copyright © 2001 by harcourt, inc. all rights reserved. memory
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.
MEMORY
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Seven DwarvesThe Seven Dwarves
• Difficulty of the task?Difficulty of the task?• Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?• Organization of memory by sound, Organization of memory by sound,
letter, and meaning (e.g., two-letter, and meaning (e.g., two-syllable names ending in –y)syllable names ending in –y)
• Recall vs. Recognition Recall vs. Recognition (next slide)(next slide)
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Seven DwarvesThe Seven Dwarves
• Recall vs. RecognitionRecall vs. Recognition– Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy,
Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Shy, Droopy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Doc, Wheezy, Stubby.Doc, Wheezy, Stubby.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.
Extremes of MemoryExtremes of Memory
• Memory Deficiencies: AmnesiaMemory Deficiencies: Amnesia–The case of Clive Wearing The case of Clive Wearing (video – (video –
segment 10, DVD#1, segment 10, DVD#1, The MindThe Mind))
• Outstanding memory: Outstanding memory: Mnemonists Mnemonists (Video of Super mnenomist: (Video of Super mnenomist: Brain Video, 2Brain Video, 2ndnd ed.,program 20) ed.,program 20)
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Atkinson-Shiffrin The Atkinson-Shiffrin Multiple-Store ModelMultiple-Store Model
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.
DemosDemos
– Handout 7-3Handout 7-3– Memory test of 16 lettersMemory test of 16 letters
• Encoding:Encoding:– Automatic processing vs. Effortful Automatic processing vs. Effortful
processingprocessing– Make it meaningful (e.g., imagery, Make it meaningful (e.g., imagery,
context)context)– RehearsalRehearsal– ChunkingChunking– The serial position effectThe serial position effect
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.
Serial Position effectSerial Position effect– Short-Term MemoryShort-Term Memory
Idealized Serial-Position CurveIdealized Serial-Position Curve
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.
Forgetting as encoding failureForgetting as encoding failure
Meeting people…
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.
The elusive search for “where” memory is stored…
Where?•Diff parts of brain
•Importance of hippocampus
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.
10
Long-term potentiation in the hippocampus (see Fig 5.10)
• NMDA receptors become activated:– “sending” neuron releases
glutamate
– “receiving” neuron excited
• Long-term potentiation (LTP) results– enhanced neural processing
– Neurons that “fire together, wire together”
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.
Memory storageMemory storage
Strong emotions make for stronger memories
Stress hormones boost learning and retention (video: “Remembering what matters”: Sci American #16)Flashbulb memories
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.
Retrieval of memoryRetrieval of memory
•Word list test Word list test (p. 320 notes)(p. 320 notes)
•Mood-congruent memories Mood-congruent memories (state-dependent retrieval)(state-dependent retrieval)
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Constructive The Constructive Nature of MemoryNature of Memory
Leading question:“About how fast were the carsgoing when they smashed intoeach other?”
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Constructive The Constructive Nature of MemoryNature of Memory
•Legal issues
•Eyewitness testimony
•Child abuse cases
•Leading questions
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Constructive The Constructive Nature of MemoryNature of Memory
•“Memory isn’t like reading a book; it’s more like writing a book from fragmentary notes.”
•Video (Sci Amer. -- “True or false” Segment 17)