"eco
no
mic
sig
nif
ica
nce
" o
f m
eeti
ng
s, w
hic
h s
ho
uld
no
t b
e co
nfu
sed
wit
h t
he
"eco
no
mic
imp
act
." F
or
pu
rpo
ses
of
this
stu
dy
, th
e co
nce
pt
of
"im
pa
ct"
is r
eser
ved
fo
r ch
an
ges
to
th
e ec
on
om
y t
ha
t m
ay
res
ult
fro
m a
sp
ecif
ic e
ven
t o
r sh
oc
k
to t
he
ind
ust
ry,
wh
erea
s th
e "s
ign
ific
an
ce"
or
"co
ntr
ibu
tio
n"
mea
sure
s th
e s
ize
an
d o
ver
all
sig
nif
ica
nce
of
the
sec
tor
wit
hin
an
eco
no
my
.
Key
ob
ject
ives
fo
r th
is s
tud
y i
ncl
ud
ed:
Dev
elo
p c
om
mo
n d
ata
an
d l
an
gu
ag
e th
at
sta
ke
ho
lder
s ca
n u
se w
hen
dis
cuss
ing
mee
tin
gs
an
d e
ven
ts.
Pro
vid
e d
ata
th
at
can
be
use
d a
t th
e n
ati
on
al
lev
el t
o a
rtic
ula
te t
he
eco
no
mic
co
ntr
ibu
tio
n t
ha
t m
eet
ing
s a
nd
ev
ents
re
pre
sen
t to
th
e o
ver
all
eco
no
my
.
Pro
vid
e a
ba
sis
for
on
go
ing
ben
chm
ark
ing
, fo
reca
stin
g,
an
d t
ren
d a
na
lysi
s.
Co
llec
t re
lia
ble
da
ta t
ha
t ca
n b
e u
sed
to
in
flu
ence
go
ve
rnm
ent
an
d i
nte
rna
tio
na
l a
gen
cies
to
alt
er n
ati
on
al
sta
tist
ics
syst
ems
to i
ncl
ud
e
asp
ects
of
the
eco
no
mic
act
ivit
y o
f m
eeti
ng
s a
nd
ex
ten
d t
ou
rism
sa
tell
ite
acc
ou
nts
to
in
clu
de
an
d r
evea
l m
eet
ing
act
ivit
ies
rel
ate
d t
o
tou
rism
.
Ad
op
t th
e d
efin
itio
ns
an
d a
pp
roa
ch d
evel
op
ed b
y t
he
UN
WT
O t
o e
stim
ate
th
e co
ntr
ibu
tio
n o
f th
e m
eeti
ng
s in
du
stry
co
mp
ara
ble
to
mea
sure
s fo
r o
ther
co
un
trie
s.
Dev
elo
p a
re
pli
cab
le m
eth
od
olo
gy
th
at
all
ow
s fo
r m
ean
ing
ful
com
pa
rati
ve
ben
chm
ark
ing
in
tern
ati
on
all
y.
Wh
ile
this
stu
dy
aim
s to
ach
iev
e a
mb
itio
us
ob
ject
ives
, it
is
als
o i
mp
ort
an
t to
ack
no
wle
dg
e ce
rta
in l
imit
ati
on
s o
f th
e st
ud
y.
Th
e d
efin
itio
n o
f m
eeti
ng
s is
ba
sed
on
gu
idel
ines
est
ab
lish
ed b
y t
he
UN
WT
O,
wh
ich
sp
ecif
ica
lly
ex
clu
de
mee
tin
gs
of
a c
erta
in t
yp
e,
size
,
len
gth
, a
nd
lo
cati
on
. A
s su
ch,
the
stu
dy
do
es n
ot
cap
ture
th
e fu
ll p
ote
nti
al
con
trib
uti
on
of
all
mee
tin
g-r
ela
ted
act
ivit
y.
Th
e ec
on
om
ic
act
ivit
y a
sso
cia
ted
wit
h t
his
seg
men
t sp
ecif
ica
lly
ex
clu
ded
fro
m t
he
stu
dy
ma
y b
e si
gn
ific
an
t.
Oth
er e
ffec
ts o
f m
eeti
ng
s su
ch a
s th
ose
on
pro
du
ctiv
ity
, k
no
wle
dg
e sh
ari
ng
/tra
inin
g,
an
d s
oci
al
be
nef
its
wer
e n
ot
eva
lua
ted
as
pa
rt o
f th
is
stu
dy
.
Th
is s
tud
y p
rese
nts
th
e ec
on
om
ic s
ign
ific
an
ce o
f m
eeti
ng
s a
t th
e n
ati
on
al
lev
el a
nd
th
us
the
mee
tin
g c
ha
ract
eri
stic
s a
nd
eco
no
mic
act
ivit
y
for
a p
art
icu
lar
des
tin
ati
on
wil
l v
ary
fro
m t
hes
e n
ati
on
al
esti
ma
tes.
Stu
dy
Gu
idel
ines
Th
e d
efin
itio
ns
an
d g
uid
elin
es o
utl
ined
by
th
e U
NW
TO
ser
ved
as
a f
ou
nd
ati
on
fo
r th
is s
tud
y.
Fo
r th
e d
efin
itio
n o
f m
eeti
ng
s, U
NW
TO
an
d i
ts
pa
rtn
ers
de
fin
e m
eet
ing
s a
s a
gen
era
l te
rm i
nd
ica
tin
g t
he
com
ing
to
get
her
of
a n
um
be
r o
f p
eop
le i
n o
ne
pla
ce t
o c
on
fer
or
carr
y o
ut
a p
art
icu
lar
act
ivit
y.
Th
e k
ey p
urp
ose
s o
f m
eeti
ng
s a
re t
o m
oti
va
te p
art
icip
an
ts,
con
du
ct b
usi
nes
s, s
ha
re i
dea
s, a
nd
lea
rn.
Ba
sed
on
fu
rth
er r
efi
ne
men
t b
y t
he
UN
WT
O a
nd
fo
r p
urp
ose
s o
f th
is s
tud
y,
the
term
"m
ee
tin
g"
an
d i
ts d
escr
ipti
on
ab
ov
e w
as
de
fin
ed t
o r
efe
r to
a g
ath
erin
g o
f 10
or
mo
re p
art
icip
an
ts
for
a m
inim
um
of
fou
r h
ou
rs i
n a
co
ntr
act
ed v
en
ue.
M
eet
ing
s in
clu
de
d c
on
ve
nti
on
s, c
on
fere
nce
s, c
on
gre
sses
, tr
ad
e sh
ow
s a
nd
ex
hib
itio
ns,
4
ince
nti
ve
ev
ents
, co
rpo
rate
/bu
sin
ess
me
etin
gs,
an
d o
ther
mee
tin
gs
tha
t m
eet
the
afo
rem
enti
on
ed c
rite
ria
. M
eeti
ng
s ex
clu
ded
so
cia
l a
nd
rec
rea
tio
n
act
ivit
ies,
cer
tain
ed
uca
tio
na
l a
nd
po
liti
cal
act
ivit
ies,
an
d g
ath
erin
gs
for
sale
s o
f g
oo
ds/
serv
ices
su
ch a
s co
nsu
mer
sh
ow
s.
UN
WT
O a
lso
ou
tlin
ed c
om
po
nen
ts o
f th
e m
eeti
ng
s se
cto
r to
in
clu
de
"co
re"
mee
tin
gs
ind
ust
ries
(sp
ecia
lize
d m
eeti
ng
s o
rga
niz
ers;
co
nv
enti
on
,
con
gre
ss,
an
d e
xh
ibit
ion
ce
nte
rs;
ince
nti
ve
ho
use
s a
nd
des
tin
ati
on
ma
na
gem
ent
com
pa
nie
s; a
nd
co
nv
enti
on
an
d v
isit
or
bu
rea
us)
an
d e
xte
nd
th
e
sect
or
to o
ther
su
pp
ort
ing
en
titi
es s
uch
as
acc
om
mo
da
tio
ns,
tra
nsp
ort
ati
on
, te
chn
ica
l eq
uip
me
nt,
fo
od
ser
vic
es,
sp
eak
ers
' re
pre
sen
tati
on
ser
vic
es,
sta
nd
co
nst
ruct
ion
, o
ther
su
pp
ort
se
rvic
es,
an
d a
ux
ilia
ry b
usi
nes
ses.
Sev
era
l o
f th
e a
bo
ve
ind
ust
ries
su
ch a
s a
cco
mm
od
ati
on
s, t
ran
spo
rta
tio
n,
an
d
foo
d s
erv
ices
als
o r
ela
te t
o t
rav
el a
nd
to
uri
sm a
ctiv
ity
. G
iven
th
e o
ver
lap
of
mee
tin
gs
an
d t
rav
el a
nd
to
uri
sm a
ctiv
ty,
UN
WT
O r
eco
mm
end
ed t
ha
t
com
po
nen
ts o
f th
e m
eeti
ng
sec
tor
be
iden
tifi
ed t
hro
ug
h a
co
mp
lim
enta
ry s
et o
f ta
ble
s to
a n
ati
on
's t
ou
rism
sa
tell
ite
acc
ou
nt.
Fo
r th
e p
urp
ose
s o
f
this
stu
dy
, a
n e
xte
nd
ed a
pp
roa
ch t
o q
ua
nti
fyin
g t
he
sig
nif
ica
nce
of
me
etin
gs
act
ivit
y w
as
use
d,
wh
ich
ca
ptu
res
the
act
ivit
ies
of
the
core
mee
tin
gs
ind
ust
ries
, m
eet
ing
s-re
late
d c
om
po
nen
ts o
f th
e tr
av
el a
nd
to
uri
sm i
nd
ust
ries
as
an
ex
ten
sio
n o
f th
e T
rav
el &
To
uri
sm S
ate
llit
e A
cco
un
t (T
TS
A),
an
d o
ther
rel
ev
an
t in
du
stri
es.
Res
earc
h O
ver
vie
w
Res
earc
h w
as
a c
riti
cal
step
in
th
e p
roce
ss f
or
qu
an
tify
ing
th
e ec
on
om
ic s
ign
ific
an
ce o
f m
eet
ing
s.
Th
e s
tud
y t
eam
of
Pw
C a
nd
th
e R
TF
co
nd
uct
ed
an
ex
ten
siv
e re
sea
rch
eff
ort
in
vo
lvin
g t
wo
key
are
as:
th
e fi
rst
inv
olv
ed t
he
coll
ecti
on
of
pri
ma
ry d
ata
th
rou
gh
su
rvey
s, a
nd
th
e se
con
d i
nv
olv
ed
rese
arc
h a
nd
an
aly
ses
of
ind
ust
ry,
go
ver
nm
en
t, a
nd
pro
pri
eta
ry s
ou
rces
(co
llec
tiv
ely
ref
erre
d t
o a
s se
con
da
ry d
ata
).
Su
rvey
s a
nd
sec
on
da
ry d
ata
cov
ered
bo
th t
he
sup
ply
-sid
e a
nd
dem
an
d-s
ide
of
the
mee
tin
gs
sect
or
rela
ted
to
me
etin
g v
olu
me
an
d s
pen
din
g.
Ov
er 6
,00
0 s
urv
eys
wer
e re
ceiv
ed
fro
m m
eet
ing
org
an
izer
s (b
oth
"in
-ho
use
" a
nd
"in
dep
en
den
t/th
ird
-pa
rty
"),
mee
tin
g v
en
ue
ma
na
ge
rs,
des
tin
ati
on
ma
rket
ing
org
an
iza
tio
ns,
mee
tin
g d
ele
ga
tes,
an
d e
xh
ibit
ors
.
Th
ese
rese
arc
h a
nd
an
aly
sis
effo
rts
wer
e co
nd
uct
ed i
n p
ara
llel
to
ea
ch o
ther
, w
her
eby
Pw
C a
na
lyze
d t
he
res
ult
s o
f ea
ch e
ffo
rt a
nd
rec
on
cile
d t
he
da
ta a
nd
an
aly
ses
to d
evel
op
th
e b
asi
s fo
r th
e e
stim
ate
s o
f ec
on
om
ic s
ign
ific
an
ce.
