copy of mecomm 05 wx
TRANSCRIPT
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Multiengine CommercialMultiengine Commercial
Faster For Sure
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Printed Weather Reports
• Radar Summary Chart
• Constant Pressure Analysis Chart
• Composite Moisture Stability Chart
• Winds and Temperatures Aloft Chart
• Significant Weather Prognostic Charts
• Convective Outlook Chart
• Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Products
• Radar Summary Chart
• Constant Pressure Analysis Chart
• Composite Moisture Stability Chart
• Winds and Temperatures Aloft Chart
• Significant Weather Prognostic Charts
• Convective Outlook Chart
• Volcanic Ash Advisory Center Products
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Basic Weather Theory
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The Atmosphere
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10-2 Layers of the atmosphere10-2 Layers of the atmosphere
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One square inch of atmosphere
weights approximately 14.7 pounds
Aneroid barometer
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10-6 Station pressure is converted to, and reported in. sea level pressure
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SunJUNE DECEMBER
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Sun
NorthernAutumn
SouthernSpring
NorthernSummer
SouthernWinter
NorthernSpring
SouthernAutumn
SouthernSummer
NorthernWinter
JUNE DECEMBER
23.5°
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NORTHERN SUMMER
SOUTHERN WINTER
Same amount of heat energy spread over a much smaller area than:
HeatEnergyformthe Sun
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HighPressure
LowPressure
P1 P2Distance
Magnitude of the Pressure Gradient
P1 - P2Distance
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10-8 Circulation pattern in a static environment
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10-9 Three-cell circulation pattern due to the earths rotation
Low
High
Low
High Polar Cell
FerrelCell
HadleyCell
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Coriolis Force
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A
BB’
A’
A”
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A
BB’
A’
A”
B”
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Coriolis Force
Northeast Trade Winds
Prevailing Westerlies
Polar Easterlies
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10-10 Circulation pattern about areas of low pressure
L
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10-10 Circulation pattern about areas of high pressure
H
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10-11 Wind near high-pressure system
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10-19 Isobars reveal the pressure gradient of an area of high-or-low pressure areas
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HighPressure
LowPressure
P1 P2Distance
Magnitude of the Pressure Gradient
P1 - P2Distance
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Friction Effects
Friction
Effects
N2,000 A
GL
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Local Wind
The name tells where the breeze is coming from!
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Sea Breeze
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Land Breeze
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Valley Breeze
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Mountain Breeze
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Katabatic WindWarm Down Slope Winds
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-30 CHigh
Low
0 C
Katabatic WindCold Down Slope Winds
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Weather Patterns
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Atmospheric StabilityAtmospheric Stability
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Lapse Rate
2° C per 1,000 feet is Average
2° C per 1,000 feet is Average
Lapse Rate
15°C
2° C
1” Hg
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Evaporation
Heat Absorbed
Evapora
tion
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Sublimation
Sublimatio
n
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10-20 Relative Humidity
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Moisture
SaturationSaturation
Dewpoint is the temperature that you have to lower the atmosphere down to
for it to become 100% saturated
Calculate the base of cloud.
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Clouds
Humidity and Condensation Nuclei are main ingredients.Humidity and Condensation Nuclei are main ingredients.
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Clouds are divided into four basic groups, or FAMILIES
do to their height range
LOW CLOUDS
MIDDLE CLOUDS
HIGH CLOUDS
CLOUDS WITH VERTICAL DEVELOPENT
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Basic Cloud Types
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Types of Fog
Ground Fog
Radiation Fog
Advection Fog
Upslope Fog
Ground Fog
Radiation Fog
Advection Fog
Upslope Fog
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Advection Fog
