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Copyright © 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3e
Chapter 15: Neuroendocrine system: Chemical Control of the Brain and Behavior
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IntroductionIntroduction• Synaptic Connections
– Point-to-point
• Restricts synaptic communication
– Brain areas with expanded influence over space and time
• Secretory hypothalamus
• Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
• Diffuse modulatory systems
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The Secretory HypothalamusThe Secretory Hypothalamus
• Function
– Difference between hypothalamus and dorsal thalamus
• Hypothalamus defect
– Fatal disruption to body function
• Dorsal thalamus defect
– Blind spot, lack of feeling
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• Homeostasis
– Regulatory process: Regulates body temperature and blood composition
• Hypothalamus commands in cold weather
• Shiver, goosebumps, turn blue
• Hypothalamus commands in hot weather
• Turn red, sweat
The Secretory HypothalamusThe Secretory Hypothalamus
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The Secretory HypothalamusThe Secretory Hypothalamus
• Structure of the Hypothalamus
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• Pathways to the Pituitary
– Two neurohormones
– Oxytocin
• Lactation, suppress hypothalamic function
– Vasopressin
• Regulate blood volume and salt concentration
The Secretory Hypothalamus: Neurosecretory neurons of the periventricular zone.The Secretory Hypothalamus: Neurosecretory neurons of the periventricular zone.
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• Communication between kidneys and brain
The Secretory HypothalamusThe Secretory Hypothalamus
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• Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary
– Controlled by parvocellular neurosecretory cells
• Secrete hypophysiotropic (‘releasing’) hormones
• Hypothalamiopituitary portal circulation
• Pituitary cells secrete or stop secreting hormones
The Secretory HypothalamusThe Secretory Hypothalamus
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• Stress Response
– Periventricular hypothalamus secretes CRH into portal circulation.
– ACTH released into circulation.
– ACTH stimulates cortisol release from adrenal cortex.
The Secretory HypothalamusThe Secretory Hypothalamus
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• Divisions of autonomic nervous system (ANS)
– Sympathetic division
• Increased heart rate and blood pressure
• Depressed digestive function
• Mobilized glucose reserves
– Parasympathetic division
• Slower heart rate, fall in pressure
• Increased digestive functions
• Stop sweating
The Autonomic Nervous SystemThe Autonomic Nervous System
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• ANS Circuits versus Somatic Motor System
The Autonomic Nervous SystemThe Autonomic Nervous System
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The Autonomic Nervous SystemThe Autonomic Nervous System• Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
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• The Enteric Division
– Location: Lining of esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, and gallbladder
– Composition: Two complicated networks- myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus and submucous (Meissner's) plexus
– Function: Control physiological processes involved in transport, digestion of food
– Inputs: From brain via axons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
The Autonomic Nervous SystemThe Autonomic Nervous System
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• Central Control of the ANS
– Connections for autonomic control
• Periventricular zone connections to brain stem and spinal cord nuclei
• Nucleus of solitary tract
– Function of solitary nucleus
• Integrates sensory information from internal organs and coordinates output
The Autonomic Nervous SystemThe Autonomic Nervous System
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• Neurotransmitters and the Pharmacology of Autonomic Function
– ANS: Better understanding of drug mechanisms influencing synaptic transmission (vs. CNS)
• Preganglionic Neurotransmitters
– ACh: Binds to nAChR, evokes fast EPSP
– Ganglionic ACh: Also activates mAChR, slow EPSPs and IPSPs
– Preganglionic terminals: Small EPSPs
The Autonomic Nervous SystemThe Autonomic Nervous System
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• Postganglionic Neurotransmitters
– Parasympathetic: Release Ach
• Local effect
– Sympathetic: Release NE
• Far-reaching effects
– Parasympathomimetic: Mimic or promote muscarinic actions of ACh or inhibit actions of NE
– Sympathomimetic: Mimic or promote NE actions or inhibit muscarinic actions of ACh
The Autonomic Nervous SystemThe Autonomic Nervous System
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• Anatomy and Functions
– Four systems with common principles:
• Small set of neurons at core
• Arise from brain stem
• One neuron influences many others
• Synapses release transmitter molecules into extracellular fluid
The Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the BrainThe Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the Brain
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• Anatomy and Functions
– Four systems with common principles:
• Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus
• Serotonergic Raphe Nuclei
• Dopaminergic Substantia Nigra and Ventral tegmental Area
• Cholinergic Basal Forebrain and Brain Stem Complexes
The Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the BrainThe Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the Brain
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• Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus
The Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the BrainThe Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the Brain
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• The Nonadrenergic Locus Coeruleus
– Path: Axons innervate cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb, cerebellum, midbrain, spinal cord
– Function: Regulation of attention, arousal, sleep-wake cycles, learning and memory, anxiety and pain, mood, brain metabolism
– Activation: New, unexpected, nonpainful sensory stimuli
The Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the BrainThe Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the Brain
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The Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the BrainThe Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the Brain
• The Serotonergic Raphe Nuclei
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• The Serotonergic Raphe Nuclei
– Path: Innervate many of the same areas as noradrenergic system
– Function: Together with noradrenergic system, comprise the ascending reticular activating system. Raphe system particularly involved in sleep/wake cycles. Also mood
– Activation: New, unexpected, nonpainful sensory stimuli
The Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the BrainThe Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the Brain
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• Dopaminergic Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area
The Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the BrainThe Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the Brain
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• Dopaminergic Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area • Substantia Nigra
• Projects to the striatum
• Facilitates the initiation of voluntary movements(Parkinson’s Disease)
– Ventral tegmental area
• Innervates circumscribed region of telecephalon
• Mesocorticolimbic dopamine system: Dopaminergic projection from midbrain
The Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the BrainThe Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the Brain
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• Cholinergic Systems
The Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the BrainThe Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the Brain
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• Cholinergic Systems
– Basal forebrain complex
• Core of telencephalon, medial and ventral to basal ganglia
• Function: Unknown, participates in learning and memory
– Pontomesencephalotegmental complex
• Releases ACh
• Function: Regulates excitability of thalamic sensory relay nuclei
The Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the BrainThe Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the Brain
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• Drugs and the Diffuse Modulatory Systems
– Psychoactive drugs: Act on CNS
– Many drugs of abuse act on modulatory systems
• LSD, Psilocybe mushrooms, and peyote close to structure of serotonin
• Cocaine and amphetamine affect dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems - sympathomimetic
The Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the BrainThe Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the Brain
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• Stimulants: Block reuptake
– Cocaine targets DA reuptake
– Amphetamine blocks NE and DA reuptake and stimulates DA release
The Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the BrainThe Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the Brain
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Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks
• Three Components of the Nervous System That Have Great Reach of Their Influences
– Secretory hypothalamus (all over the body)
– Autonomic nervous system (all over the body)
– Diffuse modulatory systems (all over the brain)
• Detailed level
– Each system performs different functions
• General level
– All work to maintain brain homeostasis
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End of Presentation