Pw
C c
om
pa
red
su
rvey
res
ult
s w
ith
sec
on
da
ry d
ata
, id
en
tifi
ed a
ny
dis
crep
an
cies
an
d p
ote
nti
al
sam
pli
ng
bia
s, a
nd
de
vel
op
ed e
stim
ate
s fo
r v
olu
me
an
d s
pen
din
g t
ha
t in
corp
ora
ted
th
e p
rim
ary
an
d s
eco
nd
ary
rese
arc
h,
pro
fess
ion
al
jud
gm
ent,
an
d i
nd
ust
ry e
xp
erie
nce
. P
lea
se n
ote
th
at
thro
ug
ho
ut
this
re
po
rt,
fig
ure
s w
ere
rou
nd
ed a
nd
th
at
som
e to
tals
an
d
sub
tota
ls m
ay
no
t a
dd
du
e to
th
is r
ou
nd
ing
.
5
Mee
tin
gs
Vo
lum
e E
stim
ate
s
Ba
sed
on
th
e st
ud
y’s
fin
din
gs,
in
20
09
nea
rly
1.8
mil
lio
n m
eeti
ng
s to
ok
pla
ce i
n t
he
U.S
, w
ith
th
ese
mee
tin
gs
att
end
ed b
y a
n e
stim
ate
d 2
05
mil
lio
n
pa
rtic
ipa
nts
. A
s il
lust
rate
d i
n T
ab
le 1
, th
e m
ajo
rity
of
thes
e m
eeti
ng
pa
rtic
ipa
nts
(5
2 p
erce
nt)
att
end
ed c
orp
ora
te/b
usi
nes
s m
eeti
ng
s, f
oll
ow
ed b
y
25
per
cen
t a
tten
din
g c
on
ve
nti
on
s/co
nfe
ren
ces/
con
gre
sses
.
Ta
ble
1
Nu
mb
er
of
Me
eti
ng
s a
nd
Pa
rti
cip
an
ts b
y M
ee
tin
g T
yp
e
Me
eti
ng
Ty
pe
M
ee
tin
gs
P
ar
tic
ipa
nts
%
Pa
rti
cip
an
ts
Co
rpo
rate
/Bu
sin
ess
Me
etin
gs
1,2
66
,20
0
107
,18
7,0
00
5
2%
Co
nv
en
tio
ns/
Co
nfe
ren
ces/
Co
ng
ress
es
26
9,8
00
5
1,10
4,0
00
2
5%
Tra
de
Sh
ow
s 10
,70
0
24
,80
0,0
00
12
%
Ince
nti
ve
Mee
tin
gs
66
,00
0
8,1
54
,00
0
4%
Oth
er M
eet
ing
s 17
8,1
00
13
,47
9,0
00
7
%
To
tal
1,7
90
,80
0
20
4,7
24
,00
0
10
0%
6
Dir
ect
Sp
end
ing
Dir
ect
spen
din
g e
stim
ate
s p
rov
ided
th
e b
uil
din
g b
lock
s fo
r es
tim
ati
ng
th
e to
tal
eco
no
mic
sig
nif
ica
nce
of
mee
tin
gs.
D
irec
t sp
end
ing
is
def
ined
as
spen
din
g w
ith
in t
he
U.S
. ec
on
om
y f
rom
pu
rch
ase
s o
f g
oo
ds
an
d s
erv
ices
att
rib
uta
ble
to
th
e a
ctiv
ity
. T
ota
l d
irec
t sp
end
ing
ass
oci
ate
d w
ith
U.S
.
mee
tin
gs
act
ivit
y i
n 2
00
9 i
s es
tim
ate
d a
t o
ve
r $
26
3 b
illi
on
. T
his
sp
end
ing
is
pre
sen
ted
at
the
com
mo
dit
y l
evel
in
Ta
ble
2.
As
illu
stra
ted
, $
113
bil
lio
n o
r 4
3 p
erce
nt
of
the
dir
ect
spe
nd
ing
in
th
e m
eeti
ng
s in
du
stry
is
on
tra
vel
an
d t
ou
rism
co
mm
od
itie
s su
ch a
s lo
dg
ing
, fo
od
ser
vic
e, a
nd
tra
nsp
ort
ati
on
; h
ence
, th
at
po
rtio
n i
s a
lrea
dy
ca
ptu
red
by
th
e T
rav
el &
To
uri
sm S
ate
llit
e A
cco
un
t. H
ow
ever
, th
e m
ajo
rity
of
dir
ect
spe
nd
ing
is
no
t
tra
vel
-rel
ate
d,
wit
h $
151
bil
lio
n o
r 5
7 p
erce
nt
inv
olv
ing
mee
tin
g p
lan
nin
g a
nd
pro
du
ctio
n c
ost
s, v
enu
e r
enta
l, a
nd
oth
er n
on
-tra
vel
& t
ou
rism
com
mo
dit
ies
tha
t fa
ll o
uts
ide
the
TT
SA
--su
gg
esti
ng
th
e re
ach
of
the
mee
tin
gs
ind
ust
ry a
ffec
ts t
he
U.S
. e
con
om
y b
roa
dly
.
Ta
ble
2
Dir
ec
t S
pe
nd
ing
by
Co
mm
od
ity
Co
mm
od
itie
s
Dir
ec
t S
pe
nd
ing
(in
mil
lio
ns
) P
er
ce
nt
T
rav
el &
To
uri
sm C
om
mo
dit
ies
Acc
om
mo
da
tio
n
$3
4,8
96
13
%
Fo
od
an
d B
eve
rag
e
26
,38
9
10%
Air
Tra
nsp
ort
ati
on
17
,814
7
%
Ret
ail
7
,22
3
3%
Ga
soli
ne
6
,64
5
3%
Rec
rea
tio
n a
nd
En
tert
ain
men
t 6
,19
2
2%
Ca
r R
enta
l
5,5
12
2%
Tra
vel
Se
rvic
es a
nd
Oth
er T
ou
rism
Co
mm
od
itie
s 3
,35
9
1%
Oth
er T
ran
spo
rta
tio
n
2,4
41
1%
Urb
an
Tra
nsi
t 1,
75
1 1%
Ra
il &
Wa
ter
Tra
nsp
ort
ati
on
5
54
<
1%
S
ub
tota
l $
112
,77
6
43
%
Mee
tin
gs
& O
ther
Co
mm
od
itie
s
M
eeti
ng
Pla
nn
ing
& P
rod
uct
ion
$
108
,96
8
41%
Ven
ue
Ren
tal
10,5
65
4
%
Oth
er M
eet
ing
s-re
late
d C
om
mo
dit
ies
31,
135
12
%
S
ub
tota
l $
150
,66
8
57
%
To
tal
Dir
ec
t S
pe
nd
ing
$
26
3,4
44
10
0%
No
te:
Co
mm
od
itie
s in
clu
de
bo
th g
oo
ds
an
d s
erv
ices
7
In o
ther
wo
rds,
th
e m
eeti
ng
s se
cto
r ca
n b
e d
escr
ibe
d a
s b
ein
g c
om
pri
sed
of
two
po
rtio
ns:
on
e p
ort
ion
ov
erla
pp
ing
(o
r a
n e
xte
nsi
on
of)
th
e tr
av
el a
nd
to
uri
sm s
ecto
r a
nd
the
rem
ain
ing
po
rtio
n b
elo
ng
ing
to
oth
er s
ecto
rs.
Of
the
$7
08
bil
lio
n i
n d
irec
t to
uri
sm
ou
tpu
t in
th
e U
.S.
in 2
00
9,
$11
3 b
illi
on
or
16 p
erce
nt
is t
he
resu
lt o
f th
e m
eet
ing
s
ind
ust
ry.
To
tal
Eco
no
mic
Sig
nif
ica
nce
Dir
ect
spen
din
g,
wh
ich
ser
ved
as
inp
ut
for
the
inp
ut-
ou
tpu
t ec
on
om
ic m
od
elin
g p
roce
ss,
refl
ects
th
e sp
end
ing
in
th
ose
in
du
stri
es t
ha
t co
mp
rise
th
e m
eet
ing
s in
du
stry
. I
nd
irec
t
spen
din
g i
s a
ttri
bu
tab
le t
o t
he
sup
pli
ers
to t
he
me
etin
gs
ind
ust
ry,
an
d t
he
ind
uce
d
spen
din
g a
rise
s fr
om
sp
end
ing
by
th
e em
plo
yee
s o
f th
e m
eeti
ng
s in
du
stry
an
d i
ts
sup
pli
ers.
T
og
eth
er,
dir
ect,
in
dir
ect,
an
d i
nd
uce
d s
pe
nd
ing
co
ntr
ibu
tio
ns
com
pri
se t
he
tota
l
con
trib
uti
on
of
me
etin
gs
act
ivit
y t
o t
he
U.S
. E
con
om
y.
Eco
no
mic
co
ntr
ibu
tio
ns
are
pre
sen
ted
in
ter
ms
of
the
fo
llo
win
g:
Ou
tpu
t: E
con
om
ic c
on
cep
t a
kin
to
sa
les
or
rev
enu
e.
Co
ntr
ibu
tio
n t
o G
DP
: A
lso
kn
ow
n a
s th
e "v
alu
e a
dd
ed."
R
efer
s to
th
e a
dd
itio
na
l v
alu
e cr
eate
d a
t a
pa
rtic
ula
r st
ag
e o
f p
rod
uct
ion
. I
t is
a
mea
sure
of
the
ov
era
ll i
mp
ort
an
ce o
f a
n i
nd
ust
ry.
Va
lue
ad
ded
co
nsi
sts
of:
em
plo
yee
co
mp
ensa
tio
n,
pro
pri
eto
rs' i
nco
me
, in
com
e to
ca
pit
al
ow
ner
s fr
om
pro
pe
rty
, a
nd
in
dir
ect
bu
sin
ess
tax
es.
Em
plo
ym
en
t:
Co
nsi
stin
g o
f fu
ll-t
ime
an
d p
art
-tim
e jo
bs.
La
bo
r i
nc
om
e:
Incl
ud
ing
wa
ges
an
d s
ala
ries
, b
enef
its,
an
d p
rop
riet
ors
' in
com
e.
Ta
xe
s:
Incl
ud
ing
fed
era
l ta
xes
(p
erso
na
l in
com
e, e
xci
se,
cust
om
du
ty,
soci
al
insu
ran
ce c
on
trib
uti
on
, a
nd
oth
er
tax
es)
an
d s
tate
an
d l
oca
l
tax
es (
corp
ora
te i
nco
me
, p
ers
on
al
inco
me
, p
rop
erty
, sa
les,
so
cia
l in
sura
nce
co
ntr
ibu
tio
n,
an
d o
ther
ta
xes
).
Tr
av
el
&
To
ur
ism
$7
08
bil
lio
n
Me
eti
ng
s
$2
63
b
illi
on
Me
eti
ng
s
Sh
ar
e o
f T
ra
ve
l &
To
ur
ism
=
$113
bil
lio
n
8
Th
e ec
on
om
ic s
ign
ific
an
ce o
f m
eeti
ng
s a
ctiv
ity
in
ter
ms
of
ou
tpu
t, c
on
trib
uti
on
to
GD
P,
emp
loy
men
t, a
nd
la
bo
r in
com
e a
re p
rese
nte
d i
n T
ab
le 3
.
As
illu
stra
ted
, to
tal
ou
tpu
t fo
r 2
00
9 r
ela
ted
to
mee
tin
gs
act
ivit
y i
s es
tim
ate
d a
t $
90
7 b
illi
on
, w
hil
e t
he
tota
l co
ntr
ibu
tio
n t
o G
DP
is
$4
58
bil
lio
n.
Mee
tin
gs
act
ivit
y s
up
po
rted
6.3
mil
lio
n j
ob
s a
nd
gen
era
ted
$2
71
bil
lio
n i
n t
ota
l la
bo
r in
com
e.
Ta
ble
3
To
tal
Ec
on
om
ic C
on
trib
uti
on
s
Ec
on
om
ic C
on
trib
uti
on
s
Ind
us
try
Ou
tpu
t (i
n m
illi
on
s)
Co
ntr
ibu
tio
n t
o
GD
P (
in m
illi
on
s)
Em
plo
ym
en
t L
ab
or
In
co
me
(i
n m
illi
on
s)
Dir
ect
eff
ects
$
26
3,4
43
$
106
,09
6
1,6
50
,00
0
$5
9,5
12
In
dir
ect
effe
cts
28
3,5
21
151,
50
7
2,1
64
,00
0
92
,84
8
In
du
ced
eff
ects
3
60
,27
9
20
0,3
08
2
,48
3,0
00
11
8,6
49
T
ota
l e
co
no
mic
co
ntr
ibu
tio
ns
$
90
7,2
43
$
45
7,9
11
6,2
97
,00
0
$2
71,0
09
Th
e ta
x e
ffec
ts o
f th
e m
eet
ing
s w
ere
als
o s
ign
ific
an
t in
20
09
, w
ith
$6
4 b
illi
on
in
fe
der
al
tax
es g
ener
ate
d b
y t
he
ind
ust
ry,
an
d a
n a
dd
itio
na
l $
46
bil
lio
n a
t th
e st
ate
an
d l
oca
l le
vel
, a
s p
rese
nte
d i
n T
ab
le 4
.