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Basic Cloud Types
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Weather Patterns
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Air Mass Source Regions
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Fronts
THE BOUNDARY LAYER BETWEEN TWO TYPES OF AIR MASSES
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1-=25 Chart Symbols for Surface Fronts
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Frontal Discontinuities
WIND CHANGE
TEMPERATURE CHANGE
PRESSURE CHANGE
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Fronts10-27 Cold Front
Fronts10-27 Cold Front
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COLD FRONTS
PRIOR TO THE PASSAGE
•Cirriform or towering cumulus clouds
•Cumulonimbus clouds are possible
•Rain showers, Haze (due to rapid development of clouds)
•Wind from SSW
•High dewpoint
•Falling barometric pressure
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COLD FRONTS
AS THE COLD FRONT PASSES
•Towering cumulus clouds
•Cumulonimbus clouds
•Heavy rain showers, lighting, thunder, hail
•Tornadoes (more severe cold fronts)
•Poor visibility
•Winds variable and gusty
•Temperature and dewpoint drop rapidly
•Barometric pressure bottoms out, then begins gradual increase
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COLD FRONTS
AFTER FRONTAL PASSAGE
•Towering cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds began to dissipate to cumulus clouds
•Good visibility
•Winds WNW
•Temperatures remain cooler
•Barometric pressure continues to rise
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Fronts10-27 Cold Front
Fronts10-27 Cold Front
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Warm Front
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WARM FRONT
PRIOR TO THE PASSAGE
•Cirriform or stratiform clouds
•Fog (along the frontal boundary)
•(summer months) cumulonimbus clouds
•Light to moderate precipitation (rain, sleet, snow, drizzle)
•Poor visibility
•Wind from SSE
•Increasing dewpoint
•Barometric pressure falling until front passes
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WARM FRONT
AS THE FRONT PASSES
•Statiform clouds
•Drizzle
•Visibility is generally poor but improves with variable winds
•Temperature rises steadily
•Dewpoint remains steady
•Pressure levels off
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WARM FRONT
AFTER FRONTAL PASSAGE
•Stratocumulus clouds
•Rain showers
•Visibility improves, but hazy conditions
•Wind from SSW
•Temperatures and dewpoint rises and than levels off
•Slight rise in barometric pressure, followed by decrease
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Warm Front
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Stationary Front
When the opposing forces of two airmasses are relatively balanced
The weather in a stationary front is usually a mixture of that found in both warm and cold fronts
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Occluded Front
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OCCLUDED FRONT
PRIOR TO THE PASSAGE
•Cirriform or stratiform clouds
•Light to heavy precipitation
•Poor visibility
•Dewpoint steady
•Barometric pressure falling
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OCCLUDED FRONT
AS THE FRONT PASSES
•Nimbostratus, cumulonimbus clouds
•Towering cumulus possible
•Light to heavy precipitation
•Poor visibility
•Winds variable
•Barometric pressure leveling off
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OCCLUDED FRONT
AFTER FRONTAL PASSAGE
•Nimbostratus, altostratus clouds
•Precipitation decreasing and clearing
•Visibility improving
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Occluded Front
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Weather Hazards
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Thunderstorms
Airmass Thunderstorms
Severe Thunderstorms
Frontal Thunderstorms
Single Cell
Super Cell
Multi Cell
Squall Line
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What do T-storms need
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10-23 Life Cycle
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ThunderstormsTurbulence
Lightning
Hail
Tornadoes
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Cumulonimbus Mamma
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*Don't know where they landed - didn't say!
This is what can happen if "can do" takes over in common sense and flying through thunderstorms.
2 Navy T-38's land here* last night IFE, They flew through a hail
storm. The pilots today thought that their
maintenanceguys were going to wave a magic
wand and let them fly home.
2 Navy T-38's land here* last night IFE, They flew through a hail
storm. The pilots today thought that their
maintenanceguys were going to wave a magic
wand and let them fly home.
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Is moist air, for the same temperature, less dense than dry air?
Moist Air Vs Dry AirMoist Air Vs Dry Air
YES NOMoist air, for the same temperature, is 62% less
dense than dry air.
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78% Nitrogen 4 to 1 = 5 molecules
