copyright © 2010 pearson education, inc. chapter 1 the human body: an orientation part b shilla...
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 1 The Human Body: An OrientationPart B
Shilla Chakrabarty, Ph.D.
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The Compound Light Microscope
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Anatomical Position
• Standard anatomical body position:
• Body erect
• Feet slightly apart
• Palms facing forward
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Body Positions
• Supine position
Body lying down with face up
• Prone position
Body lying with face down
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 1.1
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Regional Terms
Regional terms designate specific areas
Two major divisions of body:
Axial
• Head, neck, and trunk
Appendicular
• Limbs
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7a
Cervical
(a) Anterior/Ventral
Pubic(genital)
CephalicFrontalOrbitalNasalOralMental
ThoracicAxillaryMammarySternalAbdominalUmbilicalPelvicInguinal(groin)
Upper limbAcromialBrachial (arm)AntecubitalAntebrachial (forearm)Carpal (wrist)Manus (hand)PalmarPollexDigital
Lower limbCoxal (hip)Femoral (thigh)PatellarCrural (leg)Fibular or peronealPedal (foot)Tarsal (ankle)MetatarsalDigitalHallux
ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7b
Cervical Back (dorsal)
(b) Posterior/Dorsal
Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Perineal (between anus and external genitalia)
Upper limb AcromialBrachial (arm) Olecranal Antebrachial (forearm)Manus (hand) Metacarpal DigitalLower limb Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular or peronealPedal (foot) Calcaneal Plantar
Cephalic Otic Occipital (back of head)
ThoraxAbdomenBack (Dorsum)
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Body PlanesPlane: Flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study
Sagittal plane: Divides body vertically into right and left parts; produces a sagittal section
• Midsagittal (median) plane: Lies on midline
• Parasagittal plane: Not on midline
Frontal (coronal) plane: Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse (horizontal) plane: Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts; produces a cross section
Oblique section: Cuts made diagonally
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.8
Transverse plane
Median (midsagittal) plane
Frontal plane
Liver
Spleen
Pancreas
Aorta
Vertebralcolumn
Spinal cord
Subcutaneous fat layerBody wall
Rectum IntestinesLeft andright lungs
Liver HeartStomach
SpleenArm
(a) Frontal section (through torso)
(b) Transverse section (through torso, inferior view)
(c) Median section (midsagittal)
Body Planes
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Body Positions
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Anatomical Variability
• Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but:
Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place
Small muscles may be missing
Variations Of The Superior Thyroid Artery
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Body Cavities
Dorsal cavity: Protects nervous system
Subdivisions are:
• Cranial cavity: Encases the brain
• Vertebral cavity: Encases spinal cord
Ventral cavity: Houses internal organs
Subdivisions are:
• Thoracic cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b
Cranialcavity(contains brain)
Dorsalbodycavity
Vertebralcavity(contains spinal cord)
Cranialcavity
Superiormediastinum
Pericardialcavity withinthe mediastinum
Pleuralcavity
Vertebralcavity
Abdomino-pelviccavity
Ventral bodycavity(thoracic andabdominopelviccavities)
Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera)
Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity(contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)
Thoraciccavity(containsheart andlungs)
(a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view
Dorsal body cavityVentral body cavity
Body Cavities
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Ventral Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity subdivisions:
Two pleural cavities
• Each houses a lung
Mediastinum
• Contains the pericardial cavity
• Surrounds thoracic organs
Pericardial cavity
• Encloses heart
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Ventral Body Cavities
Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions:
Abdominal cavity
• Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
Pelvic cavity
• Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.9a-b
Cranialcavity(contains brain)
Dorsalbodycavity
Vertebralcavity(contains spinal cord)
Cranialcavity
Superiormediastinum
Pericardialcavity withinthe mediastinum
Pleuralcavity
Vertebralcavity
Abdomino-pelviccavity
Ventral bodycavity(thoracic andabdominopelviccavities)
Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera)
Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity(contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum)
Thoraciccavity(containsheart andlungs)
(a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view
Dorsal body cavityVentral body cavity
Body Cavities
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.Figure 1.10a-b
Outer balloon wall(comparable to parietal serosa)
Air (comparable to serous cavity)
Inner balloon wall(comparable to visceral serosa)
Heart
Parietalpericardium
Pericardialspace withserous fluidVisceralpericardium
(b) The serosae associated with the heart.
Serosa:
Covering membranes for body cavities that do not open to the exterior
Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid
• Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
• Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
Serous Membrane (Serosa)
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.10a-b
Outer balloon wall(comparable to parietal serosa)Air (comparable to serous cavity)
Inner balloon wall(comparable to visceral serosa)
Heart
Parietalpericardium
Pericardialspace withserous fluidVisceralpericardium
(b) The serosae associated with the heart.
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.11
Right upperquadrant(RUQ)
Right lowerquadrant(RLQ)
Left upperquadrant(LUQ)
Left lowerquadrant(LLQ)
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.12
Epigastricregion
Umbilicalregion
Rightlumbarregion
Leftlumbarregion
Righthypochondriac
region
Lefthypochondriac
region
Hypogastric(pubic)region
Right iliac(inguinal)
region
Left iliac(inguinal)
region
Liver
Gallbladder
Ascending colon oflarge intestine
Small intestine
Appendix
Cecum
Diaphragm
Stomach
Descending colonof large intestine
Transverse colonof large intestine
Initial part ofsigmoid colon
Urinary bladder
(a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs
Abdominopelvic Regions
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Other Body Cavities
• Oral and digestive cavities
• Nasal cavity
• Orbital cavities
• Middle ear cavities
• Synovial cavities