Ta
ble
4
To
tal
Ta
x C
on
trib
uti
on
s
Ta
xe
s
Fe
de
ra
l (i
n m
illi
on
s)
Sta
te &
Lo
ca
l (i
n m
illi
on
s)
Dir
ect
eff
ects
$
14,3
40
$
11,2
70
In
dir
ect
effe
cts
21,
34
9
13,3
98
In
du
ced
eff
ects
2
8,1
72
2
1,2
31
T
ota
l ta
x c
on
trib
uti
on
s
$6
3,8
61
$
45
,89
9
9
Mee
tin
gs
Dir
ect
Co
ntr
ibu
tio
n t
o G
DP
Co
mp
are
d t
o O
ther
In
du
stri
es
Acc
ord
ing
to
th
e B
ure
au
of
Eco
no
mic
An
aly
sis
(BE
A),
U.S
. G
DP
in
20
09
to
tale
d $
14.1
tri
llio
n.
As
pre
sen
ted
pre
vio
usl
y,
in T
ab
le 3
, th
e m
eeti
ng
s
ind
ust
ry d
irec
tly
co
ntr
ibu
ted
$10
6 b
illi
on
to
th
is t
ota
l.
Wh
ile
this
in
an
d o
f it
self
ma
y n
ot
seem
sig
nif
ica
nt,
it
is h
elp
ful
to p
rov
ide
furt
her
co
nte
xt
by
co
mp
ari
ng
th
is d
irec
t co
ntr
ibu
tio
n t
o G
DP
an
d e
mp
loy
men
t a
sso
cia
ted
wit
h m
eet
ing
s a
ctiv
ity
to
oth
er U
.S.
ind
ust
ries
. O
ther
in
du
stry
con
trib
uti
on
s w
ere
ba
sed
on
20
09
da
ta r
elea
sed
by
th
e B
EA
on
a N
AIC
S c
od
e le
vel
.
As
illu
stra
ted
in
Ta
ble
5,
the
me
etin
gs
ind
ust
ry r
an
ks
hig
her
tha
n s
ever
al
hig
h-p
rofi
le i
nd
ust
ries
, b
oth
in
ter
ms
of
its
con
trib
uti
on
to
U.S
. G
DP
, a
nd
th
e n
um
be
r o
f fu
ll-
an
d p
art
-tim
e w
ork
ers
emp
loy
ed
.
Ta
ble
5
Dir
ec
t C
on
trib
uti
on
to
GD
P a
nd
Em
plo
ym
en
t o
f S
ele
ct
Ind
us
trie
s
Ind
us
try
Es
tim
ate
d V
alu
e
Ad
de
d t
o G
DP
(i
n m
illi
on
s)
F
ull
& P
ar
t-ti
me
E
mp
loy
me
nt
(in
th
ou
sa
nd
s)
Hea
lth
ca
re a
nd
so
cia
l a
ssis
tan
ce
$1,
05
8,0
00
16
,23
7
Bro
ad
cast
ing
an
d t
elec
om
mu
nic
ati
on
s 3
56
,00
0
1,2
76
Fo
od
ser
vic
e a
nd
dri
nk
ing
pla
ces
27
7,0
00
9
,46
4
Leg
al
serv
ices
2
19,0
00
1,
150
Co
mp
ute
r sy
stem
s d
esig
n a
nd
rel
ate
d s
erv
ices
17
0,0
00
1,
42
6
Oil
an
d g
as
extr
act
ion
14
2,0
00
16
1
Ma
nu
fact
uri
ng
pet
role
um
an
d c
oa
l p
rod
uct
s 1
20
,00
0
114
Tru
ck t
ran
spo
rta
tio
n
113
,00
0
1,3
13
Acc
om
mo
da
tio
n
109
,00
0
1,7
55
Me
eti
ng
s
10
6,0
96
1,6
50
Ma
nu
fact
uri
ng
mo
tor
ve
hic
les,
bo
die
s a
nd
tra
iler
s, a
nd
pa
rts
78
,00
0
67
5
Info
rma
tio
n a
nd
da
ta p
roce
ssin
g s
erv
ices
7
6,0
00
3
09
Per
form
ing
art
s, s
pec
tato
r sp
ort
s, m
use
um
s 7
1,0
00
5
45
Air
tra
nsp
ort
ati
on
6
2,0
00
4
64
Mo
tio
n p
ictu
re a
nd
so
un
d r
eco
rdin
g i
nd
ust
ries
6
0,0
00
3
65
Am
use
men
ts,
ga
mb
lin
g,
an
d r
ecre
ati
on
in
du
stri
es
56
,00
0
1,4
16
Ra
il t
ran
spo
rta
tio
n
31,
00
0
187
Ap
pen
dic
es
11
Ap
pen
dix
A:
Glo
ssa
ry
"Mee
tin
g"
Def
ine
d
As
def
ined
by
th
e U
NW
TO
, R
eed
Tra
vel
Ex
hib
itio
ns,
IC
CA
an
d M
PI,
a m
eeti
ng
is
a g
ener
al
term
in
dic
ati
ng
th
e co
min
g t
og
eth
er
of
a n
um
ber
of
peo
ple
in
on
e p
lace
, to
co
nfe
r o
r ca
rry
ou
t a
pa
rtic
ula
r a
ctiv
ity
. T
he
key
pu
rpo
ses
of
mee
tin
gs
are
to
mo
tiv
ate
pa
rtic
ipa
nts
, co
nd
uct
bu
sin
ess,
sh
are
idea
s, a
nd
lea
rn.
Fre
qu
ency
ca
n b
e o
n a
n a
d-h
oc
ba
sis
or
acc
ord
ing
to
a s
et p
att
ern
, a
s fo
r in
sta
nce
an
nu
al
ge
ner
al
me
etin
gs,
co
mm
itte
e m
eeti
ng
s,
etc.
Ba
sed
on
fu
rth
er r
efi
ne
men
t b
y t
he
UN
WT
O a
nd
fo
r p
urp
ose
s o
f th
is r
ep
ort
, th
e te
rm "
mee
tin
g"
an
d i
ts d
esc
rip
tio
n a
bo
ve
wa
s d
efin
ed t
o r
efer
to
a
ga
ther
ing
of
10 o
r m
ore
pa
rtic
ipa
nts
fo
r a
min
imu
m o
f 4
ho
urs
in
a c
on
tra
cted
ven
ue.
Me
etin
gs
incl
ud
e co
nv
en
tio
ns,
co
nfe
ren
ces,
co
ng
ress
es,
tra
de
sho
ws
an
d e
xh
ibit
ion
s, i
nce
nti
ve
ev
ents
, co
rpo
rate
/bu
sin
ess
mee
tin
gs,
an
d o
ther
me
etin
gs
tha
t m
eet
the
afo
rem
enti
on
ed c
rite
ria
. M
eeti
ng
s
excl
ud
e s
oci
al
act
ivit
ies
(we
dd
ing
rec
ep
tio
ns,
ho
lid
ay
pa
rtie
s, e
tc.)
, p
erm
an
en
tly
est
ab
lish
ed f
orm
al
edu
cati
on
al
act
ivit
ies
(pri
ma
ry,
seco
nd
ary
or
un
iver
sity
lev
el e
du
cati
on
), p
ure
ly r
ecre
ati
on
al
act
ivit
ies
(su
ch a
s co
nce
rts
an
d s
ho
ws
of
an
y k
ind
), p
oli
tica
l ca
mp
aig
n r
all
ies,
or
ga
the
rin
gs
of
con
sum
ers
or
wo
uld
-be
cust
om
ers
by
a c
om
pa
ny
fo
r th
e p
urp
ose
of
pre
sen
tin
g s
pe
cifi
c g
oo
ds
or
serv
ices
fo
r sa
le (
con
sum
er s
ho
ws)
, w
hic
h w
ou
ld
rath
er f
all
un
der
th
e sc
op
e o
f re
tail
or
wh
ole
sale
tra
de
.
Me
eti
ng
Aim
To
bri
ng
to
get
her
peo
ple
fo
r a
co
mm
on
pu
rpo
se t
o c
on
du
ct b
usi
nes
s, s
ha
re i
dea
s, l
earn
, a
nd
ho
ld d
iscu
ssio
ns
on
pro
fess
ion
al,
sci
enti
fic,
or
bu
sin
ess
ma
tter
s.
Me
eti
ng
Sp
ec
ific
ati
on
s
Mee
tin
g l
eng
th:
min
imu
m o
f 4
ho
urs
(i.
e.
ha
lf a
da
y)
Mee
tin
g s
ize:
min
imu
m o
f 10
pa
rtic
ipa
nts
Mee
tin
g v
en
ue:
co
ntr
act
ed v
enu
e (i
n-h
ou
se m
eeti
ng
ve
nu
es a
re e
xcl
ud
ed)
Me
eti
ng
Ty
pe
Mee
tin
g t
yp
es i
n t
his
def
init
ion
in
clu
de
con
ven
tio
ns,
co
nfe
ren
ces,
co
ng
ress
es,
tra
de
sho
ws
an
d e
xh
ibit
ion
s, i
nce
nti
ve
ev
ents
, co
rpo
rate
/bu
sin
ess
mee
tin
gs,
an
d o
ther
mee
tin
gs.
Mee
tin
g t
yp
es s
pec
ific
all
y e
xcl
ud
ed f
rom
th
is d
efin
itio
n i
ncl
ud
e th
e fo
llo
win
g:
soci
al
act
ivit
ies
(wed
din
g r
ece
pti
on
s, h
oli
da
y p
art
ies,
etc
.)
per
ma
nen
tly
est
ab
lish
ed f
orm
al
edu
cati
on
act
ivit
ies
(pri
ma
ry,
seco
nd
ary
, o
r u
niv
ers
ity
lev
el e
du
cati
on
)
pu
rely
rec
rea
tio
na
l a
nd
en
tert
ain
men
t a
ctiv
itie
s (s
uch
as
con
cert
s a
nd
sh
ow
s o
f a
ny
kin
d)
po
liti
cal
cam
pa
ign
ra
llie
s
ga
ther
ing
s o
f co
nsu
mer
s o
r w
ou
ld-b
e cu
sto
me
rs b
y a
co
mp
an
y f
or
the
pu
rpo
se o
f p
rese
nti
ng
sp
ecif
ic g
oo
ds
or
serv
ices
fo
r sa
le (
con
sum
er
sho
ws)
, w
hic
h w
ou
ld r
ath
er
fall
un
der
th
e sc
op
e o
f re
tail
or
wh
ole
sale
tra
de
.
12
Mee
tin
g T
yp
es
Mee
tin
gs
sho
uld
be
cla
ssif
ied
by
th
e p
rim
ary
act
ivit
y o
f th
e m
eeti
ng
. F
or
exa
mp
le,
a c
on
ve
nti
on
or
con
fere
nce
th
at
incl
ud
ed e
xh
ibit
ion
s a
s a
n
an
cill
ary
act
ivit
y,
bu
t n
ot
the
pri
ma
ry a
ctiv
ity
, sh
ou
ld b
e cl
ass
ifie
d a
s a
co
nfe
ren
ce/c
on
ven
tio
n/c
on
gre
ss r
ath
er t
ha
n a
tra
de
sho
w/b
usi
ne
ss
exh
ibit
ion
.
Me
eti
ng
Ty
pe
De
fin
itio
n
Co
nfe
ren
ces/
C
on
ve
nti
on
s/
C
on
gre
sses
A
gen
era
l te
rm c
ov
erin
g a
ll n
on
bu
sin
ess-
ori
ente
d g
ath
erin
gs
of
pa
rtic
ipa
nts
at
a p
red
eter
min
ed s
ite
an
d t
ime
to
att
end
an
org
an
ized
me
etin
g i
n w
hic
h t
hey
ha
ve
an
in
tera
ctiv
e, d
eba
tin
g,
an
d/o
r co
mp
etit
ive
role
, a
nd
of
wh
ich
th
e th
eme
or
pu
rpo
se m
ay
be
of
an
y n
atu
re.
Th
ese
mee
tin
gs
are
ho
sted
by
pro
fess
ion
al,
tra
de,
or
oth
er n
on
-co
rpo
rate
o
rga
niz
ati
on
s.