20% Oxygen replaced by H2O
Atomic Weight
Hydrogen - 1 H2 = 2
Oxygen - 16 O2 = 32
Nitrogen - 14 N2 = 28
DRY AIR
O2 = 32 X 1 = 32 32 + 112 = 144
N2 = 28 X 4 = 112
MOIST AIR
H2 = 2
O = 16 16 + 2 = 18 X 5 = 90
DRY = 144
MOIST = 90
90 / 144 = 62%
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10-15 Turbulence
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10-16 Mountain Wave
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MOUNTAIN WAVE
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Rotor
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Line of rotor
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LENTICULAR CLOUDS
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Wind Shear
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Wind Shear
Inversion
Close to the surface in strong windsClose to the surface in strong winds
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10-17 Microburst
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Microburst a
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Microburst b
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Microburst c
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Microburst d
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Microburst e
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Microburst f **
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Icing
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Icing
Rime
Clear
Mixed
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Restrictions to Visibility
Haze
Smoke
Smog
Dust
Volcanic Ash
1. You can’t see traffic.
2. You can’t find references.
3. Your eyes focus too close.
4. It is harder to avoid clouds.
5. It is easier to get lost.
6. Your stress level rises.
7. You can’t see the horizon.
8. They simply make VFR difficult.
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High Altitude Weather
• Jetstream– A narrow band of high speed winds that
reaches its greatest speed near the tropopause
– Typical speeds range from 60 - 240 knots• Polar jet
– Exists year-round– higher, weaker, and farther north during the Summer
• Subtropical jet– Strongest in Winter– Nonexistent in summer
• Jetstream– A narrow band of high speed winds that
reaches its greatest speed near the tropopause
– Typical speeds range from 60 - 240 knots• Polar jet
– Exists year-round– higher, weaker, and farther north during the Summer
• Subtropical jet– Strongest in Winter– Nonexistent in summer
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High Altitude Weather
• Clear Air Turbulence: CAT• Usually encountered above 15,000’• However can take place at any altitude• Can be present in non-convective clouds (not
necessarily “clear air”)
– CAT may be caused by interaction of layers of air with differing speeds
– It often develops in or near the jet stream– Cues
• “wave-like” cloud formation• Sudden variation in wind speeds
• Clear Air Turbulence: CAT• Usually encountered above 15,000’• However can take place at any altitude• Can be present in non-convective clouds (not
necessarily “clear air”)
– CAT may be caused by interaction of layers of air with differing speeds
– It often develops in or near the jet stream– Cues
• “wave-like” cloud formation• Sudden variation in wind speeds
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Forecasting Process
JEPP 7-2JEPP 7-2
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7 Days7 Days
NowNow
Forecastin
g
Forecastin
g
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Printed Reports And Forecasts
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“METAR”
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“METAR”
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“METAR”
• METAR– Observed 45
minutes after the hour and transmitted 50 minutes after the hour
• METAR– Observed 45
minutes after the hour and transmitted 50 minutes after the hour
• SPECI– A non-routine
aviation weather report taken when any of the SPECI criteria have been observed
• SPECI– A non-routine
aviation weather report taken when any of the SPECI criteria have been observed
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“METAR”
The METAR uses ICAO (international civil aviation organization four-letter station
identifiers that follow the type of report. IN the continuous US, the three-letter identifier is
prefixed with K.
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“METAR”
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“METAR”
• AUTO = identifies the report as an automated weather report with no human intervention
•If AUTO is shown in the body of the report, AO1 or AO2 will be encoded in the remarks section of the report to indicate the type of precipitation sensor used at the station
• AO1 = station does not have a precipitation discriminator
• AO2 = station has a precip discriminator
•The absence of AUTO indicates that the report was made manually or the automated report had human augmentation/backup
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“METAR”
“G”: denotes gusts
“KT”: denotes the use of knots for wind speed
“V”: denotes when wind direction is variable by 60 degrees or more
“VRB”: denotes when wind direction is variable and wind speed less then 6 knots
“PK WND”: denoted when facility have a wind recorder and a peak wind exists
“WSHFT”: denoted in the remarks section when a windshift occurs. A windshift is indicated by a change in wind direction of 45 degrees or more in less than 15 minutes with sustained winds of 10 knots or more.
“FROPA”: denotes that the wind shift was due to a frontal passage
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“METAR”
• EXAMPLE:– 33018KT– 09014G35KT– 340105KT– 08012G25KT 040V120– VRB04KT
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“METAR”
•If tower or surface visibility is less than 4 SM, the lesser of the 2 will be reported in the body of the report; the greater will be reported in the Remarks element
•Automated reporting stations will show visibility less than ¼ SM as M1/4SM and visibility 10 or greater as 10SM
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“METAR”
• EXAMPLE:– 1/2SM– 7SM– 10SM
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“METAR”
• RVR is shown in a METAR if the airport has equipment and whenever the prevailing visibility is 1SM or less and the RVR value is 6000 feet or less
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“METAR”
• EXAMPLE:– R31/2600FT– R15R/4000FT
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“METAR”
• Qualifiers• Qualifiers• Weather
Phenomena• Weather
Phenomena
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“METAR”
• EXAMPLE:– SN BLSN FG– +SN FG– -RA– MIFG– +TSRA– -TSRA– BR
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“METAR”
**SKC will be reported at manual stations. The abbreviation CLR shall be used at automated stations
when no clouds are detected below 12,000’**
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Defined as the lowest layer of clouds or obscuring phenomena aloft reported as BROKEN or
OVERCAST
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“METAR”
AC-00-45E 2-1
Cloud bases are reported in hundreds of feet above ground level (AGL)
Ceiling - lowest broken or overcast layer aloft or vertical visibility into an obscuration
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• Sky condition reported in the following format– Amount
• Sky cover contractions – Height
• Cloud bases reported with 3 digits in 100’s of feet AGL• Clouds above 12,000’ cannot be detected by automated
reporting systems• At reporting stations in the mountains, if the cloud layer is below
the station level, the height of the layer will be shown as ///– Type
• If towering cumulus clouds, TCU, or cumulonimbus clouds, CB, are present, they are reported after the height that represents their base
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Additional Sky Condition remarks
• Indefinite ceiling– The height into an indefinite ceiling is preceded
with VV followed by 3 digits indicating the vertical visibility in 100’s of feet above the ground (VV002)
• Partial Obscuration – The amount of obscuration is reported in the body
of the METAR when the sky is partially obscured by a surface-based phenomenon by indicating the amount of the obscuration as FEW, SCT, or BKN followed with 3 zeros (FG FEW000)
• Whenever the ceiling is below 3,000’ and is variable, the remark CIG will be shown in the Remarks element followed with the lowest and highest ceiling heights separated with a “V”, CIG 005V010
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“METAR”
• EXAMPLE:– OVC004– SCT080– BKN008– VV002– SKC– CLR– SCT008 BKN090 SCT100 OVC250
• EXAMPLE:– OVC004– SCT080– BKN008– VV002– SKC– CLR– SCT008 BKN090 SCT100 OVC250
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“METAR”
Celsius
100 32 21 16 15 0 -40
212 90 70 61 59 32 -40
Fahrenheit
Dewpoint is the temperature at which air reaches a state where it can hold no more water. When the dewpoint is reached, the air contains 100% of the moisture it can hold at that temperature, and it is said to be saturated.
