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Chapter SixteenChapter Sixteen

Aboriginal Aboriginal Canada:Canada:World War II to World War II to the Presentthe Present

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The delegates to theYale–

Toronto Conference on the North

American Indian, September 1939. This

was the first conference

held in Canada to discuss

Amerindian welfare and

the first scholarly con-ference to include

First Nations delegates.

The photo was taken on

the lawn at the back of the Royal Ontario

Museum.

Pringle and Booth/Courtesy of Ken Kidd, a delegate at the conference.

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Prime Minister John Diefenbaker with Plains

Cree at Maple Creek, Saskatchewan, during

his re-election campaign, October

1965.

National Archives of Canada/Photograph by Bill Cadzow PA-15486.

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Jean Chrétien, minister

of Indian affairs, meeting with a

delegation from the Indian Association

of Alberta and other First Nations groups in

Ottawa, June 1970. Prime Minister

Pierre Trudeau is seated

beside Jean Chrétien. The First Nations

represent-atives have just presented

the “Red Paper,” their response to the govern-ment’s controversial

“White Paper.”

Duncan Cameron/National Archives of Canada/PA-170161.

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Cree children attending an Anglican Church

school, Lac La Ronge, Saskatchewan, March

1945.

National Archives of Canada, Photo by Bud Glunz, PA-124110.

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First Nation people know the importance of

written as well as oral testimony. The photo shows a First Nation delegation of elders and political leaders

from southern Alberta visiting the Library

and Archives Canada (then the Library and archives canada) on December 12, 1995.

They came to Ottawa to see the original

copy of Treaty Seven.

Library and Archives Canada/ PA-197997.

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The Indian and Metis Friendship Centre

in Winnipeg, 1960.

Archives of Manitoba, Nan Shipley Collection 74.

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This cartoon captures the reality of the

situation facing many Native people in the

Canadian judicial system.

Malcolm Mayes, Edmonton Journal, March 28, 1991, p. A22.

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Hunter Steve Powley and his lawyer, Jean

Teillet, celebrate after an Ontario

court in 1998 for the first time

recognized the Métis as a distinct Aboriginal people

with protected constitutional

rights. Jean Teillet is the great-grand-

niece of Louis Riel.

Canadian Press, the photo appeared in the Globe and Mail, January 11, 2001.

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Canada: Population Distribution, 1986.

From Russell Lawrence Barsh, “Canada’s Aboriginal Peoples: Social Integration or Disintegration?” The Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 14, 1 (1994): 9.

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Justice Thomas Berger listens to the residents of

Nahanni Butte, Northwest

Territories, during one of the hearing

of the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline

Inquiry.

CP PHOTO/Robert Galbraith

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Status of several

northern land claims, 1999.

Source: Based on Compass (November/December 1994): 16. Data from Arctic Circle (November/December 1990): 20–21; Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, Information Sheet, no. 59 (March 1994). Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, http://www.inac.gc.ca/subject/claims/comp/briem.html (June 15, 1999) and http://www.inac.gc.ca/news/may99/99106bkl.html (June 15, 1999); Northern News Service Online, http://www.nnsl.com/ops/claims.html; Nunavut Planning Commission, http://npc.nunavut.ca/eng/nunavut/general.html.

Listed are the date of agreement number of claimants, amount of compensation in millions of dollars, and kilometres of land ownership.

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Court rulings from the 1970s to the present

have helped to re-establish an important

place for treaty and Aboriginal rights in Canadian society.

Since this photo was taken a decade or so

ago the Supreme Court has achieved near

gender equality. The Chief Justice is

currently a woman, and three of her eight

fellow members are female. Since this photo was taken a

decade or so ago the Supreme Court has

achieved near gender equality. The Chief

Justice is currently a woman, and three of

her eight fellow members are female.

CP Picture Archive