Mechanical Lab manual

Experiment 1Determination of Flash point and Fire point of lubricating oil using Abel Apparatus

ABELS FLASH POINT APPARATUSAIM: To determine the flash point of kerosene by Abels flash point apparatus. APPARATUS: Abels flash point apparatus, Thermometers. THEORY: Flash point: The flash point is the lowest temperature, to which a lubricant must be heated before its vapor, when mixed with air, will ignite but not continue to burn. Fire point: The fire point is the temperature at which lubricant combustion will be sustained. The flash and fire points are useful in determining a lubricants volatility and fire resistance. The flash point can be used to determine the transportation and storage temperature requirements for lubricants. Lubricant producers can also use the flash point to detect potential product contamination. A lubricant exhibiting a flash point significantly lower than normal will be suspected of contamination with a volatile product. Products with a flash point less than 38o C (100oF) will usually require special precautions for safe handling. The fire point for a lubricant is usually 8 to 10 percent above the flash point. The flash point and fire point should not be confused with the auto-ignition temperature of a lubricant, which is the temperature at which a lubricant will ignite spontaneously without an external ignition source. Outline of the methods: The sample is placed in the cup of the Abel apparatus and heated at a prescribed rate. A small test flame is directed into the cup at regular intervals and the flash point is taken as the lowest temperature at which application of the test flame will cause the vapour above the sample to ignite with a distinct flash inside the cup.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

DESCRIPTION: The Abels flash point apparatus is mainly used to determine the flash point of fuel oils flashing between 22 0C to 49 0C. It consists of a sealed water bath with a provision of an air chamber to hold the oil cup and circulate cold water for below ambient determination and an external heater for above ambient determinations. The oil cup is provided with a lid and sliding ports for the introduction of test flame. Within the oil cup a circular marking to indicate the level of oil to be taken for the test. The whole arrangement is mounted on a cylindrical enclosed stand. PROCEDURE: 1) Clean the oil cup with any solvent and wipe it dry. 2) Fill water into the water jacket to its full level and insert into the cylindrical stand. 3) Pour water into the air chamber, which surrounds the oil cup to a depth of 38 mm. 4) Pour fuel oil to be tested into the oil cup up to the circular mark and place the oil cup into the air chamber of the water bath. 5) Close it with the lid having sliding ports. 6) Insert the water and oil thermometers in their respective holders. 7) Keep the entire set up on a heater and heat the water at a very slow rate. 8) Maintain a low flame on the wick and apply the flame to the oil surface by sliding the port at every 20 rise in temperature of the oil under test. 9) Record the temperature at which the first flash occurs and report as flash point. 10) To determine the flash point of fuel oils below room temperature, circulate cold water in the water bath to at least 15 0 C below the expected flash point of the fuel oil sample and follow steps 8 & 9.

OBSERVATION AND TABULAR COLUMN

Type of oil Used: ..

Sl noTemperature (0C)Observation

Flash PointFire Point

RESULT: The flash point of given oil is = The fire point of given oil is =

Experiment 2PENSKY MARTENS FLASH POINT APPARATUS

AIM: To determine the flash point of Diesel by Pensky Martens apparatus. APPARATUS: Pensky Martens apparatus, thermometers. THEORY: In the Pensky-Martens closed cup flash point test, a brass test cup is filled with a test specimen and fitted with a cover. The sample is heated and stirred at specified rates depending on what it is that's being tested. An ignition source is directed into the cup at regular intervals with simultaneous interruption of stirring until a flash that spreads throughout the inside of the cup is seen. The corresponding temperature is its flash point. Pensky-Martens closed cup is sealed with a lid through which the ignition source can be introduced periodically. The vapour above the liquid is assumed to be in reasonable equilibrium with the liquid. Closed cup testers give lower values for the flash point (typically 5-10 K) and are a better approximation to the temperature at which the vapour pressure reaches the Lower Flammable Limit (LFL). Outline of Method: the sample is heated in a test cup at a slow and constant rate with continuous stirring. A small test flame is directed into the cup at regular intervals with simultaneous interruption of stirring. The flash point is taken as the lowest temperature at which the application of the test flame causes the vapour above the sample to ignite momentarily.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

