copyright © 2010 delmar, cengage learning. all rights reserved. chapter 4 anatomy of plants
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- Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 4 Anatomy of Plants
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- Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Plant Architecture Hierarchy Biochemicals Cells Tissues Organs
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- Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Two Types of Plant Cells Prokaryotecell without nucleus genetic material (single circular DNA) contained in cytoplasm Eukaryotecell with nucleus genetic material (multiple chromosomes) surrounded by membrane
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- Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chemical Composition of Eukaryotic Cells 90% fluid (cytoplasm): free amino acids, proteins, glucose, other molecules Elements: 59% hydrogen, 24% oxygen, 11% carbon, 4% nitrogen, 2% other Molecules: 50% protein, 15% nucleic acid, 15% carbohydrates, 10% lipids, 10% other
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- Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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- Cell Structures Cell wall Plasma membrane Protoplasts Organellesplastids, mitochondria, microfilaments, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, vesicles, vacuole, Golgi body
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- Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Cell Parts Cell wallsprimary ones made of hemicellulose; some cells have thickening of primary cell wall to add stability Plasma membranealso known as plasmolemma or cytoplasmic membrane; made of phospholipids
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- Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Cell Parts (continued) Protoplastinside of cell or cellular contents Cytoplasmliquid matrix of protoplast water solutes, proteins, and the like, that stream through protoplast
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- Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Cell Parts (continued) Organellesinternal structures Plastids leucoplasts: store oil, starch, proteins cloroplasts: double-membrane plastids with chlorophyll used in photosynthesis in addition to storing starch and containing genetic information
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- Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Other Organelles Mitochondriaconvert foods into usable energy through aerobic respiration Nucleuscontains chromosomes, which are long strands of DNA Vacuolestorage reservoir for water, sugars, salt, and other biochemicals Endoplasmic reticulumprotein synthesis
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- Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Other Organelles (continued) Ribosomeswhere RNA goes for translation into proteins Golgi apparatusimportant for glycosylation and secretion Peroxisomesuse oxygen to carry out catabolic reactions Microtubulesmake up centrioles/cilia
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- Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Tissues Meristemscontain actively dividing cells that form new tissues Four types are apical, subapical, intercalary, lateral/cambial Permanentmay be simple or complex Complex tissues include two types of conductive tissues: xylem and phloem
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- Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Xylem and Phloem Xylemconducts H 2 O/dissolved nutrients, amino acids, proteins, remobilized sugars from roots to aerial plant parts Phloemconducts soluble sugars and metabolites such as proteins, hormones, dissolved minerals, salts from leaves to other plant parts
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- Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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- Types of Cells in Xylems and Phloems Xylemsvessels, tracheids, fibers, and parenchyma cells Phloemssieve tube cells, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibers
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- Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Plant Tissues Rootstaproot or similar-sized branches, root hairs, cortex (wall), center (stele) Stemssupported by xylem (transports water/minerals); phloem transports manufactured food Leavesstomata take in CO 2 /release O 2, photosynthesis mostly in palisade cells
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- Copyright 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Primary and Secondary Growth Primarytakes place in young, herbaceous organs, resulting in increase in length of shoots and leaves Secondaryresults in increased girth as layers of woody tissue are laid down