Co
nfe
ren
ces/
con
ven
tio
ns/
con
gre
sses
ma
y i
ncl
ud
e se
min
ars
. (P
lea
se a
lso
ref
er t
o d
efin
itio
ns
of
Co
nfe
ren
ce,
Co
nv
enti
on
, a
nd
Co
ng
ress
bel
ow
).
Co
nfe
ren
ce
1)
Pa
rtic
ipa
tory
mee
tin
g d
esig
ned
fo
r d
iscu
ssio
n,
fact
-fin
din
g,
pro
ble
m s
olv
ing
an
d c
on
sult
ati
on
2)
An
ev
ent
use
d b
y a
ny
org
an
iza
tio
n t
o m
eet
an
d e
xch
an
ge
vie
ws,
co
nv
ey a
mes
sag
e,
op
en a
deb
ate
or
giv
e p
ub
lici
ty t
o s
om
e a
rea
of
op
inio
n o
n a
sp
ecif
ic i
ssu
e
No
tra
dit
ion
, co
nti
nu
ity
, o
r p
erio
dic
ity
is
req
uir
ed t
o c
on
ven
e a
co
nfe
ren
ce.
Alt
ho
ug
h n
ot
gen
era
lly
lim
ited
in
tim
e,
con
fere
nce
s a
re u
sua
lly
of
sho
rt d
ura
tio
n w
ith
sp
ecif
ic o
bje
ctiv
es.
Co
nfe
ren
ces
are
gen
era
lly
on
a s
ma
ller
sca
le
tha
n c
on
gre
sses
.
Co
nv
en
tio
n
1)
A g
ener
al
an
d f
orm
al
mee
tin
g o
f a
le
gis
lati
ve
bo
dy
, so
cia
l, o
r ec
on
om
ic g
rou
p i
n o
rder
to
pro
vid
e in
form
ati
on
, d
elib
era
te o
r es
tab
lish
co
nse
nt
or
po
lici
es a
mo
ng
pa
rtic
ipa
nts
. I
n t
he
Un
ited
Sta
tes,
th
e t
erm
is
use
d t
o d
escr
ibe
larg
e, u
sua
lly
na
tio
na
l m
eeti
ng
s o
f b
usi
nes
s ci
rcle
s, f
or
dis
cuss
ion
an
d/o
r co
mm
erci
al
exh
ibit
ion
2)
An
ev
ent
wh
ere
the
pri
ma
ry a
ctiv
ity
of
the
att
end
ee i
s to
att
end
ed
uca
tio
na
l se
ssio
ns,
pa
rtic
ipa
te i
n
mee
tin
gs/
dis
cuss
ion
s, s
oci
ali
ze,
or
att
end
oth
er o
rga
niz
ed e
ven
ts
Th
ere
is a
sec
on
da
ry e
xh
ibit
co
mp
on
ent.
Co
ng
ress
1)T
he
reg
ula
r co
min
g t
og
eth
er
of
larg
e g
rou
ps
of
ind
ivid
ua
ls,
gen
era
lly
to
dis
cuss
a p
art
icu
lar
sub
ject
. A
co
ng
ress
w
ill
oft
en l
ast
sev
era
l d
ay
s a
nd
ha
ve
sev
era
l si
mu
lta
neo
us
sess
ion
s. T
he
len
gth
of
tim
e b
etw
een
co
ng
ress
es i
s u
sua
lly
est
ab
lish
ed i
n a
dv
an
ce o
f th
e im
ple
men
tati
on
sta
ge
an
d m
ay
be
eith
er p
luri
-an
nu
al
or
an
nu
al.
Mo
st
inte
rna
tio
na
l o
r w
orl
d c
on
gre
sses
are
of
the
form
er t
yp
e w
hil
e n
ati
on
al
con
gre
sses
are
mo
re f
req
uen
tly
hel
d
an
nu
all
y
2)
Mee
tin
g o
f a
n a
sso
cia
tio
n o
f d
eleg
ate
s o
r re
pre
sen
tati
ves
fro
m c
on
stit
ue
nt
org
an
iza
tio
ns
3)
Eu
rop
ean
ter
m f
or
con
ve
nti
on
Sem
ina
r
1)L
ectu
re a
nd
dia
log
ue
all
ow
ing
pa
rtic
ipa
nts
to
sh
are
ex
per
ien
ces
in a
pa
rtic
ula
r fi
eld
un
der
th
e g
uid
an
ce o
f a
n
exp
ert
dis
cuss
ion
lea
der
2)
A m
eeti
ng
or
seri
es o
f m
eet
ing
s fr
om
10
to
50
sp
eci
ali
sts
wh
o h
av
e d
iffe
ren
t sp
ecif
ic s
kil
ls b
ut
ha
ve
a s
pec
ific
co
mm
on
in
tere
st a
nd
co
me
tog
eth
er f
or
tra
inin
g o
r le
arn
ing
pu
rpo
ses
Th
e w
ork
sch
edu
le o
f a
sem
ina
r h
as
the
spec
ific
ob
ject
ive
of
enri
chin
g t
he
skil
ls o
f th
e p
art
icip
an
ts.
Tra
de
sho
w/b
usi
nes
s ex
hib
itio
n
1)
An
ex
hib
itio
n o
f p
rod
uct
s a
nd
/or
serv
ices
hel
d f
or
me
mb
ers
of
a c
om
mo
n i
nd
ust
ry.
Th
e p
rim
ary
act
ivit
y o
f a
tten
dee
s is
vis
itin
g e
xh
ibit
s o
n t
he
sho
w f
loo
r. T
hes
e ev
ents
fo
cus
pri
ma
rily
on
bu
sin
ess-
to-b
usi
nes
s
13
Me
eti
ng
Ty
pe
De
fin
itio
n
rela
tio
nsh
ips,
bu
t p
art
of
the
eve
nt
ma
y b
e o
pen
to
th
e g
ener
al
pu
bli
c
2)
Dis
pla
y o
f p
rod
uct
s o
r p
rom
oti
on
al
ma
teri
al
for
the
pu
rpo
se o
f p
ub
lic
rela
tio
ns,
sa
les
an
d/o
r m
ark
etin
g
Ince
nti
ve
ev
ent
A
rew
ard
ev
ent
inte
nd
ed t
o s
ho
wca
se p
erso
ns
wh
o m
eet
or
exce
ed s
ale
s o
r p
rod
uct
ion
go
als
. F
or
the
pu
rpo
ses
of
this
su
rvey
, in
cen
tiv
e e
ven
ts r
efer
to
th
e m
eet
ing
po
rtio
n o
f a
n i
nce
nti
ve
pro
gra
m.
Co
rpo
rate
/bu
sin
ess
mee
tin
g
1)
Bu
sin
ess-
ori
en
ted
me
etin
g u
sua
lly
ho
sted
by
a c
orp
ora
tio
n,
in w
hic
h p
art
icip
an
ts r
epre
sen
t th
e sa
me
com
pa
ny
, co
rpo
rate
gro
up
or
clie
nt/
pro
vid
er r
ela
tio
nsh
ips
2)
Ga
ther
ing
of
emp
loy
ees
or
rep
rese
nta
tiv
es o
f a
co
mm
erc
ial
org
an
iza
tio
n
Usu
all
y,
att
end
an
ce i
s re
qu
ired
an
d t
rav
el,
roo
m a
nd
mo
st m
eal
exp
ense
s a
re p
aid
fo
r b
y t
he
org
an
iza
tio
n.
Oth
er M
eet
ing
Ty
pe
A g
ath
erin
g n
ot
des
crib
ed b
y t
he
me
etin
g t
yp
es d
escr
ibed
ab
ov
e, b
ut
stil
l m
eet
s th
e c
rite
ria
fo
r m
eeti
ng
du
rati
on
(4
h
ou
rs o
r m
ore
), n
um
ber
of
pa
rtic
ipa
nts
(10
or
mo
re)
an
d m
eeti
ng
lo
cati
on
(h
eld
in
a c
on
tra
cted
ven
ue
).
14
Att
end
ee O
rig
in
Or
igin
De
fin
itio
n
Lo
cal
Att
end
ees
wh
o t
rav
eled
les
s th
an
50
mil
es t
o a
tten
d a
mee
tin
g a
nd
did
no
t st
ay
ov
ern
igh
t in
pa
id
acc
om
mo
da
tio
ns.
Do
mes
tic
Att
end
ees
wh
o t
rav
eled
mo
re t
ha
n 5
0 m
iles
to
att
end
a m
eeti
ng
or
wh
o s
tay
ed o
ve
rnig
ht
in p
aid
a
cco
mm
od
ati
on
s.
Fo
reig
n
A
tten
dee
s w
ho
tra
vel
ed f
rom
ou
tsid
e o
f th
e U
nit
ed S
tate
s (i
ncl
ud
ing
U.S
. te
rrit
ori
es)
to a
tten
d t
he
mee
tin
g.
Tra
vel
Te
rm
De
fin
itio
n
Tra
vel
Fo
r p
urp
ose
s o
f th
is s
tud
y,
att
end
ees
tha
t tr
av
el t
o m
eeti
ng
s a
re t
ho
se t
ha
t st
ay
ov
ern
igh
t a
wa
y f
rom
ho
me
in
pa
id a
cco
mm
od
ati
on
s o
r tr
av
el m
ore
th
an
50
mil
es f
rom
th
eir
pri
ma
ry r
esid
ence
to
att
end
th
e m
eet
ing
. T
his
d
efin
itio
n o
f tr
av
el a
lig
ns
wit
h d
efin
itio
ns
ou
tlin
ed b
y t
he
U.S
. T
rav
el A
sso
cia
tio
n,
UN
WT
O,
an
d B
EA
(se
e d
efin
itio
ns
bel
ow
).
Tra
vel
(U
.S.
Tra
vel
A
sso
cia
tio
n)
To
uri
sm (
UN
WT
O)
Vis
ito
r (B
EA
)
T
he
def
init
ion
of
tra
vel
use
d f
or
this
stu
dy
ali
gn
s w
ith
th
e fo
llo
win
g d
efin
itio
ns
ou
tlin
ed b
y t
he
U.S
. T
rav
el
Ass
oci
ati
on
, U
NW
TO
, a
nd
BE
A:
Acc
ord
ing
to
th
e U
.S.
Tra
ve
l A
sso
cia
tio
n,
ther
e is
no
co
mm
on
ly a
cce
pte
d d
efin
itio
n o
f tr
av
el i
n u
se a
t th
is t
ime;
h
ow
ev
er,
the
U.S
. T
rav
el A
sso
cia
tio
n h
as
de
fin
ed t
rav
el a
s a
ctiv
itie
s a
sso
cia
ted
wit
h a
ll o
ver
nig
ht
trip
s a
wa
y f
rom
h
om
e in
pa
id a
cco
mm
od
ati
on
s, a
nd
da
y a
nd
ov
ern
igh
t tr
ips
to p
lace
s 5
0 m
iles
or
mo
re,
on
e w
ay
, fr
om
th
e tr
av
eler
’s o
rig
in.
Th
e U
NW
TO
def
ines
to
uri
sm a
s th
e a
ctiv
itie
s o
f p
erso
ns
tra
vel
lin
g t
o a
nd
sta
yin
g i
n p
lace
s o
uts
ide
thei
r u
sua
l en
vir
on
me
nt,
fo
r n
ot
mo
re t
ha
n o
ne
con
secu
tiv
e y
ear
for
leis
ure
, b
usi
nes
s a
nd
oth
er p
urp
ose
s n
ot
rela
ted
to
th
e ex
erci
se o
f a
n a
ctiv
ity
rem
un
era
ted
fro
m w
ith
in t
he
pla
ce v
isit
ed
Th
e B
EA
def
ines
vis
ito
r a
s a
per
son
wh
o t
rav
els
ou
tsid
e o
f h
is o
r h
er u
sua
l en
vir
on
me
nt
for
less
th
an
a y
ear
or
wh
o s
tay
s o
ve
rnig
ht
in a
ho
tel
or
mo
tel.
Th
e v
isit
or
ma
y t
rav
el f
or
ple
asu
re o
r b
usi
nes
s. V
isit
ors
ex
clu
de
tra
vel
ers
wh
o e
xp
ect
to b
e co
mp
ensa
ted
at
the
loca
tio
n o
f th
eir
vis
it (
such
as
mig
ran
t w
ork
ers
, p
erso
ns
tra
vel
ing
to
new
a
ssig
nm
ents
, a
nd
dip
lom
ati
c a
nd
mil
ita
ry p
erso
nn
el t
rav
elin
g f
rom
th
eir
du
ty s
tati
on
s to
th
eir
ho
me
co
un
trie
s).