DESCRIPTION: This apparatus is used to determine the flash point of fuel oils and lubricating oils. Flashing above 49 0 C. It consists of an oil cup with a circular marking for oil level indication. A lid to cover the oil cup with sliding shutters with ports, oil stirring mechanism and dipping wick holder, cast iron oil cup holder (air bath), electric heater with control. PROCEDURE: 1) Install the apparatus on a table near a 230V, 50Hz, 5amps single-phase power source. Keep the electrical heater on the table. Position the oil cup holder (air bath) on the heater. Insert the oil cup into the bath and position it. 2) Pour oil to be tested into the oil cup up to the mark. 3) Close the lid. 4) Connect the heater to the electrical power source and heat the oil at a slow steady rate of 20C /min with the help of the regulator. Keep stirring the oil with the stirring mechanism. 5) Maintain a small flame on the wick. 6) Introduce the flame to the oil surface by operating the circular handle, which makes the maintained flame to dip into the oil cup by opening the shutter. This is done at every half minute, only after the sample oil reaches 150 to 17 0 C before the expected flash point. 7) Record the temperature at which first flash occurs and report as flash point of the sample oil. 8) To stop the experiment, switch of the heater and allow it to cool. OBSERVATION AND TABULAR COLUMN: Lubricating oil used: Sl noTemperature (0C)Observation

Flash PointFire Point

RESULT: The flash point of given oil is = The fire point of given oil is =

Experiment 3Lewis Thomsom CalorimeterAim: To determine the Calorific value & Evaporative value of coal.Apparatus: Lewis Thomson Colorimeter, Glass jar, Water, Thermometer.Theory: Calorific value is defined as the number of heat units produced by complete combustion of a unit quantity of fuel. Coal is ignited with the help of potassium nitrate, due to combustion; the heat is carried away by the hot flue gases. By the method of mixtures, the heat of fuel gases is given to the water. The rise in temperature of water is noted and the colorific value of the fuel is calculated.Procedure:(a) Coal (1gm), Potassium Chlorate (8.25gms) and potassium Nitrate (2.75gms) are separately weighted, mixed together and a smooth uniform mixture is obtained.(b) This powdered mixture is poured into a small cylindrical metal container with few match sticks vertically inserted with their burning side projecting out of the mixture side. This helps in the fast ignition of the mixture. The container is tightly secured in a holder at the bottom of the calorimeter.(c) Water is filled in the beaker up to the marked level, which constitutes 2000cc of water. Initial temperature is noted (t1).(d) The fuel mixture is ignited and the container is immediately covered by the cylinder of the colorimeter. The whole apparatus is immersed in the beaker. Combustion takes place inside the metal container liberating hot gases. The gases accumulated in the beaker while the heat increases the temperature of water. Final temperature is also noted (t2).(e) Heat liberating by the coal =heat absorbed by the water (f) This is further used to calculate the evaporate value of coal.

Calculate Heat liberated by fuel = heat absorbed by water and colorimeter.CV = [ {(WmSpw) + (WcSc) } (t2-t1) ] / mWhere CV=Calorific Value of the fuel, KJ/Kg.M=mass of the fuel burnt, Kg.Wm = Weight of water taken in calorimeter.Wc = Weight of the colorimeter = 0.675 kg .Sc = Specific heat of copper = 0.386 kg/kg-k.T1 = initial temperature of water (Room temperature)T2 = final temperature of water Spw = Specific heat of water 4.486 kg/kg-k.Result:Calorific value of the soild fuel i.e coal is ------- kj/kg.

Experiment 4JUNKERS GAS CALORIMETER

AIM: To determine calorific value of gaseous fuel by Junkers gas calorimeter APPARATUS: The apparatus mainly consists of a cylindrical shell with copper coil arranged in two pass configuration with water inlet and outlet to circulate through the copper coil, a pressure regulator, a wet type gas flow meter & a gas Bunsen burner, temperature sensors for measuring inlet, outlet water temperature, and for flue gas temperature, a 2000ml measuring jar.

Figure: Experimental setup of junkers gas calorimeter

DESCRIPTION: Determination of calorific value (heat value) of combustible gases is essential to assess the amount of heat given away by the gas while burning a known amount of gas to heat a known amount of fluid (water) in a closed chamber. PROCEDURE: 1. Install the equipment on a flat rigid platform near an uninterrupted continuous water source of size and a drain pipe. 2. Connect the gas source to the pressure regulator, gas flow meter and the burner respectively in series 3. Insert the thermometer / temperature sensors, into their respective places to measure water inlet and outlet temperatures and a thermometer to measure the flue gas temperature at the flue gas outlet 4. Start the water flow through the calorimeter at a study constant flow rate and allow it to drain through over flow. 5. Start the gas flow slowly and light the burner out side the calorimeter 6. Regulate the flow of gas at a steady rate to any designed flow (Volume) 7. Insert the burner into the calorimeter and allow the out let water temperature to attain a steady state 8. Swing the out let to a 1000 ml jar and start. The stop watch simultaneously, record the initial gas flow meter reading at the same time 9. Note down the time taken to fill 1000ml and at the same time the final gas flow reading recorded by the gas flow meter 10. Tabulate all the reading and calculate the calorific valve of the gas under test 11. Repeat the experiment by varying the water flow rate or gas flow for different conditions. 12. After the experiment is over stop the gas flow, water flow, and drain the water from the calorimeter, keep the equipment clean & dry.

