copyright © 2010 pearson education, inc. bellwork introduction to the human body open your binder...
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Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
BellworkIntroduction to the Human Body
Open your binder to the notes section, name 5 body systems
1.Skeletal System
2.?
3.?
4.?
5.?
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Introduction to the Human BodyLevels of Structural Organization
• Chemical: atoms and molecules
• Cellular: cells and their organelles
• Tissue: groups of similar cells
• Organ: contains two or more types of tissues
• Organ system: organs that work closely together
• Organism: all organ systems
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Cardiovascularsystem
OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules.
Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells.
Organ levelOrgans are made up of different typesof tissues.
Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely.
Organismal levelThe human organism is made upof many organ systems.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
HeartBloodvessels
Epithelialtissue
Smooth muscle tissue
12
3
4
56
Figure 1.1
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MoleculeAtoms
Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.1
Figure 1.1, step 1
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OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules.
Smooth muscle cell
12
Figure 1.1, step 2
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OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules.
Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
12
3
Figure 1.1, step 3
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OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules.
Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells.
Organ levelOrgans are made up of different typesof tissues.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Epithelialtissue
Smooth muscle tissue
12
3
4
Figure 1.1, step 4
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Cardiovascularsystem
OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules.
Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells.
Organ levelOrgans are made up of different typesof tissues.
Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
HeartBloodvessels
Epithelialtissue
Smooth muscle tissue
12
3
4
5
Figure 1.1, step 5
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Cardiovascularsystem
OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular levelCells are made up ofmolecules.
Tissue levelTissues consist of similartypes of cells.
Organ levelOrgans are made up of different typesof tissues.
Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely.
Organismal levelThe human organism is made upof many organ systems.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
HeartBloodvessels
Epithelialtissue
Smooth muscle tissue
12
3
4
56
Figure 1.1, step 6
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Overview of Organ Systems
• Major organs make up 11 major organ systems
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3a
NailsSkin
Hair
(a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3b
Bones
Joint
(b) Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3c
Skeletalmuscles
(c) Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Main- tains posture, and produces heat.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3d
Brain
NervesSpinalcord
(d) Nervous System As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3e
Pineal gland
PituitaryglandThyroid
glandThymus
AdrenalglandPancreas
Testis
Ovary
(e) Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3f
(f) Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood.
Heart
Bloodvessels
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3g
Lymphaticvessels
Red bonemarrow
Thoracicduct
Thymus
Spleen
Lymphnodes
(g) Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3h
Nasalcavity
Bronchus
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Lung
(h) Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3i
Liver
Oral cavity
Esophagus
Largeintestine
StomachSmallintestine
RectumAnus
(i) Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3j
Kidney
Ureter
UrinarybladderUrethra
(j) Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3k-l
Prostategland
Ductusdeferens
Penis
Testis
Scrotum
Ovary
Uterinetube
Mammaryglands (inbreasts)
Uterus
Vagina
Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sexhormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the femalereproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remainingfemale structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus.Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
(k) Male Reproductive System (l) Female Reproductive System
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Organ Systems Interrelationships
• Organ systems work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2
Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)
Respiratory systemTakes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
Food O2 CO2
Cardiovascular systemVia the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs
Interstitial fluid
Nutrients
Urinary systemEliminates nitrogenouswastes andexcess ions
Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid
Integumentary system Protects the body as a whole from the external environment
Blood
Heart
Feces Urine
CO2
O2
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5 major functions:
•It provides shape and support.
•Enables you to move.
•Protects your internal organs.
•Produces red blood cells.
•Stores materials until later use.
The Skeletal SystemFunctions of the Skeleton
Next
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• Allows the body to move in a wide range of positions and movements
Joint
Back
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• The strong tissue that connects bone to bone.
Ligament
Back
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Tendon
• Tissue that connects bone to muscle.
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• A condition in which bones become very weak and break more easily as holes form in the bone.
Osteoporosis
Back
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The Cranium
Back
#1
Also known as the Skull, the Cranium helps protect the brain.
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The Mandible #2
• Also known as the lower jaw.
Back
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The Clavicle #3
Back
Also known as the Collar Bone, the clavicle makes up most of the shoulder.
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The Sternum #4
• Also known as the Breast Bone.
Back
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• The upper half of your arm.
The Humerus #5
Back
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• Protects most of the bodies internal organs.
The Ribs #6
Back
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• Also known as the spine, this set of 26 bones allows you to bend down, and sit up strait.
The Vertebral Column #7
Back
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• Connects the lower half of your body to the upper half.
The Pelvic Girdle #8
Back
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• One of the two bones that make up your lower arm.
The Radius #9
Back
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• One of the two bones that make up your lower arm.
The Ulna #10
Back
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• Connect the Metacarpals and Phalanges to the arm.
The Carpals #11
Back
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• Also known as the knuckles, the metacarpals connect your fingers to the rest one your hand.
The Metacarpals #12
Back
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• The Phalanges allow your fingers and toes to move.
The Phalanges # 13 and 20
Back
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• The femur is the largest bone in the body, and makes up the upper half of the leg.
The Femur #14
Back
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• The patella, also known as your knee, is a circular bone that connects your tibia to your femur.
The Patella #15
Back
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• One of the two bones in your lower leg.
The Tibia #16
Back
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• One of the two bones in your lower leg.
The Fibula #17
Back
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• Also known as the ankle, the Tarsals connect your foot to your leg.
The Tarsals #18
Back
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• Make up your toes.
The Metatarsals #19
Back
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• A set of 26 small bones that run down the center of your back.
The vertebra
Back
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