copyright © 2010 pearson education, inc. skeletal muscles: functional groups 1.agonist = prime...
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Skeletal Muscles: Functional Groups
1. Agonist = Prime mover - Provides the major force for producing a specific movement
2. Antagonist - Opposes or reverses a particular movement
3. Synergist – Works together with a prime mover to add force or control
4. Fixator – Synergist that immobilizes a bone that is a muscle’s origin
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
• Location of attachments—named according to the bones to which they attach
• Location—bone or body region close to the muscle
• Action—e.g., flexor or extensor, muscles that flex or extend, respectively
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
• Shape—e.g., deltoid muscle (deltoid = triangle)
• Relative size—e.g., maximus (largest), minimus (smallest), longus (long)
• Number of origins—e.g., biceps (2 origins) and triceps (3 origins)
• Direction of fibers or fascicles—e.g., rectus (fibers run straight), transversus, and oblique (fibers run at angles to an defined axis)
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Figure 10.1 Patterns of fascicle arrangement in muscles.
(a)
(b)
(e)
(d)
(g)
(f)
(c)
(a)Circular (orbicularis oris)
(b) Convergent (pectoralis major)
(c) Parallel (sartorius)
(d) Unipennate (extensor digitorum longus)
(f) Fusiform (biceps brachii)
(g) Multipennate (deltoid)
(e) Bipennate (rectus femoris)
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Figure 6.2 Major skeletal muscle groups and their functions. (1 of 2)
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Figure 6.2 Major skeletal muscle groups and their functions. (2 of 2)
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Figure 10.5 Posterior view of superficial muscles of the body.
Arm
Forearm
Leg
HipGluteus mediusGluteus maximus
Thigh
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Figure 10.6 Lateral view of muscles of the scalp, face, and neck.
Orbicularis oculi
Zygomaticusminor and majorBuccinator
Orbicularis oris
Platysma
Frontal belly
Occipitalbelly
Temporalis
MasseterSternocleidomastoidTrapezius
Epicranius
Aponeurosis
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Figure 10.8a Muscles of the anterior neck and throat that promote swallowing.
AnteriorbellyPosteriorbelly
Hyoid bone
Sternocleido-mastoid
Digastric
Thyroid gland
(a)
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Figure 10.9a Muscles of the neck and vertebral column causing movements of the head and trunk.
1st cervicalvertebra
Sternocleido-mastoid
(a) Anterior
Base ofoccipital bone
Middlescalene
AnteriorscalenePosteriorscalene
Mastoidprocess
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Figure 10.10a Muscles of respiration.
Externalintercostal
(a) Internalintercostal
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Figure 10.10b Muscles of respiration.
Foramen foresophagusCostal cartilage
Lumbarvertebra
Xiphoid process of sternum
Diaphragm
Psoas major
Foramen for inferiorvena cava
Centraltendon ofdiaphragm
Foramenfor aorta
12th rib
(b)
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Figure 10.11a Muscles of the abdominal wall.
Transversus abdominis
Internal oblique
External oblique
(a)
Pectoralis major
Rectusabdominis
Serratus anterior
aponeurosis
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Figure 10.11b Muscles of the abdominal wall.
Transversusabdominis
Lumbarfascia
Lumbarfascia
Internaloblique
Pubictubercle
Rectusabdominis
Externaloblique
(b)
IIiac crest
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Figure 10.13a Superficial muscles of the thorax and shoulder acting on the scapula and arm.
Clavicle
Serratus anterior
Humerus
Sternocleido-mastoid
DeltoidPectoralismajor Sternum
Biceps brachii
(a)
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Figure 10.13c Superficial muscles of the thorax and shoulder acting on the scapula and arm.
Trapezius
(c)
Clavicle
Spine ofscapula
Humerus
Deltoid
Latissimusdorsi
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Figure 10.14b Muscles crossing the shoulder and elbow joint, causing movements of the arm and forearm, respectively.
Spine of scapula
(b) Posterior view
Deltoid (cut)Greater tubercleof humerus
Triceps brachii:
Latissimus dorsi
HumerusOlecranon processof ulna
Lateral head Long head
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Figure 10.14c Muscles crossing the shoulder and elbow joint, causing movements of the arm and forearm, respectively.
Long headBicepsbrachii Short head
O = origin I = insertion
(c)
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Figure 10.15a Muscles of the anterior fascial compartment of the forearm acting on the right wrist and fingers.
Extensor c.. r... l..