OBSERVATIONS: Density of water = 1000Kg/m3Volume of gas burnt Vg in liters = Density of gas = 0.22Kg/m3Cpw = 1 K Cal/kg K Time taken to collect 1 liter of water : _________ sec

TABULAR COLUMN: Sl NoVolume of water collected in liter (Vw)

Volume of gas Burnt in liter (Vg)

Water inlet Temperature T1 0C

Water outlet Temp T2 0C

Change in Temp of water T=(T2-T1)

Cv of gas KCal/kg

11

21

CALCULATION:

RESULT: Calorific value of given gaseous fuel is =. K Cal/Kg

Experiment 5REDWOOD VISCOMETER

AIM: To determine the viscosity of diesel using redwood viscometer at different temperatures. APPARATUS: Redwood Viscometer, 50ml Receiving flask, thermometers and stopwatch DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS: Redwood viscometer Consists of a cylindrical oil cup furnished with a gauge point, agate / metallic Orifice jet at the bottom having a concave depression from inside to facilitate a ball with stiff wire to act as a valve to start or stop oil flow. The outer side of the orifice jet is convex, so that the oil under test does not creep over the lower face of the oil cup. The oil cup is surrounded by a water bath with a circular electrical immersion heater and a stirring device. Two thermometers are provided to measure water bath temp. & oil temperature under test. A round flat-bottomed flask of 50ml marking, to measure 50 ml of oil flow against time. The water bath with oil cup is supported on a tripod stand with leveling screws.

PROCEDURE: 1) Clean the oil cup with a solvent preferably C.T.C (Carbon Tetra chloride) and wipe it dry thoroughly with a paper napkins or a soft cloth (do not use cotton waste) and the orifice jet with a fine thread. 2) Keep the water bath with oil cup on the tripod stand and level it. 3) Pour water into the water bath up to 15 to 20mm below the top portion 4) Keep the ball (valve) in position and pour clean filtered oil sample (use strainer not coarser than BS 100 mesh) to be tested into the oil cup up to the gauge point and cover it with the lid. 5) Take a clean dry 50ml flask and place it under the orifice jet of the oil cup and center it. 6) Lift the ball (valve) and simultaneously start a stop watch and allow the oil into the receiving flask. 7) Adjust the receiving flask (50ml) in such a way that the oil string coming out of the jet strikes the neck of the flask to avoid foaming (formation of air bubbles) on the oil surface. 8) Wait till the oil level touches the 50 ml mark stop the watch and record the time in sec. 9) Repeat the experiment at different temperatures above ambient. 10) Plot the relevant graphs

NOTE: For conducting experiment at different temperatures above ambient on Redwood Viscometer, connect the heater of the water bath to a 230V, 50Hz, 5amps power source through a dimmer stat. Heat the water to any desired temperature while continuously stirring the water with the stirring device and occasionally the oil sample with the thermometer. Once the temperature of the oil reaches the required temperature follow steps 6, 7 and 8.

OBSERVATION: 1. Type of oil used:

2. Weight of the empty flask:

TABULATION: Sl noTemp. of the oil in0C

Time for collecting 50 ml. of oil in sec (t )

Wt. of the measuring jar (W1) in gms

Wt. of the measuring jar+50CC of oil (W2) in gms

Density of oil in kg/m3

Kinematic Viscosity () m2/s

Dynamic Viscosity () N S/m2

CALCULATIONS:

RESULTS: Mass density of given oil is _________________Kg/m3Kinematic viscosity of given oil is _____________ m2/S Absolute viscosity of given oil is _______________ N S/m3CONCLUSION: Kinematic and absolute viscosities were determined and relevant graphs were drawn. Viscosity varies with temperature and has negative exponential trend.

Experiment 6SAYBOLT VISCOMETER

AIM: To determine viscosity of the given oil using Say Bolt Viscometer at different temperatures expressed in terms of Saybolt seconds. APPARATUS: Say Bolt Viscometer, 60ml receiving flask, thermometers & stopwatch.

