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Chapter 2. Research Process

Introduction

Theoretical Framework

Research Hypotheses

Chapter 3. Research Design

Introduction Nature of and Classification of design

Developing an appropriate research design

Experimental Research Design



Understand the

Situation

thoroughly

Formulate the Business Query

Define

Research

Problem

Review concepts, theories

Review previous processes,

research findings

Formulate

Hypothesis(es)

Design Research

Design Sampling

Data Collection

Data

Analysis

Interpretation,

Report,

Recommendations

Implementation

Value of

research

information



Formulating Research Problem Existing Problem

Areas of Improvement Conceptual Tightening

Empirically Testing



Preliminary Data Collection Review of concepts and theories

Background Information about the

Company-Contextual Information

Structural Information

Perceptions, Attitudes, and Behavioral

Responses



Background Information about the

Company-Contextual Information

Origin and History

Purpose and Ideology

Location ±Local, National or Other

Resources

Interdependent Relationship with ENV Financial Position



Structural Information Roles, Positions and Number of Employees

Extent of Specialization

Communication Channels

Control Systems

Coordination and Span of Control Reward Systems

Workflow Systems



Perceptions, Attitudes, and

Behavioral Responses

Perception : Work Environment andOrganizational Climate

Attitudinal Factors: Work Nature,Interdependency, Superiors, Participation,Client System, Co-workers, Rewards,Opportunities, Family Responsibilities etc

Behavioral Responses: Performance andIndustriousness



Literature SurveyDocumentation of Comprehensive Review of

Published and Unpublished work from

Secondary Sources (Books, Journals,

Newspapers, Magazines, Conference

Proceedings, Doctoral Dissertations,

Reports and Other Publications) of Data inthe Areas Specific Interest to the

Researcher.



Reasons of Literature Review Find out an Important Variable in Past

found repeatedly to have an Impact on the

Problem ( or not stated considered to be

obvious )

Stop Redundancy of Work

Developing Comprehensive Theoretical

Framework to Develop Hypothesis



Writing Literature Review American Psychological

Association(2001)

Chicago Manual Style

Turbanian Style



APA Format Citations



Citation of Dissertation Wefald (2008) provides a summary of the current state of

affairs on academic measures of job engagement. Much of this research has been done with study samples and the

focus has been on establishing the psychometriccharacteristics of the measures including structure,reliability, and associations with other job attitudes.However, a very limited amount of work has looked atconsequences of job engagement.

Wefald, A. J. (2008). An examination of job engagement,transformational leadership, and related psychological constructs.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Kansas State University,Manhattan, KS.



Citation from a Book Role efficacy is a developmental proactive

approach contrary to the ³Role stress´

approaches (Pestonjee, 1992).

Pestonjee, D .M. (1992) Stress and Coping:

The Indian Experience, Sage Publications,

New Delhi, India.



All other institutes took them or some other foreigninstitutes as a model. R&D wings did hardly think and act

on distressing issue as peer group through their trainingcenters too. The success of technological implicationleading to skill development front of professionaleducation centers to come up with industry-ready people todrive the competitiveness. Panda(2008)

Panda, B.P. (2008). Technology in Indian BusinessEducation-a skill drive for competitiveness. Proceedings of International Conference on Business Education in GlobalEconomy, Adventage Education foundation, Udaipur,India



How its done? Introduce the subject of study

Identify the research question

Build on the previous research to offer the

basis to get to next steps of theoretical

framework and hypotheses development



Exercises on Literature Review



Problem Definition Define a problem as any situation where a

gap exists between the actual and desired

the ideal states

A clear, precise, succinct statement of the

question or issue to be investigated with

goal of finding answer or solution



Steps in P.D. Analyzing the Gap

Identifying Symptoms with Real Problems

Identifying Antecedent, Real Problem and

Consequences

ANTECEDENTPROBLEM

CONSEQUENCES



Example: Manager is facing a problem of low

productivity in the company. He Implements Piece

Rate System but it fails to bring any change.

WHY????

Antecedent : No Appreciation at Work

Problem: Low Morale and Motivation

Symptoms: Absenteeism or Sabotage

Consequences : Low Productivity

Problem Statement:

To Study the Impact of Low Morale and Motivationon the Productivity of the Company.



Exercise on Problem Definition

using APA format Literature Review



15 REFERNCES1. ROLE EFFICACY

2. ENTERPRENEURSHIP

3. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

4. GLOBAL WARMING

5. RURAL INDIA

6. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE7. WORK LIFE BALANCE

8. ASSESSMENT CENTERS



Error

Nonsampling Errors

Sampling Errors - difference between the true

population value and its estimated sample value

Nonresponse Errors Response Errors

Researcher Errors

Interviewer Errors

Respondent Errors

Nonsampling Errors

arise during the course of all survey activities other than sampling

present in both sample surveys and censuses

difficult to assess



Non-response errors

result of not having obtained sufficient answers to survey questions

two types of non-response errors: complete and partial.

Complete non-response errors

survey fails to measure some of the units in the selected sample.

reasons - respondent is unavailable or temporarily absent,

respondent is unable or refuses to participate in the survey

a significant number of people do not respond to a survey

Partial non-response errors

incomplete information obtained from the respondent

reasons - some questions may be difficult to understand

refusal to answer some questions



Response errors

result from data that have been requested, provided, received or recorded

incorrectly

occur because of inefficiencies with the questionnaire, the interviewer, the

respondent or the survey process

Researcher Errors

1. Population definition error - the difference between the actual

population relative to the issue/problem and the population as defined

by the researcher 2. Sample design error ± inappropriate sampling technique

3. Questionnaire design ±

structure error

language error measurement / scale error

4. Data analysis error

5. Reporting error

6. Surrogate information error

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