copyright © 2006 pearson education canada inc. 7 - 1 chapter 7 sociology- based perspectives of...
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc.7 - 1
Chapter 7 Sociology- Based Perspectives of
Crime
The sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the
relations between the two within societyC.W. Mills (1916-1962)
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 7 - 2
Learning Objectives
Appreciate the contribution that sociologists have to the study of crime and the uniqueness of the perspective they bring to such study.
Identify the factors that contributed to the emergence of the sociological school.
Identify the different sociological perspectives. Appreciate the strengths and limitations of the
major sociology-based perspectives of crime. Better understand and appreciate the need for
a multidisciplinary approach.
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Introduction
Starts with idea that all behaviour is social through learned roles NOT because of biology or personality
(psych) humans make rules, break rules
Shaped by social forces in environment
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Innately “good” or ”bad”?
Crime vs. deviance Rich historical dominance Social structure and social forces
Socialized through social environment Social environment = opportunity
Social structure = “norms” perscriptive norms (what we can do) proscritpive norms (what we can not do)
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History Auguste Comte (father of sociology):
observation, positivism, deduction 3 laws: theology, metaphysical, positive
G. Tarde: (law of imitation) proportion - frequency direction - superior insertion - fashionable or superior
E. Durkheim crime is NORMAL… necessary collective conscience - for stability
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History
Heterogeneity! - sociology in N.A. Burgess & Parks: Chicago School
concentric circle human ecology/ CPTED
Dawson: Canadian sociology Socially defined norms Functional or systems approach
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Anomie/Strain Theory
Durkheim and Merton Homogeneity vs. heterogeneity Organic solidarity
R. Merton & 5 modes of adaptation Conformist; Innovation;
Ritualist; Retreatist; Rebel All societies have core values Goals vs. means Opportunity to access
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Differential Association
E. Sutherland Individual in relation to environment NINE principles (pp. 196-7) Social learning (Tarde, Sutherland,
Jeffery, Akers) Neutralization (Sykes & Matza) Social control (Reiss, Hirschi)
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Labelling Theory
E. Lemert Primary deviance
Just not caught but do the act Secondary deviance
Get caught and ‘tagged’ Deviance amplification Moral entrepreneurs Tannenbaum: dramatization of evil Becker: symbolic interactionism
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Labelling Theory
How and why do certain behaviours become defined as deviant/criminal?
Why does society/CJS discriminately apply labels of sanction?
What are the effects of labelling?
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Social Conflict Theories
Conflict: caused by inter-group conflict & rivalry that naturally exists in every society at every level
Peacemaking: societies could make better use of policies, involve mediation & conflict resolution
Feminist: identifying & representing women’s interests historically judged insufficiently represented in mainstream
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Summary
Focus on social structures & processes Effects of social disorganisation Not explain onset of primary deviation Behaviours ‘universally’ sanctioned
yet we do them (rape, murder) Powerful line of inquiry
Move towards integration and interdisciplinary understanding