T
he
BE
A d
efin
es "
usu
al
env
iro
nm
en
t" a
s th
e a
rea
of
no
rma
l, e
ver
yd
ay
act
ivit
ies,
wit
hin
50
to
10
0 m
iles
of
ho
me.
15
Ven
ue
Ty
pes
Ho
st
Ty
pe
De
fin
itio
n
Pu
rpo
se-b
uil
t m
eet
ing
fa
cili
ty w
ith
ou
t lo
dg
ing
C
on
ve
nti
on
cen
ter,
ex
hib
itio
n h
all
, n
on
-res
iden
tia
l co
nfe
ren
ce c
en
ter,
mu
lti-
pu
rpo
se e
ve
nt
cen
ter,
etc
. th
at
do
es
no
t h
av
e lo
dg
ing
. L
od
gin
g a
cco
mm
od
ati
on
s a
re t
yp
ica
lly
bo
ok
ed u
nd
er a
se
pa
rate
co
ntr
act
.
Mee
tin
gs
faci
liti
es w
ith
lo
dg
ing
H
ote
l, r
eso
rt,
casi
no
, re
sid
en
tia
l co
nfe
ren
ce c
ente
r, e
tc.
tha
t in
clu
des
me
etin
g f
aci
liti
es.
Lo
dg
ing
a
cco
mm
od
ati
on
s a
re t
yp
ica
lly
att
ach
ed a
nd
so
ld w
ith
mee
tin
g s
pa
ce u
nd
er o
ne
con
tra
ct.
Oth
er v
en
ues
wit
h
mee
tin
g f
aci
liti
es
O
ther
ve
nu
es,
no
t sp
ecif
ica
lly
bu
ilt
for
mee
tin
gs,
bu
t w
hic
h h
av
e fa
cili
ties
th
at
are
use
d f
or
mee
tin
gs
(e.g
. u
niv
ersi
ty/c
oll
ege
, a
ren
a,
sta
diu
m,
pa
rk,
race
tra
ck,
mu
seu
m,
thea
ter,
res
tau
ran
t, e
tc.)
Lo
dg
ing
acc
om
mo
da
tio
ns
are
ty
pic
all
y b
oo
ked
un
der
a s
epa
rate
co
ntr
act
. F
or
un
iver
siti
es/c
oll
eges
, th
ese
mee
tin
g s
ho
uld
in
clu
de
faci
liti
es
such
as
lect
ure
ha
lls,
co
nfe
ren
ce r
oo
ms,
cla
ssro
om
s, e
tc.,
bu
t ex
clu
de
an
on
-ca
mp
us
con
fere
nce
cen
ter
or
ho
tel.
Su
rvey
Au
die
nce
Ty
pes
Su
rv
ey
Au
die
nc
e
D
es
cr
ipti
on
Mee
tin
g o
rga
niz
ers
M
eeti
ng
org
an
izer
s in
clu
de
d b
oth
"In
-ho
use
" m
eeti
ng
org
an
ize
rs a
nd
"In
de
pen
de
nt/
Th
ird
-pa
rty
" m
eet
ing
o
rga
niz
ers
:
a)
In-h
ou
se o
rga
niz
ers
are
res
po
nsi
ble
fo
r o
rga
niz
ing
th
e m
eeti
ng
fo
r th
eir
ow
n o
rga
niz
ati
on
wh
ich
is
ho
stin
g
or
spo
nso
rin
g t
he
mee
tin
g
b)
Ind
epen
den
t/T
hir
d-p
art
y o
rga
niz
ers
are
co
ntr
act
ed t
o o
rga
niz
e t
he
mee
tin
g o
n b
eh
alf
of
the
mee
tin
g h
ost
or
spo
nso
r o
rga
niz
ati
on
Ven
ue
ma
na
ger
s
Ma
na
ger
s o
f th
e fo
llo
win
g t
yp
es o
f v
enu
es:
a)
pu
rpo
se-b
uil
t m
eeti
ng
fa
cili
ties
(w
ith
ou
t lo
dg
ing
) su
ch a
s co
nfe
ren
ce c
ente
rs a
nd
co
nv
enti
on
cen
ters
;
b)
mee
tin
g f
aci
liti
es w
ith
lo
dg
ing
(h
ote
ls,
mo
tels
, re
sort
s, e
tc.)
; a
nd
c)m
eeti
ng
fa
cili
ties
at
oth
er v
enu
es,
such
as
at
un
iver
siti
es/c
oll
eges
, a
ren
as,
sta
diu
ms,
pa
rks,
ra
cetr
ack
s,
mu
seu
ms,
th
eate
rs,
rest
au
ran
ts,
etc.
Des
tin
ati
on
ma
rket
ing
o
rga
niz
ati
on
s
N
ot-
for-
pro
fit
org
an
iza
tio
ns
cha
rged
wit
h r
ep
rese
nti
ng
a s
pec
ific
des
tin
ati
on
an
d h
elp
ing
th
e lo
ng
-ter
m d
evel
op
me
nt
of
com
mu
nit
ies
thro
ug
h a
tra
vel
an
d t
ou
rism
str
ate
gy
; a
lso
ref
erre
d t
o a
s co
nv
enti
on
an
d v
isit
or
bu
rea
us
(CV
B).
Del
ega
tes
A
per
son
wh
o a
tten
ds
an
ev
ent
pri
ma
rily
to
vis
it e
xh
ibit
s o
r a
tten
d m
eeti
ng
s a
nd
/or
con
fere
nce
ses
sio
ns
(ex
clu
des
ex
hib
ito
rs,
med
ia,
spea
ker
s, a
nd
co
mp
an
ion
s),
a r
egis
tere
d m
eet
ing
pa
rtic
ipa
nt,
or
a v
oti
ng
re
pre
sen
tati
ve
at
a
mee
tin
g.
Ex
hib
ito
rs
A
per
son
or
firm
th
at
dis
pla
ys
its
pro
du
cts
or
serv
ices
at
an
ev
ent,
or
an
ev
ent
att
end
ee w
ho
se p
rim
ary
pu
rpo
se f
or
att
end
ing
th
e ev
ent
is t
o s
taff
a b
oo
th/s
tan
d.
16
Ap
pen
dix
B:
Eco
no
mic
Mo
del
ing
Th
is s
tud
y h
as
qu
an
tifi
ed t
he
dir
ect,
in
dir
ect,
an
d i
nd
uce
d c
on
trib
uti
on
s o
f m
eet
ing
s a
ctiv
ity
in
th
e U
.S.
in t
erm
s o
f em
plo
ym
en
t, l
ab
or
inco
me
(in
clu
din
g w
ag
es a
nd
sa
lari
es a
nd
ben
efit
s, a
s w
ell
as
pro
pri
eto
rs' i
nco
me)
, o
utp
ut,
an
d v
alu
e a
dd
ed (
i.e
., G
DP
).1 T
he
dir
ect
con
trib
uti
on
is
mea
sure
d a
s th
e e
mp
loy
me
nt
(fu
ll-t
ime
an
d p
art
-tim
e jo
bs)
, la
bo
r in
com
e, o
utp
ut,
an
d G
DP
wit
hin
th
e in
du
stri
es i
den
tifi
ed a
s "d
irec
t
ben
efi
cia
ries
" o
f m
eet
ing
s a
ctiv
ity
wit
h r
esp
ect
to t
he
sou
rce
of
spe
nd
ing
. T
he
in
dir
ect
con
trib
uti
on
is
mea
sure
d a
s th
e e
mp
loy
men
t, l
ab
or
inco
me
,
ou
tpu
t, a
nd
GD
P o
ccu
rrin
g w
ith
in o
the
r in
du
stri
es t
ha
t p
rov
ide
go
od
s a
nd
ser
vic
es t
o t
he
"dir
ect"
in
du
stri
es.
Th
e in
du
ced
im
pa
ct i
s m
easu
red
as
the
emp
loy
me
nt,
la
bo
r in
com
e, o
utp
ut,
an
d G
DP
res
ult
ing
fro
m h
ou
seh
old
sp
end
ing
of
inco
me
earn
ed e
ith
er d
irec
tly
or
ind
irec
tly
fro
m t
he
mee
tin
gs
act
ivit
y.
To
get
her
, th
e d
irec
t, i
nd
irec
t, a
nd
in
du
ced
co
ntr
ibu
tio
ns
com
pri
se t
he
tota
l co
ntr
ibu
tio
n o
f th
e m
eet
ing
s a
ctiv
ity
in
th
e U
.S.
Th
e ec
on
om
ic i
mp
act
an
aly
ses
in t
he
stu
dy
rel
y o
n t
he
IMP
LA
N e
con
om
ic m
od
el,
a w
ell-
kn
ow
n i
np
ut-
ou
tpu
t m
od
elin
g s
yst
em d
ev
elo
ped
by
th
e
Min
nes
ota
IM
PL
AN
Gro
up
fo
r es
tim
ati
ng
eco
no
mic
im
pa
cts
an
d i
s si
mil
ar
to t
he
Reg
ion
al
Inp
ut-
Ou
tpu
t M
od
eli
ng
Sy
stem
dev
elo
ped
by
th
e U
.S.
Dep
art
men
t o
f C
om
mer
ce.
Th
e m
od
el i
s p
rim
ari
ly b
ase
d o
n g
ov
ern
me
nt
da
ta s
ou
rces
. I
t ca
n a
dd
ress
a w
ide
ra
ng
e o
f im
pa
ct t
op
ics
in a
giv
en
reg
ion
(co
un
ty,
sta
te,
or
the
co
un
try
as
a w
ho
le).
IMP
LA
N i
s b
uil
t a
rou
nd
an
“in
pu
t-o
utp
ut”
ta
ble
th
at
rela
tes
the
pu
rch
ase
s th
at
each
in
du
stry
ha
s m
ad
e fr
om
oth
er i
nd
ust
ries
to
th
e v
alu
e o
f th
e
ou
tpu
t o
f ea
ch i
nd
ust
ry.
To
mee
t th
e d
ema
nd
fo
r g
oo
ds
an
d s
erv
ices
fro
m a
n i
nd
ust
ry,
pu
rch
ase
s a
re m
ad
e in
oth
er i
nd
ust
ries
acc
ord
ing
to
th
e
pa
tter
ns
reco
rded
in
th
e in
pu
t-o
utp
ut
tab
le.
Th
ese
pu
rch
ase
s in
tu
rn s
pa
rk s
till
mo
re p
urc
ha
ses
by
th
e in
du
stry
's s
up
pli
ers,
an
d s
o o
n.
Mea
nw
hil
e,
emp
loy
ees
an
d b
usi
nes
s o
wn
ers
ma
ke
per
son
al
pu
rch
ase
s o
ut
of
the
ad
dit
ion
al
inco
me
tha
t is
gen
era
ted
by
th
is p
roce
ss,
sen
din
g m
ore
ne
w
dem
an
ds
rip
pli
ng
th
rou
gh
th
e ec
on
om
y.
Mu
ltip
lier
s d
esc
rib
e th
ese
iter
ati
on
s.
Th
e T
yp
e I
mu
ltip
lier
mea
sure
s th
e d
irec
t a
nd
in
dir
ect
effe
cts
of
a
cha
ng
e in
eco
no
mic
act
ivit
y.
It
cap
ture
s th
e in
ter-
ind
ust
ry e
ffec
ts o
nly
, i.
e.
ind
ust
ries
bu
yin
g f
rom
lo
cal
ind
ust
ries
. T
he
Ty
pe
SA
M (
So
cia
l
Acc
ou
nti
ng
Ma
trix
) m
ult
ipli
er c
ap
ture
s th
e d
irec
t a
nd
in
dir
ect
effe
cts.
In
ad
dit
ion
, it
als
o r
efle
cts
ind
uce
d e
ffe
cts
(i.e
. ch
an
ges
in
sp
end
ing
fro
m
ho
use
ho
lds
as
inco
me
incr
ea
ses
or
dec
rea
ses
du
e t
o t
he
ch
an
ges
in
pro
du
ctio
n).
Th
e IM
PL
AN
mo
del
use
d f
or
this
stu
dy
is
ba
sed
on
eco
no
mic
rel
ati
on
ship
s fr
om
20
08
. P
wC
ad
just
ed t
hes
e re
lati
on
ship
s to
be
con
sist
en
t w
ith
th
e
20
09
mee
tin
gs
act
ivit
y.