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“METAR”
• When the pressure is rising or falling rapidly at the time of observation, Remarks element will show PRESRR or PRESFR
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“METAR”
Sea Level Pressure (SLP)
Some Stations also include sea-level pressure which is different from altimeter. It is shown in the Remarks
element as SLP being followed by the sea-level pressure in hectopascals, a unit of measurement equivalent to the
millibar
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“METAR”
• SLP– Example: SLP982 = 998.2– Example: SLP093 = 1009.3
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“METAR”
T01500139
0 if temperature 0°C or higher
1 if temperature below 0°C
015.0 013.9
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METAR
METAR KMKL 021250Z 33018KT 290V360 1/2SM R31/2600FT +SN BLSN FG VV008 01/M03 A2991 RMK RAE42SNB42 SLP045 T00111032
T00111032 T001.11032 T00111032 T00.1103.2
T001.1---- 103.2
++ --
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KBDL 011451Z 04003KT 10SM BKN070 OVC130 11/09 A3017 RMK A02 SLP217 60000 T01060089
50000
– What is the altimeter setting?– What is the pressure in hectopascals/millibars?– What is the wind?– What type of automated weather system does this
metar have?– What is the lowest ceiling?– On what date was this metar given?
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Metar
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METAR METAR
METAR KSFO 031453Z VRB02KT 7SM MIFG SKC 15/14 A3012 RMK SLP993 6//// T01500139 56012
METAR KLAX 101549Z AUTO 22010G16KT 1/4SM R18/1200FT BR
SCT005 OVC010 19/16 A2989 RMK SLP130 AO2
METAR KJFK 040555Z AUTO 09014G35KT 1/4SM +SN FG VV002 01/01 A2975 RMK AO2 TWR VIS 1/2 RAE08SNB08
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METAR METAR
METAR KTPA 122150Z 08020G38KT 1/2SM R36L/2400FT
+TSRA SCT008 OVC012CB 20/18 A2995 RMK TSB24RAB24
METAR KLAX 101549Z 22010G16KT 1/4SM R18/1200FT
SCT005 OVC010 FG 35/35 A2989 RMK SLP130
METAR KJFK 040555Z AUTO 15035G50KT 15SM
BKN035TCU 43/35 A3004 RMK PRESFR
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• METAR KSPS 301656Z 06014KT 020V090 3SM -TSRA FEW040 BKN060CB 12/12 A2982 RMK OCNL LTGICCG NE TSB17 TS E MOV NE PRESRR SLP093
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“SD” Radar Weather ReportsJep 7-16 / AC 00-45E 3-6
SD
KNPA 1935 LN 10 TRWX 86/40 164/60 12W C2430
MT 440 AT 159/65
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“SD” Radar Weather ReportsJep 7-16 / AC 00-45E 3-6
TLX 1935 LN 8 TRW++ 86/40 164/60 20W C2425 MTS570 AT 159/65 AUTO
TLX 1935 LN 8 TRW++ 86/40 164/60 20W C2425 MTS570 AT 159/65 AUTO
Location and time UTCLocation and time UTC
Echo pattern (LN LINE) (AREA) (CELL)Echo pattern (LN LINE) (AREA) (CELL)
Coverage, in tenthsCoverage, in tenths
Type and intensity of weatherType and intensity of weather
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SYMBOL INTENSITY(-) Light
(none) Moderate
(+) Heavy
(++) Very Heavy
X Intense
XX Extreme
SYMBOL MEANINGR Rain
RW Rain shower
S Snow
SW Snow shower
T Thunderstorm