Flexor p.. l..
Medial epicondyleof humerus
Flexor c.. r..
Flexor c.. u..
Flexor digitorum s..
(a)
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Flexor c.. u..
Extensor c.. u..
Extensor d.. m.. Extensor i..
(a)
Extensor p.. l..
Extensor p.. b..
Extensor digitorum
Extensor c.. r.. b..
Extensor c.. r.. l..
Figure 10.16a Muscles of the posterior fascial compartment of the right forearm acting on the wrist and fingers.
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Figure 10.17a Summary of actions of muscles of the arm and forearm.
Tricepsbrachii
Lateralhead
Humerus
LongheadMedialhead
(a)
{Brachialis}
Short headLong head
(a) Muscles of the arm
Extensors
Flexors
Others
Posteriorcompartment
of arm (extendselbow)
Biceps brachii
Anterior compartment of arm (flexes elbow)
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Figure 10.17b Summary of actions of muscles of the arm and forearm.
Extensors
Flexors
Others
(b)
Flexors
Extensors
Ulna
Posterior compartment of forearm(extends wrist and fingers)
Others
Radius
(b) Muscles of the forearm
Anterior compartment of forearm (flexes wrist and fingers)
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Figure 10.19a Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg.
Iliac crestPsoas major
Iliopsoas
12th rib
Iliacus
Anterior superior iliac spine
Sartorius
Quadriceps femoris• Rectus femoris
• Vastus lateralis• Vastus medialis
(a)
Patella
12th thoracic vertebra
5th lumbar vertebra
Adductor longus
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Figure 10.19b Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg.
(b)
O = origin I = insertion
Adductorlongus
Femur
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Figure 10.19c Anterior and medial muscles promoting movements of the thigh and leg.
VastuslateralisVastusintermediusVastusmedialis
(c)
PatellaPatellarligament
Rectus femoris(tendon cut)
O = origin I = insertion
muscles of Quadriceps group
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Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Long head
SemitendinosusSemimembranosus
Short headBicepsfemoris
Hamstrings
(a)
Figure 10.20a Posterior muscles of the right hip and thigh.
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Tibialis anterior
O = origin I = insertion
(b)
Figure 10.21b Muscles of the anterior compartment of the right leg.
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Patella
Head of fibula
GastrocnemiusSoleusFibularis longus
Tibialis anterior
Lateral malleolus
(a)
Figure 10.22a Muscles of the lateral compartment of the right leg.
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Fibularislongus
Tendon of fibularis longus
O = origin I = insertion
(b)
Figure 10.22b Muscles of the lateral compartment of the right leg.
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Figure 10.23a Muscles of the posterior compartment of the right leg.
Gastrocnemius Medial headLateral head
Tendon ofgastrocnemius
Calcaneal tendon(Achilles)
Calcaneus
(a) Superficial view of the posterior leg.
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Figure 10.25a Summary of actions of muscles of the thigh and leg.
Posterior compartment ofthigh (flexes leg and extendsthigh)
Medial compartment (adductsthigh)
Anterior compartment (extends leg)
Vastusintermedius
Rectus femorisVastus medialis
(a) Muscles of the thigh
Posteriorcompartmentmuscles
Anteriorcompartmentmuscle
Medialcompartmentmuscles of thighand lateralcompartmentmuscles of leg
Adductors
Vastuslateralis
Hamstrings
Femur
(a)
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Figure 10.25b Summary of actions of muscles of the thigh and leg.
Posterior compartmentof leg (plantar flexes foot,flexes toes)
Anterior compartment of leg(dorsiflexes foot, extends toes)
Lateral compartment of leg(plantar flexes and everts foot);innervation
Gastrocnemius and soleus
Fibula
Tibialisanterior Tibia
Fibularismuscles
(b) Muscles of the leg
(b)
Posteriorcompartmentmuscles
Anteriorcompartmentmuscle
Medialcompartmentmuscles of thighand lateralcompartmentmuscles of leg
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Figure 15.3a Extrinsic eye muscles.
Inferior rectusmuscle
Inferior obliquemuscle
Superior obliquemuscle
Superior obliquetendon
Superior rectusmuscle
Lateral rectusmuscle
(a) Lateral view of the right eye
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Figure 15.3b Extrinsic eye muscles.
Superior obliquemuscle
Trochlea
Superior obliquetendon
Superior rectusmuscle
(b) Superior view of the right eye
Medialrectus muscle
Inferiorrectus muscle
Lateralrectus muscle
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