Dir
ect
Co
ntr
ibu
tio
ns
Th
is r
ep
ort
dis
tin
gu
ish
es t
hre
e m
ajo
r in
du
stri
es a
s th
e d
irec
t b
en
efi
cia
ry i
nd
ust
rie
s w
ith
res
pec
t to
th
e so
urc
e o
f m
eeti
ng
s a
ctiv
ity
sp
end
ing
: (1
)
def
ined
mee
tin
gs
ind
ust
ries
; (2
) tr
av
el a
nd
to
uri
sm i
nd
ust
ries
; a
nd
(3
) o
ther
in
du
stri
es.
All
oth
er
exp
en
dit
ure
s (s
uch
as
tho
se b
y s
erv
ice
1 V
alu
e a
dd
ed r
efer
s to
th
e a
dd
itio
na
l v
alu
e cr
eate
d a
t a
pa
rtic
ula
r st
ag
e o
f p
rod
uct
ion
. I
t is
a m
easu
re o
f th
e o
ver
all
im
po
rta
nce
of
an
in
du
stry
. V
alu
e a
dd
ed
co
nsi
sts
of:
em
plo
yee
co
mp
ensa
tio
n,
pro
pri
eto
rs' i
nco
me
, in
com
e to
ca
pit
al
ow
ner
s fr
om
pro
per
ty,
an
d i
nd
irec
t b
usi
ne
ss t
ax
es (
i.e.
, th
ose
bo
rne
by
co
nsu
mer
s ra
ther
th
an
pro
du
cers
).
17
pro
vid
ers/
ven
do
rs)
are
co
nsi
der
ed s
eco
nd
ary
sp
en
din
g a
nd
use
d o
nly
to
qu
an
tify
in
dir
ect
an
d i
nd
uce
d c
on
trib
uti
on
s o
f m
eet
ing
s a
ctiv
ity
. T
his
acc
ou
nti
ng
fra
mew
ork
en
sure
s th
at
ther
e is
no
do
ub
le c
ou
nti
ng
fo
r d
irec
t, i
nd
irec
t, a
nd
in
du
ced
co
ntr
ibu
tio
ns
of
mee
tin
g a
ctiv
ity
in
th
e U
.S.
Th
e d
efin
ed m
eet
ing
s in
du
stri
es i
ncl
ud
e m
eeti
ng
s v
en
ues
an
d m
eet
ing
org
an
izer
s (i
nd
epen
den
t/th
ird
-pa
rty
).
Tra
vel
an
d t
ou
rism
in
du
stri
es c
ov
er
the
com
po
nen
ts i
ncl
ud
ed i
n t
he
TT
SA
, in
clu
din
g a
cco
mm
od
ati
on
s, f
oo
d s
erv
ices
an
d d
rin
kin
g p
lace
s, t
ran
spo
rta
tio
n,
reta
il,
recr
eati
on
an
d
ente
rta
inm
ent,
tra
vel
ser
vic
es,
an
d o
ther
mis
cell
an
eou
s to
uri
sm i
nd
ust
ries
. O
ther
in
du
stri
es t
ha
t re
ceiv
ed d
ire
ct m
eeti
ng
s a
ctiv
ity
sp
en
din
g
pri
ma
rily
in
clu
de
tho
se t
ha
t p
rov
ide
go
od
s a
nd
ser
vic
es t
o e
xh
ibit
ing
co
mp
an
ies.
Th
e d
eta
iled
dir
ect
spen
din
g d
ata
fro
m m
eeti
ng
pa
rtic
ipa
nts
an
d n
on
-pa
rtic
ipa
nts
wer
e m
ap
ped
to
rel
ev
an
t in
du
stri
es i
n t
he
IMP
LA
N m
od
el a
nd
use
d a
s a
ch
an
ge
in o
utp
ut
to e
stim
ate
dir
ect
job
s, l
ab
or
inco
me
, a
nd
GD
P g
en
era
ted
by
me
etin
gs
act
ivit
y.
Sp
en
din
g o
n r
eta
il (
such
as
ga
soli
ne)
ha
s b
een
ap
pro
pri
ate
ly a
dju
sted
in
th
e IM
PL
AN
mo
de
l th
rou
gh
th
e "m
arg
inin
g"
pro
ced
ure
, w
hic
h h
elp
s co
nv
ert
"pu
rch
ase
pri
ces"
to
"p
rod
uce
r's
pri
ces"
use
d i
n i
np
ut-
ou
tpu
t m
od
els
lik
e th
e IM
PL
AN
mo
del
.
Ind
irec
t a
nd
In
du
ced
Co
ntr
ibu
tio
ns
Sp
end
ing
by
me
etin
g o
rga
niz
ers/
ho
sts
ou
tsid
e o
f th
e d
efi
ned
mee
tin
gs
ind
ust
ries
wer
e m
ap
ped
to
rel
ev
an
t IM
PL
AN
pro
du
cin
g s
ecto
rs a
nd
use
d t
o
esti
ma
te t
he
ind
irec
t a
nd
in
du
ced
co
ntr
ibu
tio
ns
of
mee
tin
gs
act
ivit
y s
pen
din
g b
y m
eeti
ng
org
an
ize
rs/h
ost
s.
Fo
r o
ther
dir
ect
mee
tin
gs
act
ivit
y
ind
ust
ries
, th
eir
est
ima
ted
dir
ect
emp
loy
men
t w
as
use
d t
o q
ua
nti
fy t
he
rem
ain
ing
in
dir
ect
an
d i
nd
uce
d c
on
trib
uti
on
s o
f m
eeti
ng
act
ivit
y s
pen
din
g.
18
Ap
pen
dix
C:
Sec
on
da
ry R
esea
rch
So
urc
es
Th
e fo
llo
win
g s
eco
nd
ary
re
sea
rch
so
urc
es w
ere
refe
ren
ced
fo
r th
is s
tud
y.
Org
an
iza
tio
ns:
Am
eric
an
Ho
tel
& L
od
gin
g A
sso
cia
tio
n (
AH
LA
)
AS
AE
Cen
ter
for
Ex
hib
itio
n I
nd
ust
ry R
esea
rch
(C
EIR
)
Co
nv
en
tio
n I
nd
ust
ry C
ou
nci
l (C
IC)
Co
lleg
iate
Co
nfe
ren
ce a
nd
Ev
ents
Dir
ecto
rs-I
nte
rna
tio
na
l (A
CC
ED
-I)
Des
tin
ati
on
Ma
rket
ing
Ass
oci
ati
on
In
tern
ati
on
al
(DM
AI)
Fa
cili
ties
On
lin
e
Hea
lth
care
Co
nv
enti
on
an
d E
xh
ibit
ors
Ass
oci
ati
on
(H
CE
A)
Ince
nti
ve
Fed
era
tio
n I
nc.
Inte
rna
tio
na
l A
sso
cia
tio
n o
f A
ssem
bly
Ma
na
ger
s (I
AA
M)
Inte
rna
tio
na
l A
sso
cia
tio
n o
f C
on
fere
nce
Cen
ters
(IA
CC
)
Inte
rna
tio
na
l C
on
ven
tio
n a
nd
Co
ng
ress
Ass
oci
ati
on
(IC
CA
)
Mee
tin
gs
& C
on
ve
nti
on
s (M
&C
)
Mee
tin
gs
Med
ia
Mee
tin
g P
rofe
ssio
na
ls I
nte
rna
tio
na
l (M
PI)
Pri
cew
ate
rho
use
Co
op
ers
(Pw
C)
Pro
fess
ion
al
Co
nv
enti
on
Ma
na
gem
ent
Ass
oci
ati
on
(P
CM
A)
Rel
igio
us
Co
nfe
ren
ce M
an
ag
eme
nt
Ass
oci
ati
on
(R
CM
A)
Sit
e
Sm
ith
Tra
vel
Res
earc
h
TN
S
Tra
de
Sh
ow
Ex
hib
ito
rs A
sso
cia
tio
n (
TS
EA
)
Tra
de
Sh
ow
We
ek
Un
iqu
e V
en
ues
19
U.S
. C
ensu
s B
ure
au
U.S
. B
ure
au
of
Eco
no
mic
An
aly
sis
(BE
A)
U.S
. B
ure
au
of
La
bo
r S
tati
stic
s (B
LS
)
U.S
. O
ffic
e o
f T
rav
el &
To
uri
sm I
nd
ust
ries
(O
TT
I)
U.S
. T
rav
el A
sso
cia
tio
n
Th
e fo
llo
win
g d
ocu
men
ts w
ere
rev
iew
ed a
s p
art
of
the
an
aly
ses
con
du
cted
in
dev
elo
pin
g t
he
esti
ma
tes
con
tain
ed h
ere
in:
Bu
sin
ess
Tra
vel
New
s' C
orp
ora
te T
rav
el I
nd
ex (
Ma
rch
29
, 2
010
)
CE
IR E
xh
ibit
ion
In
du
stry
Cen
sus
(Dec
emb
er 2
00
5)
CE
IR E
xh
ibit
ion
In
du
stry
In
dex
(2
00
9)
DM
AI
MIN
T d
ata
(2
00
9)
DM
AI
con
ven
tio
n e
xp
end
itu
re d
ata
(O
cto
ber
20
06
)
Th
e E
con
om
ic C
on
trib
uti
on
of
Mee
tin
gs
Act
ivit
y i
n C
an
ad
a (
20
08
, M
ari
tz R
esea
rch
Ca
na
da
an
d T
he
Co
nfe
ren
ce B
oa
rd o
f C
an
ad
a)
M&
C M
eeti
ng
Fa
cili
ties
Sea
rch
(fo
rmer
ly O
ffic
ial
Mee
tin
g F
aci
liti
es G
uid
e)
(on
lin
e se
arc
h e
ng
ine)
M&
C M
eeti
ng
s M
ark
et R
epo
rt (
Ju
ne
20
08
, C
IC R
esea
rch
, In
c.)
MP
I F
utu
reW
atc
h (
Ja
nu
ary
20
10)
PC
MA
An
nu
al
Mee
tin
gs
Ma
rket
Su
rvey
(M
arc
h 2
00
8)
PC
MA
Mee
tin
g P
lan
ner
In
ten
tio
ns
Su
rvey
(J
un
e 2
010
)
Pw
C C
on
ven
tio
n C
ente
r R
epo
rt (
20
09
)
Pw
C H
osp
ita
lity
Dir
ecti
on
s (A
ug
ust
20
10)
Ox
ford
Eco
no
mic
s' T
he
RO
I o
f B
usi
nes
s T
rav
el (
Se
pte
mb
er
20
09
)
Tra
de
Sh
ow
We
ek D
ata
bo
ok
(O
cto
ber
20
09
)
Tra
de
Sh
ow
We
ek M
ajo
r E
xh
ibit
Ha
ll D
irec
tory
(S
epte
mb
er 2
00
9)
U.S
. T
rav
el A
sso
cia
tio
n "
Tra
vel
Eco
no
mic
Im
pa
ct M
od
el"
2
0
Ap
pen
dix
D:
Ack
no
wle
dg
em
ents
CIC
Eco
no
mic
Sig
nif
ica
nce
Stu
dy
Fu
nd
ing
Pa
rtn
ers:
Th
e f
oll
ow
ing
CIC
me
mb
er o
rga
niz
ati
on
s se
rved
as
Ma
na
gin
g P
art
ner
s, p
rov
idin
g t
he
pri
ma
ry f
un
din
g s
up
po
rt n
eces
sary
to
co
nd
uc
t th
is i
mp
ort
an
t
rese
arc
h s
tud
y.