SYMBOL INTENSITY(-) Light
(none) Moderate
(+) Heavy
(++) Very Heavy
X Intense
XX Extreme
SYMBOL MEANINGR Rain
RW Rain shower
S Snow
SW Snow shower
T Thunderstorm
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“SD” Radar Weather ReportsJep 7-16 / AC 00-45E 3-6
TLX 1935 LN 8 TRW++ 86/40 164/60 20W C2425 MTS570 AT 159/65 AUTO
TLX 1935 LN 8 TRW++ 86/40 164/60 20W C2425 MTS570 AT 159/65 AUTO
Azimuth,referenced to true north, and range, in NM from the radar site. 86degrees/40 NM
Azimuth,referenced to true north, and range, in NM from the radar site. 86degrees/40 NM
Dimension of echo pattern (20NM wide)Dimension of echo pattern (20NM wide)
Cell movement (240 degrees at 25 Kts)Cell movement (240 degrees at 25 Kts)
Max tops and location (57,000 159 degrees 65NMMax tops and location (57,000 159 degrees 65NM
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TLX 1935 LN 8 TRW++ 86/40 164/60 20W
C2425 MTS570 AT 159/65 AUTO
TLX 1935 LN 8 TRW++ 86/40 164/60 20W
C2425 MTS570 AT 159/65 AUTO
40 NM40 NM
60 NM60 NM
20 NM wide
20 NM wide
86 degrees86 degrees
164 degrees164 degrees
Max top57,000MSL
Max top57,000MSL
159 degrees159 degrees
8/108/10
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“SD” Radar Weather ReportsJep 7-16 / AC 00-45E 3-6
GRB 1135 AREA 4TRW+ 9/100 130/75 50W C2425 MT 310 AT 45/47 AUTOGRB 1135 AREA 4TRW+ 9/100 130/75 50W C2425 MT 310 AT 45/47 AUTO
ICT 1935 LN 9TRWX 275/80 210/90 20W C2430 MTS 440 AT 260/48 AUTOICT 1935 LN 9TRWX 275/80 210/90 20W C2430 MTS 440 AT 260/48 AUTO
GGW 1135 AREA 3S- 90/120 150/80 34W MT100 AT 130/49GGW 1135 AREA 3S- 90/120 150/80 34W MT100 AT 130/49
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11-4 PIREP
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PIREPS
UA/OV FWA 075025/TM 1600/FL 100/TPC206/SK SCT070- TOPUNKN/WX FV05SM HZ/TAM04/WV 24040KT /TB LGT 055-075/RM IN CLR
/OV = Over
/TM = Time
/FL = Altitude
/TP = Type
/SK = Sky Cover
/WX = Weather
/TA = Temperature
/WV = Wind Speed
/TB = Turbulence
/IC = Icing
/RM = Remarks
AC 00-45E 3-1AC 00-45E 3-1
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AC 00-45E 3-1AC 00-45E 3-1
UUA/OV ABQ090045/TM 1430/FL 130/TP BE30/TB SEV /RM BROKE ALL THE BOTTLES IN THE BAR
UA/OV KMRB-KPIT/TM 1600/FL 100/TPBE55/SK BKN024-TOP032/BKN-OVC043-TOPUNKN /TA M12/IC LGT-MOD RIME 055-080
UA/OV KOKC-KTUL/TM 1800/FL 120/TPBE90/SKBKN018- TOP055/OVC072-TOP089/CLR ABV/TA M7/WV 08021/TB LGT 055-075/IC LGT-MOD RIME 072-089
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Printed Reports And Forecasts
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Aviation Terminal Forecast
5-statute-mile radius / 24-hour period / 4-times a day 5-statute-mile radius / 24-hour period / 4-times a day
AC 00-45E 4-1AC 00-45E 4-1TEMPOTEMPO
FMFM
PROB30/40PROB30/40
BECMGBECMG
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TAF
TAF
KPIR 111140Z 111212 13012KT P6SM BKN100 WS020/35035KT TEMPO 1214 5SM BR
FM1500 16015G25KT P6SM SCT040 BKN250
FM0000 14012KT P6SM BKN080 OVC150 PROB40 0004 3SM TSRA BKN030CB
FM0400 14008KT P6SM SCT040 OVC080 TEMPO 0408 3SM TSRA OVC030CB BECMG 0810 32007KT=
TAF
