copyright © 2002 by the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. information technology & management 2 nd...
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Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Information Technology & Management2nd Edition, Thompson Cats-Baril
Chapter 8
I/S and Organizational Decision Making
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2Information Technology & Management2nd Edition, Thompson Cats-Baril
Chapter Objectives
• To understand why managers do not always follow a rational decision-making process.
• To understand how information systems may be used to help make decision making more effective.
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3Information Technology & Management2nd Edition, Thompson Cats-Baril
Managerial Functions
• Traditional perspective defines management as the process of accomplishing organizational goals through planning, execution, and control.
• Day-to-day management not very glamorous.• Management impacts:
– Operations
– Customer retention
– Employee retention
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Managerial Functions
• Planning refers to the activities involved in defining the goals of the organization and describing how it will accomplish these goals.
• Execution is the process of assigning responsibilities and resources to accomplish a plan.
• Control is the process of monitoring activities to ensure they develop as planned making corrections when necessary.
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Managerial Functions
• GIGO, or Garbage In Garbage Out emphasizes the need for relevant, accurate, timely and complete data.
• Communication is an important part of executing a plan.
• Information systems can be useful for controlling activities.
• Transaction processing systems are designed to record and process all records relating to business transactions.
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Traditional Scheme for Classifying I/ S
• TPS, Transaction Processing System
• MIS, Management Information System
• DSS, Decision Support System
• ES, Expert System
• ESS, Executive Support System
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Decision Making in Management
• In an ideal world, managers behave rationally and before making a decision they would– Ask all the right questions
– Obtain all necessary information
– Discuss the problem with all the interested parties
– Weigh all the factors carefully and accurately
• Rational decision making is based on optimal choice
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Simon’s Rational Decision Making Model
• Intelligence– Involves gathering information from external and
internal sources.
• Design– Involves generating alternative decisions.
• Choice– Involves selecting one of the alternatives.
• Implementation– Alternative is put into action.
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Decision Making
• Broad descriptions of decision making– Information Collection– Information analysis and synthesis
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Characteristics of Rational Decision Making
• Accumulating information before making a decision.• Collecting information that is problem centered and goal
directed.• Documenting the existence of a problem, the need to solve it,
and the benefits to arise from its solution.• Considering several alternatives for reaching the goal or solving
the problem.• Proposing logical and consistent cause-effect relationship.• Assessing the value of costs and benefits of various alternatives.• Determining the individual and organizational values behind the
data interpretations being used.
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Managers and Decision Making
• Managers perform high-volume, high speed work involving a large number of topics.
• Managers often under stress.• Managers often take shortcuts.• Satisficing is when managers do not attempt
to find an optimal decision.• Political motivations may impact decisions.• Decision should be transparent.
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Limitations of Rationality
• Humans assimilate and process information slowly.
• Extensive use of overly simplistic strategies.• Interference of personal biases.• Personality characteristics.
– Cognitive styles– Dogmatism– Risk propensity– Creativity
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I/S to Improve Decision Making
• Controlling– Transactional processing systems (TPS) used
extensively in this capacity.– Management Information Systems (MIS)
• Systems used to convert data recorded by a TPS into management reports.
• Reports are in standard format.
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I/S to Improve Decision Making
• Automated Decisions– A structure decision situation is where the
inputs, processing, and outputs are all well known.
– Situations that are highly structured can be automated.
– Information systems can help streamline the internal operations of an organization.
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I/S to Improve Decision Making
• Management Science has evolved to bring more structure to unstructured decision making situations.– Based on mathematical models
– Statistical analysis
• Decision support systems (DSS) is used to describe information systems that address unstructured decision situations.– Expert Systems
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Augmenting Knowledge
• Expert Systems are information systems that have been designed to capture the knowledge and reasoning capabilities of a human expert and transfer this expertise to a computer system. – MYCIN– DENDRAL– Neural Networks are popular ES based on the
neural structure of the human brain.
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Components of an Expert System
• Consultation Environment– User
– User Interface
– Inference Engine*
• Development Environment– Inference Engine*
– Knowledge Base
– Knowledge Engineer
– Expert and Document Knowledge
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Knowledge Management
• Knowledge is gained through experience.• Knowledge allows for better decisions.• Managing knowledge can be challenging.• Organizational knowledge
– Includes the “best” way to conduct business.– Includes practices, policies, models, and experiences of
the company.– Critical resource.– Difficult to manage.– Organizational learning can minimize costly mistakes.
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Strategic Planning
• Executive Support Systems (ESS) are information systems designed to support the information needs of top-level management.– Systems cut across functional areas of the organization.
– Interfaces and commands typically very easy to learn.
– Capability to browse through information on all aspects of the organization.
– Built in features to report exceptions.
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Group Decision Making
• General Phases of Decision Making– Inception of a project.– Solution of technical issues.– Resolution of conflict.– Execution of the performance requirement of
the project.
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Group Decision Making
• Decision Support Software has been designed for group decisions, Group Support Systems (GSS).– Groupware– Collaborative Software– Electronic Brainstorming