Am
eric
an
Ho
tel
& L
od
gin
g A
sso
cia
tio
n
AS
AE
Co
nv
en
tio
n I
nd
ust
ry C
ou
nci
l
Des
tin
ati
on
& T
rav
el F
ou
nd
ati
on
Des
tin
ati
on
Ma
rket
ing
Ass
oci
ati
on
In
tern
ati
on
al
Mee
tin
gs
Pro
fess
ion
als
In
tern
ati
on
al
(MP
I) F
ou
nd
ati
on
Pro
fess
ion
al
Co
nv
enti
on
Ma
na
gem
ent
Ass
oci
ati
on
(P
CM
A)
/ P
CM
A E
du
cati
on
Fo
un
da
tio
n
U.S
. T
rav
el A
sso
cia
tio
n
Co
ntr
ibu
tin
g P
art
ner
s:
Th
e fo
llo
win
g C
IC m
emb
er
org
an
iza
tio
ns
als
o p
rov
ided
fu
nd
ing
su
pp
ort
nec
essa
ry t
o c
on
du
ct t
his
im
po
rta
nt
Ass
oci
ati
on
of
Des
tin
ati
on
Ma
na
ge
men
t E
xec
uti
ve
s (A
DM
E)
Fin
an
cia
l a
nd
In
sura
nce
Co
nfe
ren
ce P
lan
ner
s (F
ICP
)
Inte
rna
tio
na
l A
sso
cia
tio
n o
f C
on
fere
nce
Cen
ters
(IA
CC
)
Inte
rna
tio
na
l S
pec
ial
Ev
en
ts S
oci
ety
(IS
ES
)
Ex
hib
itio
n I
nd
ust
ry F
ou
nd
ati
on
(E
IF)
Na
tio
na
l S
pea
ker
s A
sso
cia
tio
n (
NS
A)
Sit
e &
Sit
e F
ou
nd
ati
on
CIC
Me
mb
er O
rga
niz
ati
on
s:
Co
nfi
de
nti
al
con
tact
lis
ts u
sed
in
th
e st
ud
y’s
su
rvey
pro
cess
wer
e p
rov
ided
by
th
e f
oll
ow
ing
CIC
me
mb
er o
rga
niz
ati
on
s:
Am
eric
an
Ho
tel
& L
od
gin
g A
sso
cia
tio
n (
AH
&L
A)
AS
AE
2
1
Ass
oci
ati
on
of
Co
lle
gia
te C
on
fere
nce
an
d E
ven
ts D
irec
tors
-In
tern
ati
on
al
(AC
CE
D-I
)
Ass
oci
ati
on
of
Des
tin
ati
on
Ma
na
ge
men
t E
xec
uti
ve
s (A
DM
E)
Co
un
cil
of
En
gin
eeri
ng
an
d S
cien
tifi
c S
oci
ety
Ex
ecu
tiv
es
(CE
SS
E)
Des
tin
ati
on
Ma
rket
ing
Ass
oci
ati
on
In
tern
ati
on
al
(DM
AI)
Fin
an
cia
l a
nd
In
sura
nce
Co
nfe
ren
ce P
lan
ner
s (F
ICP
)
Inte
rna
tio
na
l A
sso
cia
tio
n o
f A
ssem
bly
Ma
na
ger
s (I
AA
M)
Inte
rna
tio
na
l A
sso
cia
tio
n o
f C
on
fere
nce
Cen
ters
(IA
CC
)
Inte
rna
tio
na
l A
sso
cia
tio
n o
f E
xh
ibit
ion
s &
Ev
ents
(IA
EE
)
Inte
rna
tio
na
l S
pec
ial
Ev
en
ts S
oci
ety
(IS
ES
)
Mee
tin
gs
Pro
fess
ion
als
In
tern
ati
on
al
(MP
I)
Na
tio
na
l C
oa
liti
on
of
Bla
ck M
eeti
ng
Pla
nn
ers
(NC
BM
P)
Pro
fess
ion
al
Co
nv
enti
on
Ma
na
gem
ent
Ass
oci
ati
on
(P
CM
A)
So
ciet
y o
f G
ov
ern
me
nt
Mee
tin
g P
rofe
ssio
na
ls (
SG
MP
)
Sit
e
Tra
de
Sh
ow
Ex
hib
ito
rs A
sso
cia
tio
n (
TS
EA
)
Th
e F
oll
ow
ing
Pro
vid
ed A
dd
itio
na
l D
ata
an
d O
ther
In
form
ati
on
Co
ntr
ibu
tio
ns
Th
rou
gh
ou
t th
e S
tud
y:
Ass
oci
ati
on
of
Co
lle
gia
te C
on
fere
nce
an
d E
ven
ts D
irec
tors
-In
tern
ati
on
al
(AC
CE
D-I
)
Bo
b M
cCli
nto
ck,
SM
G
Co
un
cil
of
En
gin
eeri
ng
an
d S
cien
tifi
c S
oci
ety
Ex
ecu
tiv
es
(CE
SS
E)
Inte
rna
tio
na
l A
sso
cia
tio
n o
f A
ssem
bly
Ma
na
ger
s (I
AA
M)
Inte
rna
tio
na
l A
sso
cia
tio
n o
f C
on
fere
nce
Cen
ters
(IA
CC
)
Mee
tin
gs
& C
on
ve
nti
on
s (M
&C
Mee
tin
g F
aci
liti
es S
earc
h)
Na
tio
na
l C
oa
liti
on
of
Bla
ck M
eeti
ng
Pla
nn
ers
(NC
BM
P)
Sco
tt M
eis,
Sco
tt M
. M
eis
Res
earc
h A
sso
cia
tes
So
ciet
y o
f G
ov
ern
me
nt
Mee
tin
g P
rofe
ssio
na
ls (
SG
MP
)
Tra
de
Sh
ow
Ex
hib
ito
rs A
sso
cia
tio
n (
TS
EA
)
TN
S C
ust
om
Res
earc
h
U.S
. B
ure
au
of
Eco
no
mic
An
aly
sis
22
Su
rvey
Pa
rtic
ipa
nts
We
wo
uld
lik
e to
th
an
k t
he
fo
llo
win
g i
nd
ivid
ua
ls f
or
thei
r v
alu
ab
le t
ime
an
d i
nsi
gh
ts i
n r
esp
on
din
g t
o t
he
va
rio
us
surv
eys.
P
lea
se n
ote
th
at
this
do
es n
ot
rep
rese
nt
all
res
po
nd
ents
, a
s th
ose
wis
hin
g t
o r
ema
in a
no
ny
mo
us
are
no
t in
clu
ded
in
th
is l
ist.
2
3
Aa
ron
McC
reig
ht,
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sper
Are
a C
VB
Ad
ine
DeM
on
d,
Ba
ber
AM
E C
hu
rch
Ais
ha
h P
ach
eco
, P
ayc
hec
k P
rod
uct
ion
s
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nn
a T
hel
en,
Tim
ber
s D
env
er
Ale
jan
dro
Ver
zou
b,
AV
Bu
sin
ess
&
Co
mm
un
ica
tio
n
Ale
ta H
arr
is,
AH
IMA
Ale
xa
nd
er D
oy
le,
21s
t C
entu
ry G
rou
p
Ale
xa
nd
ra L
am
ber
t, S
pec
ialt
y G
rap
hic
Im
ag
ing
Ass
oci
ati
on
Ali
cia
LeM
ast
ers,
Ab
le M
an
ag
emen
t S
olu
tio
ns,
In
c.
All
en J
am
es,
Res
po
nsi
ble
In
du
stry
fo
r a
S
ou
nd
En
vir
on
men
t
Alo
nzo
Du
nca
n,
Om
ega
Wo
rld
Tra
vel
Aly
ssa
Ko
lat,
NA
FC
U
Am
ber
Ka
rso
n,
Fra
nk
lin
Tem
ple
ton
In
ves
tmen
ts
Am
y D
un
nin
g,
St.
Ch
arl
es C
on
ven
tio
n
Cen
ter
Am
y L
Ph
illi
ps,
Am
eric
an
Aca
dem
y o
f P
hy
sici
an
Ass
ista
nts
Am
y P
. A
ha
rt,
Na
tio
na
l A
sso
cia
tio
n o
f In
dep
end
ent
Sch
oo
ls
An
gel
a H
end
erso
n,
EV
EN
Tm
osp
her
e
An
gel
a K
an
aze
h,
MI
Ass
n o
f S
cho
ol
Bo
ard
s
An
gie
Sil
ber
ho
rn
An
issa
Sta
nle
y,
MP
HI
An
n T
. T
urn
er,
Am
eric
an
Ass
oci
ati
on
fo
r L
ab
ora
tory
An
ima
l S
cien
ce
An
ne
McM
on
ag
le
An
ton
io H
erm
osi
lla
, G
P D
esti
na
tio
n
Ma
na
gem
ent
Ap
ril
Cla
rk,
Ca
taly
st E
ven
ts
Arl
en G
. R
eim
nit
z, A
mer
ica
n S
oci
ety
of
Ele
ctro
neu
rod
iag
no
stic
Tec
hn
olo
gis
ts I
nc
Ash
ka
Wir
k,
Ma
lach
ite
Ma
na
gem
ent
Inc
Ash
ley
Sp
itze
r, C
on
ven
tio
nP
lan
it.c
om
Au
dre
y M
erri
ll,
Pro
fess
ion
al
& S
cien
tifi
c A
sso
cia
tes
Ba
rba
ra C
on
nel
l, S
olu
tio
ns
by
Co
nn
ell,
L
LC
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rba
ra B
erm
an
, A
ICP
A
Ba
rba
ra B
ow
ma
n,
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nd
Ju
nct
ion
CV
B
Ba
rba
ra D
un
lav
ey,
So
ciet
y f
or
Ma
inte
na
nce
&
Rel
iab
ilit
y P
rofe
ssio
na
ls
Ba
rba
ra L
ou
is,
Bes
t M
eeti
ng
s
Ba
rba
ra N
eila
n,
Mis
sou
la C
VB
Ba
rba
ra P
alm
er,
NO
AA
/Na
tio
na
l W
eath
er
Ser
vic
e
Ba
rba
ra P
an
etta
, B
arb
ara
Pa
net
ta a
nd
C
om
pa
ny
Ba
rry
Big
ga
r, F
air
fax
Co
un
ty C
on
ven
tio
n &
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isit
ors
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rpo
rati
on
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rry
Bra
ntl
ey,
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msB
risc
oe
Ba
rry
Jo
nes
, F
am
ily
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e
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triz
Go
mez
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ky
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va
na
ug
h
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ind
a K
enn
y,
Ma
ryv
ille
Co
lleg
e
Ben
jam
in R
ab
e, S
mit
hB
uck
lin
Co
rpo
rati
on
Ben
net
t N
ap
ier
II,
Pa
rtn
ers
in A
sso
cia
tio
n
Ma
na
gem
ent
Ber
na
din
e A
. W
arr
ick
, Y
ara
Tri
nid
ad
LT
D
Bet
h G
ross
ma
n,
So
ciet
y f
or
Hu
ma
n
Res
ou
rce
Ma
na
gem
ent
Bet
sy E
llw
an
ger
, T
he
Ma
rsh
Bet
sy F
. H
ilt,
Ten
nes
see
So
ciet
y o
f A
sso
cia
tio
n E
xec
uti
ves
Bev
erly
La
ing
, C
on
fere
nce
Dir
ect
Bil
l B
oy
d,
Su
nb
elt
Mo
tiv
ati
on
& T
rave
l,
Inc.
Bil
l C
. O
ver
felt
, S
MG
/Fre
sno
Co
nv
enti
on
&
En
tert
ain
men
t C
ente
r
Bil
l T
ipto
n,
Bru
nsw
ick
an
d t
he
Go
lden
Isl
es
of
Geo
rgia
CV
B
Bo
b B
row
n,
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tari
o C
on
ven
tio
n C
ente
r
Bo
b J
oh
nso
n,
Mo
ria
l C
on
ven
tio
n C
ente
r
Bo
b L
uik
ens,
Cy
gn
us
Ex
po
siti
on
s
Bo
b M
cCli
nto
ck,
SM
G C
on
ven
tio
n C
ente
rs
Bo
bb
ie C
on
no
lly
, P
rair
ie H
ealt
h V
entu
res
Bo
bb
ie P
att
erso
n,
Bo
ise
CV
B
Bo
nn
ie B
. F
edch
ock
, N
AC
E N
ati
on
al
Ass
oci
ati
on
of
Ca
teri
ng
Ex
ecu
tiv
es
Bra
d W
illi
am
s, M
oti
vA
ctio
n,
LL
C
Bri
an
Hu
rley
, D
es M
oin
es C
VB
Bre
nd
a C
. P
ark
, P
ark
-Wa
y M
eeti
ng
s, L
LC
Bre
nd
a L
. W
eav
er,
Am
eric
an
Geo
ph
ysic
al
Un
ion
Bre
nt
L.
Da
vis
, G
rou
p M
an
ag
emen
t In
c
Bri
an
Do
ty,
Sy
mb
ioti
x M
an
ag
emen
t S
tra
teg
ies,
LL
C
Bri
an
Sie
wer
t, S
on
om
a O
rch
id I
nn
Bri
dg
et M
arn
an
e K
atz
, W
OR
LD
CL
AS
S
Tra
vel
By
In
via
tio
n
C.