KPIR 111140Z 111212 13012KT P6SM BKN100 WS020/35035KT TEMPO 1214 5SM BR
FM1500 16015G25KT P6SM SCT040 BKN250
FM0000 14012KT P6SM BKN080 OVC150 PROB40 0004 3SM TSRA BKN030CB
FM0400 14008KT P6SM SCT040 OVC080 TEMPO 0408 3SM TSRA OVC030CB BECMG 0810 32007KT=
VALID PERIOD OF THE FORCASTVALID PERIOD OF THE FORCAST
PREVAILING VISIBILITY (greater than 6 SM)PREVAILING VISIBILITY (greater than 6 SM)
Wind shear AGLWind shear AGL
TemporaryTemporary
12:00→14:0012:00→14:00
FROM 15:00FROM 15:00
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TAF
TAF
KPIR 111140Z 111212 13012KT P6SM BKN100 WS020/35035KT TEMPO 1214 5SM BR
FM1500 16015G25KT P6SM SCT040 BKN250
FM0000 14012KT P6SM BKN080 OVC150 PROB40 0004 3SM TSRA BKN030CB
FM0400 14008KT P6SM SCT040 OVC080 TEMPO 0408 3SM TSRA OVC030CB BECMG 0810 32007KT=
TAF
KPIR 111140Z 111212 13012KT P6SM BKN100 WS020/35035KT TEMPO 1214 5SM BR
FM1500 16015G25KT P6SM SCT040 BKN250
FM0000 14012KT P6SM BKN080 OVC150 PROB40 0004 3SM TSRA BKN030CB
FM0400 14008KT P6SM SCT040 OVC080 TEMPO 0408 3SM TSRA OVC030CB BECMG 0810 32007KT=
40% PROBABILITY 00:00 → 04:00
40% PROBABILITY 00:00 → 04:00
BECOMING 08:00 → 10:00BECOMING
08:00 → 10:00
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TAF
TAF
KMEM 121720Z 121818 20012KT 5SM HZ BKN030 BECMG 2022 1SM
TSRA OVC008CB
FM2200 33012G20KT P6SM BKN015 OVC025 PROB40 2202 3SM SHRA
FM0200 35012KT OVC008 PROB40 0205 2SM -RASN BECMG 0608 02008KT BKN012 BECMG 1012 00000KT 3SM BR SKC TEMPO 1214 1/2SM FG
FM1600 VRB06KT P6SM SKC=
KOKC
051130Z 151212 14008KT 5SM BR BKN030 TEMPO 1316 1 1/2SM BR
FM1600 18010KT P6SM SKC BECMG 2224 20013G20KT 4SM SHRA OVC020 PRB40 0006 2SM TSRA OVC008CB BECMG 0608 21015KT P6SM SCT040=
TAF
KMEM 121720Z 121818 20012KT 5SM HZ BKN030 BECMG 2022 1SM
TSRA OVC008CB
FM2200 33012G20KT P6SM BKN015 OVC025 PROB40 2202 3SM SHRA
FM0200 35012KT OVC008 PROB40 0205 2SM -RASN BECMG 0608 02008KT BKN012 BECMG 1012 00000KT 3SM BR SKC TEMPO 1214 1/2SM FG
FM1600 VRB06KT P6SM SKC=
KOKC
051130Z 151212 14008KT 5SM BR BKN030 TEMPO 1316 1 1/2SM BR
FM1600 18010KT P6SM SKC BECMG 2224 20013G20KT 4SM SHRA OVC020 PRB40 0006 2SM TSRA OVC008CB BECMG 0608 21015KT P6SM SCT040=
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Amended TAF
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11-6 “FA” Aviation Area Forecast
AC 00-45E 4-17AC 00-45E 4-17
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“FA”
1 . Heading Information
2 . Precautions
3 . Synopsis
4 . VFR Clouds and Weather
4 PARTS
4 PARTS
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Heading And Precaution Sections
SLCC FA 141045
SYNOPSIS AND CLDS/WX
SYNOPSIS VALID UNTIL 150500
CLDS/WX VALID UNTIL 142300 . . . OUTLK VALID 142300-150500
ID MT NV UT WY CO AZ NM
SEE AIRMET SIERRA FOR IFR CONDS AND MTN OBSCN.
TSTMS IMPLY PSBL SVR OR GTR TURBC SVR ICG LLWS
AND IFR CONDS.
NON MSL HGTS ARE DENOTED BY AGL OR CIG.
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Synopsis Section
SYNOPSIS . . . HIGH PRES OVER NERN
MT CONTG EWD GRDLY. LOW PRES
OVR AZ NM AND WRN TX RMNG
GENLY STNRY. ALF . . . TROF EXTDS
FROM WRN MT INTO SRN AZ RMNG
STNRY.
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VFR Clouds And Weather Section
ID MT
FROM YXH TO SHR TO 30SE BZN TO 60SE PIH TO LKT TO
YXC TO YXH.
70-90 SCT-BKN 120-150. WDLY SCT RW-. TOPS SHWRS 180.
OTLK . . . VFR
RMNDR AREA . . . 100-120. ISOLD RW- MNLY ERN PTNS AREA.
OTLK . . . VFR
.
UT NV NM AZ
80 SCT-BKN 150-200. WDLY SCT RW-/TRW-. CB TOPS 450.
OTLK . . . VFR
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11-7 “FD” Winds and Temperatures AloftAC 00-45E 4-35AC 00-45E 4-35
FTFT
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FD
73-50 = 230 deg. from
19+100 = 119 knots
60 = neg. 60 deg. C
99009900
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9900FWAFWA 6299-20
Wind light and variableWind light
and variable
62 – 50 = 120°99 + 100 = 199 ≤Temperature (-20)
62 – 50 = 120°99 + 100 = 199 ≤Temperature (-20)
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AIRMETS (WA) AC 00-45E 4-23
MODERATE Icing or Turbulence
Sustained Winds Over 30 Knots
Less than 1,000 ft. Ceiling or 3 miles
Extensive Mountain Obscuration
S = IFR Conditions
T = Turbulence
Z = Icing
LIGHT A
IRCRAFT
LIGHT A
IRCRAFT
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SIGMETS (WS)
SEVERE Icing
Extreme Turbulence, Duststorms, Sandstorms, Volcanic Eruptions
N through Y (Except S, T, and Z)
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Convective SIGMETs (WST)
Severe or Greater Turbulence
Severe Icing
Low Level Wind Shear
ALWAYS
IMPLIEDALWAYS
IMPLIED
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Convective SIGMETs (WST)
Tornadoes
Lines of Thunderstorms
Wide Areas of, or Embedded Thunderstorms
Greater Than 3/4 inch Hail or 50 Knots Wind
Eastern
Central
Western
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Convective SIGMETs (WST)
E = Eastern
C = Central
W = Western
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Graphic Weather Products
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AC 00-45E 5-1AC 00-45E 5-1
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AC 00-45E 5-1AC 00-45E 5-1
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AC 00-45E
5-4
AC 00-45E
5-4
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AC 00-45E
5-5
AC 00-45E
5-5
11-9 WX CHART SYMBOLS
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AC 00-45E 5-10AC 00-45E 5-10
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AC 00-45E 5-9AC 00-45E 5-9
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AC 00-45E
5-5
AC 00-45E
5-5
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AC 0045E 6-1AC 0045E 6-1
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AC 00-45E 6-1AC 00-45E 6-1
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AC 00-45E 5-9AC 00-45E 5-9
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AC 00-45E 6-3AC 00-45E 6-3
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Visibility reduced by smokeVisibility reduced by smoke Visibility reduced by hazeVisibility reduced by haze
Widespread dust in suspension in
the air, NOT raised by the
wind at time of observation
Widespread dust in suspension in
the air, NOT raised by the
wind at time of observation
Dust or sand raised by wind at
time of observation
Dust or sand raised by wind at
time of observation
Well developed dust devil(s)
within past hour
Well developed dust devil(s)
within past hour
Dust storm or sand storm within
sight of or at station during
past hour
Dust storm or sand storm within
sight of or at station during
past hour
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Patches of shallow fog at station, NOT
deeper than 6 feet on land
Patches of shallow fog at station, NOT
deeper than 6 feet on land
Light fogLight fog More or less continuous shallow fog at station, NOT
deeper than 6 feet on land
More or less continuous shallow fog at station, NOT
deeper than 6 feet on land
Lightning visible, no thunder heardLightning visible, no thunder heard
Thunder heard, but no precipitation at the
station
Thunder heard, but no precipitation at the
station
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Intermittent drizzle(NOT freezing),slight at
time of observation
Intermittent drizzle(NOT freezing),slight at
time of observation continuous drizzle
(NOT freezing),thick at time of observation
continuous drizzle(NOT freezing),thick at
time of observation
slight freezing drizzle slight freezing drizzle
Moderate or thick freezing drizzle
Moderate or thick freezing drizzle
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Intermittent rain(NOT freezing),slight at
time of observation
Intermittent rain(NOT freezing),slight at
time of observation
Moderate or thick freezing rain
Moderate or thick freezing rain
Continuous fall of snowflakes, heavy attime of observation
Continuous fall of snowflakes, heavy attime of observation
Moderate or heavy shower(s) of rain andsnow mixed
Moderate or heavy shower(s) of rain andsnow mixed
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AC 00-45E 5-9AC 00-45E 5-9
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AC 00-45E 7-1AC 00-45E 7-1