Ja
mes
Tro
mb
ino
, M
eta
l P
ow
der
In
du
stri
es F
eder
ati
on
Ca
lvin
Sw
an
, C
entr
al
Dis
tric
t
Ca
nd
ace
Wa
lker
, A
ssn
of
Fa
mil
y a
nd
C
on
cili
ati
on
Co
urt
s
Ca
nd
i R
aw
lin
s, T
enn
esse
e R
ecre
ati
on
&
Pa
rks
Ass
oc.
Ca
ra C
art
ee,
ME
D-E
L C
orp
ora
tio
n
Ca
rey
Kle
ima
n,
CK
Pro
du
ctio
ns
Ca
rol
B.
To
bin
, A
mer
ica
n I
nd
ust
ria
l H
yg
ien
e A
sso
cia
tio
n
Ca
rol
Ku
c, C
om
ple
te C
on
fere
nce
C
oo
rdin
ato
rs,
Inc.
Ca
rol
L.
Mo
ore
, G
eorg
ia M
ou
nta
ins
Cen
ter
Ca
role
McK
ella
r, H
elm
sBri
sco
e
2
4
Ca
roli
ne
Mo
ran
, M
ast
erC
ard
Wo
rld
wid
e
Ca
roly
n H
inso
n,
Leo
n C
ou
nty
Sch
oo
ls
Ca
roly
n S
tate
n,
Dep
art
men
t o
f H
ealt
h
Ca
rrin
e T
od
ma
n,
Pa
l-T
ech
, In
c
Ca
ther
ine
Ch
au
let,
Bes
t o
f B
ost
on
Ca
thy
Bri
gg
s, A
mer
ica
n E
xp
ress
, C
MS
Ca
thy
L.
Na
sh,
Am
eric
an
Psy
chia
tric
A
sso
cia
tio
n
Ca
thy
Rei
ch,
Ch
urc
h o
f th
e U
nit
ed
Bre
thre
n i
n C
hri
st U
SA
Ced
ric
Ca
lho
un
, A
llia
nce
of
Ha
zard
ou
s M
ate
ria
ls P
rofe
ssio
na
ls
Ch
ad
E.
Ha
rris
, F
arm
Ho
use
Fra
tern
ity
an
d
Fo
un
da
tio
n
Ch
ar
Sh
ad
a,
Ex
per
ien
t
Ch
arl
es E
gg
en,
Ho
lid
ay
In
n E
xp
ress
Ho
tel
& S
uit
es
Ch
arl
es H
all
Jr.
, A
sso
cia
tio
n S
erv
ices
G
rou
p
Ch
arl
ott
e D
av
is,
Ev
ent
So
urc
e P
rofe
ssio
na
ls,
Inc.
Ch
ris
Ken
ney
, T
emp
e M
issi
on
Pa
lms
Ch
rist
a H
ov
is,
Ch
rist
a H
ov
is S
pec
ial
Ev
ents
Ch
rist
ina
Dev
lin
, In
spir
e M
E,
LL
C
Ch
rist
ine
Fin
n Y
urk
o,
No
rth
Am
eric
an
M
an
ag
emen
t
Ch
rist
ine
Ko
rda
, W
ind
sor
Arm
s H
ote
l
Ch
rist
ine
Lin
coln
, M
ER
S
Ch
rist
ine
Mei
erh
oef
er,
PR
A N
ew E
ng
lan
d
Ch
rist
op
her
E K
irb
ab
as,
Am
eric
an
M
ass
ag
e T
her
ap
y A
sso
cia
tio
n
Ch
rist
op
her
Jo
hn
son
, P
art
yL
ite
Ch
rist
op
her
M.
Ba
tes,
In
dep
end
ent
Off
ice
Pro
du
cts
an
d F
urn
itu
re D
eale
rs
Ass
oci
ati
on
Ch
uck
Fri
as,
Asp
en C
lub
Co
nd
om
iniu
ms
Cin
dy
Lo
, R
ed V
elv
et E
ven
ts,
Inc.
Cin
dy
M.
Ha
rtn
er,
Ult
ima
te V
entu
res
CJ
Ba
der
, G
ulf
Co
ast
Des
tin
ati
on
s, I
nc.
Cla
re B
. R
eag
an
, G
eorg
ia V
eter
ina
ry
Med
ica
l A
sso
cia
tio
n
Cla
ud
e L
egri
s, F
ort
Sm
ith
CV
B
Cle
men
t C
are
y,
Th
e K
ita
no
New
Yo
rk
Cli
fto
n C
lark
, S
an
Jo
se M
arr
iott
Co
llee
n F
iore
, S
oci
ety
of
Act
ua
ries
Co
nn
ie B
arb
ian
, J
effe
rso
n S
tree
t In
n
Co
rnel
ia H
orn
er,
Am
eric
an
La
nd
Tit
le
Ass
oci
ati
on
Co
urt
ney
McG
ee,
Ev
ent
Lo
gis
tics
, In
c.
Cra
ig A
rdis
, M
an
na
tech
In
corp
ora
ted
Cri
sty
Mo
rris
on
, S
till
wa
ter
CV
B
Cy
nd
i E
rp,
KC
I
Cy
nth
ia M
ille
r, C
HG
Hea
lth
care
Ser
vice
s,
Inc.
Da
hlt
on
Ben
nin
gto
n,
Sp
her
ion
Da
le W
. S
hu
ter,
Ele
ctri
cal
Ap
pa
ratu
s S
erv
ice
Ass
oci
ati
on
Da
na
C.
Zit
a,
a N
d L
og
isti
x,
Inc.
Da
nie
l O
'Co
nn
ell,
Fo
rt W
ay
ne/
All
en
Co
un
ty C
VB
Da
nie
l Y
ou
ng
, T
hri
ven
t F
ina
nci
al
Da
nie
la C
ap
uto
, M
on
trea
l E
ven
t P
lan
ner
D
an
iela
Ca
pu
to E
ven
t M
an
ag
emen
t
Da
nie
lle
G.
Ob
erle
nd
er,
Hil
ton
Ra
leig
h-
Du
rha
m A
irp
ort
@ R
esea
rch
Tri
an
gle
Pa
rk
Da
ra H
all
, E
ven
t S
ou
rce
Pro
fess
ion
als
in
c.
Da
ve
Jo
hn
son
, D
ou
ble
tree
Ric
hm
on
d
Air
po
rt
Da
ve
Ka
pla
n,
Wa
shin
gto
n S
elf-
Insu
rers
A
sso
cia
tio
n
Da
vid
Ad
dis
on
, A
va
nti
Ev
ents
Da
vid
Ba
ilo
r, N
ati
on
al
Co
un
cil
for
the
So
cia
l S
tud
ies
Da
vid
Du
Bo
is,
Fo
rt W
ort
h C
VB
Da
vid
Ho
lder
, S
yra
cuse
CV
B
Da
vid
Lee
, In
tern
ati
on
al
Ass
oci
ati
on
of
Am
use
men
t P
ark
s a
nd
Att
ract
ion
s
Da
vit
ta E
aly
, M
ag
na
Sy
stem
s In
c.
Da
wn
No
rma
n,
IDE
A-H
ealt
h a
nd
Fit
nes
s A
sso
cia
tio
n
Dea
n M
ille
r, V
isit
Fa
irfa
x
Dea
n W
. P
ull
iam
, T
he
Un
ited
Met
ho
dis
t C
hil
dre
n's
Ho
me
DeA
nn
a M
ox
ley
, IC
OM
Deb
Sh
ap
iro
, H
an
dw
riti
ng
Wit
ho
ut
Tea
rs
Inc
Deb
bie
Dev
ine,
In
tern
ati
on
al
Ass
oci
ati
on
o
f C
red
it P
ort
foli
o M
an
ag
ers
Deb
ora
h B
ora
k,
Co
nfe
ren
ceD
irec
t
Deb
ora
h D
ou
gla
s, J
EL
D-W
EN
Deb
ora
h F
arn
um
, T
exa
s A
sso
cia
tio
n o
f S
cho
ol
Bo
ard
s, I
nc.
Deb
ora
h F
inn
, P
rice
wa
terh
ou
seC
oo
per
s L
LP
Deb
ora
h H
ob
son
, U
niv
ersi
ty o
f C
entr
al
Mis
sou
ri
Deb
ora
h L
. R
ich
ard
t, A
mer
ica
n T
ho
raci
c S
oci
ety
Deb
ora
h S
ing
leto
n,
Sin
gle
ton
& A
sso
cia
tes
Deb
ra M
ain
es,
Ass
oci
ati
on
Hea
dq
ua
rter
s,
Inc.
Deb
ra P
ersi
ng
er,
Fed
era
tio
n o
f S
tate
M
ass
ag
e T
her
ap
y B
oa
rds
Den
a R
ose
, P
roje
ct M
an
ag
emen
t In
stit
ute
Den
ise
Fla
ke,
Ca
se M
an
ag
emen
t, I
nc.
(C
MI)
Den
ise
J.
Mik
ita
, C
olo
rad
o A
sso
cia
tio
n o
f C
erti
fied
Vet
erin
ary
Tec
hn
icia
ns
Den
nis
Ed
wa
rds,
Gre
ate
r R
ale
igh
CV
B
Den
nis
J.
Ma
gg
i, A
mer
ica
n C
oll
ege
of
Tri
al
La
wy
ers
Dev
on
Sh
aw
, U
SE
NIX
Ass
oci
ati
on
Dia
na
Ca
rmen
ate
s, I
nte
rna
tio
na
l D
air
y
Fo
od
s A
sso
cia
tio
n
2
5
Dia
ne
Ak
ey,
Ha
mp
ton
In
n &
Su
ites
Dia
ne
Ba
lzer
Her
zste
in,
Ind
epen
den
t C
on
tra
cto
r
Dia
ne
Ch
ery
ll
Dia
ne
D'A
lex
an
der
, J
ud
son
Un
iver
sity
Dia
ne
L.
Ja
mes
, W
om
en's
Tra
nsp
ort
ati
on
S
emin
ar
Din
a M
. O
'Ro
urk
e, C
on
stru
ctio
n F
ina
nci
al
Ma
na
gem
ent
Ass
oci
ati
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sica
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niv
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Hes
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bil
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eff
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niv
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pk
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of
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nc
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./N
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blu
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2
7
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GA
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ra M
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rl B
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niv
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mil
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rig
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old
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sta
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of
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Co
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nk
el,
Am
eric
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or
Rep
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Res
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att
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esti
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ton
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mo
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corp
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sso
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In
c.
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dra
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lob
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p A
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stit
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ate
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sep
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c.
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stit
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r.,
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off
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bin
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pts
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na
gem
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bin
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& M
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sem
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tern
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serv
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sso
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all
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rig
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in
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sig
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To
Rem
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sso
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an
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Bu
sin
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Ad
min
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ati
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3
1
Sta
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Ken
t, P
fize
r G
lob
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Res
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D
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Sta
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Bel
lem
are
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niv
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ty o
f T
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nto
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lty
of
Med
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Sta
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a,
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of
Att
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of
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Sta
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tern
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pec
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Ev
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Sta
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dst
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oc.
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L S
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fan
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ssem
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ph
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sso
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Ex
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stru
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a P
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sso
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OR
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bin
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lori
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Ass
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of
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mes
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fo
r th
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gin
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Su
san
R.
Ka
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Tru
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san
R.
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sso
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san
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ali
forn
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ark
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oci
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zett
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ad
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ati
on
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Min
ori
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up
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Dev
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pm
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In
c.
Sy
lvia
A.
Ro
ttm
an
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rea
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ven
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EA
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c.
Ta
kiy
ah
M.
Jef
fers
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sso
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d C
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CD
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ma
ra W
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Ev
ents
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mi
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of
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Ka
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Geo
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So
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sso
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xec
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tio
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llia
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lia
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iro
ux
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ruck
loa
d C
arr
iers
A
sso
cia
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n
Wil
lia
m M
alo
ne,
Pa
rk C
ity
Ch
am
ber
of
Co
mm
erce
& C
VB
Wil
lia
m Y
an
ek,
Ass
oci
ati
on
Ser
vic
es
Co
rpo
rati
on
Win
ford
Bu
cha
na
n,
Cre
nsh
aw
Ch
rist
ian
C
ente
r
Yo
lan
da
Sim
mo
ns,
Am
eric
an
Die
teti
c A
sso
cia
tio
n
Za
nin
e A
da
ms,
Vis
it L
on
do
n
Ma
na
gin
g P
art
ner
s
Co
ntr
ibu
tin
g P
art
ner
s
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sen
ted
by
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rice
wa
terh
ou
seC
oo
per
s L
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nta
ct:
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ber
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irec
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