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Radar Summary
NE
OM
NA
SLD
TRW
RW
440
NE
OM
NA
SLD
TRW
RW
440
AC-00-45E 7-1AC-00-45E 7-1
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Line or area movementis no longer indicated
Line or area movementis no longer indicated
Change of intensity is no longer indicated
Change of intensity is no longer indicated
Assume that all precipitation onthis chart is reaching the surfaceAssume that all precipitation onthis chart is reaching the surface
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Graphic Weather ChartsSatellite
Graphic Weather ChartsSatellite
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Low-Level Significant Weather Prognostic
AC 00-45E 11-1AC 00-45E 11-1
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AC 00-45E11-3 & 11-4AC 00-45E11-3 & 11-4
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11-13 SIGNIFICANT WEATHER PROGNOSTIC CHART
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11-14 36-48 PROGNOSTIC CHART
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Sources of Weather Information
AC 00-45E 1-10AC 00-45E 1-10
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1-800-WX-BRIEF1-800-992-7433
Preflight Weather Briefing
Type of flight (VFR or IFR)
Aircraft identification
Aircraft type
Departure point
Proposed time of departure
Flight altitude
Route of flight
Destination
Estimated time en route (ETE)
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Weather Briefings
Outlook JEPP 7-46 AC 00-45E 1-11
Standard JEPP 7-45 AC 00-45E 1-11
Abbreviated JEPP 7-46 AC 00-45E 1-11
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Outlook
An “outlook” briefing will be provided when the proposed departure is 6 hours or more from the time of the briefing. Briefing will be limited to applicable forecast data needed for proposed flight.
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(FSS/AFSS) Briefings
StandardAdverse ConditionsVFR Flight Not RecommendedSynopsisCurrent ConditionsEnroute ForecastDestination ForecastWinds and Temperatures AloftNotamsATC DelaysOther Information
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Only what you ask for
Not a total brief
(FSS/AFSS) Briefings
An “abbreviated” briefing will be provided at the user’s request:
1. To supplement mass disseminated date
2. To update a previous briefing
3. To request that the briefing be limited to specific information
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TIBS
AC 00-45E 1-5AC 00-45E 1-5
Telephone
Information
Briefing
Service
Telephone
Information
Briefing
Service
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DUATS
Direct
User
Access
Terminal
Service
Direct
User
Access
Terminal
Service
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Preflight Weather Sources
Telephone
Computer
Television
Radio
Telephone
Computer
Television
Radio
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In-Flight Weather Sources
“Flight Watch”“Flight Watch”122.0122.0
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TWEB Transcribed Weather Broadcast
AC 00-45E 1-3AC 00-45E 1-3
T
T
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HIWAS Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service
HAC 00-45E 1-6AC 00-45E 1-6
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HIWAS
AIRMETS
SIGMETS
Convective SIGMETS
Urgent PIREPS
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CWA
AC 00-45E 1-7AC 00-45E 1-7
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AWOS And ASOS
Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS)
Automated Surface Observation System (ASOS)
JEPP 7-52JEPP 7-52
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High Altitude Weather
• Jetstream– A narrow band of high speed winds that
reaches its greatest speed near the tropopause
– Typical speeds range from 60 - 240 knots• Polar jet
– Exists year-round– higher, weaker, and farther north during the Summer
• Subtropical jet– Strongest in Winter– Nonexistent in summer
• Jetstream– A narrow band of high speed winds that
reaches its greatest speed near the tropopause
– Typical speeds range from 60 - 240 knots• Polar jet
– Exists year-round– higher, weaker, and farther north during the Summer
• Subtropical jet– Strongest in Winter– Nonexistent in summer
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High Altitude Weather
• Clear Air Turbulence: CAT• Usually encountered above 15,000’• However can take place at any altitude• Can be present in non-convective clouds (not
necessarily “clear air”)
– CAT may be caused by interaction of layers of air with differing speeds
– It often develops in or near the jet stream– Cues
• “wave-like” cloud formation• Sudden variation in wind speeds
• Clear Air Turbulence: CAT• Usually encountered above 15,000’• However can take place at any altitude• Can be present in non-convective clouds (not
necessarily “clear air”)
– CAT may be caused by interaction of layers of air with differing speeds
– It often develops in or near the jet stream– Cues
• “wave-like” cloud formation• Sudden variation in wind speeds