DESCRIPTION: The apparatus mainly consists of a standard cylindrical oil cup surrounded with a water bath with an immersion heater and a stirring device. The apparatus is supplied with two S.S. Orifice jets namely Universal jet & Furol jet, which can be fitted at the bottom of the oil cup as per our requirement. A rubber cork stopper arrangement is provided also at the bottom to facilitate start and stop the oil flow from the Viscometer. Two thermometers are provided to measure water bath temperature and oil temperature under test. A round flat-bottomed flask with a 60-ml marking on the neck is provided to measure 60 ml of oil flow against time. The oil cup with the water bath is supported on a stand with levelly screws. PROCEDURE: 1. Clean the oil cup with a solvent preferably C.T.C (Carbon Tetra chloride) and wipe it dry thoroughly with a paper napkins or a soft cloth (do not use cotton waste) and the orifice jet with a fine thread. 2. Keep the water bath with oil cup on the tripod stand and level it. 3. Pour water into the water bath up to 15 to 20mm below the top portion. 4. Close the Orifice opening from bottom with the rubber cork provided. Pour oil to be tested into the strainer by keeping the strainer on the oil cup until the oil fills up in the oil cup as well as in side well. Withdraw the excess oil in the side well and position the thermometers in water bath and oil cup. 5. Take a clean dry 60ml flask and place it under the orifice jet of the oil cup and center it. 6. Pull the rubber cork open and simultaneously start a stopwatch and allow the oil into the receiving flask. 7. Adjust the receiving flask (60ml) in such a way that the oil string coming out of the jet strikes the neck of the flask to avoid foaming (formation of air bubbles) on the oil surface. 8. Wait till the oil level touches the 60 ml mark, stop the watch and record the time in sec. 9. Repeat the experiment at different temperatures above ambient. 10. Use specific nozzle suitable for lubricant or oil. NOTE: For conducting experiment at different temperatures above ambient on Saybolt Viscometer, connect the heater of the water bath to a 230V, 50Hz, 5amps power source through a dimmer stat. Heat the water to any desired temperature while continuously stirring the water with the stirring device and occasionally the oil sample with the thermometer. Once the temperature of the oil reaches the required temperature follow steps 6, 7 and 8. TABULATION: Type of oil used.Weight of the empty flask.

Sl noTemp of the oil in 0C

Time for collecting 60 ml. of oil in sec (t )

Wt. of the measuring jar (W1) in gms

Wt. of the measuring jar + 60CC of oil (W2) in gms

Density of oil in kg/m3

Kinematic Viscosity () m2/s

Dynamic Viscosity () N S/m2

CALCULATIONS:

RESULTS: Mass density of given oil is _________________Kg/m3Kinematic viscosity of given oil is _____________ m2/S Absolute viscosity of given oil is _______________ N S/m3CONCLUSION: Kinematic and absolute viscosities were determined and relevant graphs were drawn. Viscosity varies with temperature and has negative exponential trend.

Experiment 74 STROKE PETROL ENGINE TEST RIG

FOUR STROKE, SINGLE CYLINDER, AIR COOLED, ENGINE COUPLED TO ELECTRICAL DYNAMOMETER

AIM: To Conduct Performance Test on the given engine, to obtain heat balance sheet and draw performance curves APPARATUS REQUIRED: Engine coupled to Electrical Dynamometer, Measurement and control panel, Load bank, Temperature Sensors. PROCEDURE: 1. Ensure water level in the manometer to approximately half the full scale in both the manometer limbs 2. Ensure oil level in the engine sump up to the dip stick mark, Fill required amount of fuel (petrol) in the fuel tank 3. Check fuel line for any leakages, tighten if necessary (open all the valves in the fuel line up to the engine inlet, do not turn the knob to Start) 4. Connect the engine test rig to the 3 phase electrical source, all the three mains indicators glow 5. Ensure the direction of rotation of the engine is as desired by momentarily pushing the push button starter (refer arrow mark on the guard for correct direction of rotation) 6. Switch on the console switch, all the digital indicators glow and indicate respective readings 7. Start the engine by pushing the push button starter and release after the engine gets started 8. Wait until the engine stabilizes at its rated speed (Governed engine) of 2800 to 3000 rpm indicated on the digital rpm indicator 9. Switch on the heat dissipating fan on the load Bank. Now the engine is ready for loading 10. Record the following readings on no load condition. Voltmeter reading, Ammeter reading Rpm indicator reading, (not essential in this case) Manometer reading, time taken for 10 cc of fuel consumption (To record fuel consumption against time close the fuel line valve on the right hand side of the burette and simultaneously start the stop watch and record the time until 10 cc of fuel is consumed) and temperatures T1 & T2 11. Switch on first two switches and allow the engine to stabilize, Record all the readings 12. Continue loading the engine by switching on the load switches in pairs in steps (two switches per step) up to full load and record all the readings at each step,, as indicated in step 13. To stop the engine remove load by switching off the load switches, bring the engine to no load condition 14. Push the engine off push button and hold it unit the engine completely stops 15. Close all the three fuel valves in the fuel line. 16. Tabulate all the readings obtained at each step and calculate Brake power (BP) weight of fuel Consumed (wf), specific fuel consumption (Sfc), Brake thermal efficiency ( Bth) and air fuel ratio (A/F) 17. Plot the graph Qin V/S BP, mf V/S BPSFC V/S BP , ith V/S BP, bth V/S BP

SPECIFICATIONS: ENGINE Make : VILLIERS Compression ratio : 4.67:1 Cylinder bore : 70 mm Stroke length : 66.7 mm Displacement : 256 CC ALTERNATOR Rating : 2 KVA Speed : 2800-3000 rpm Voltage : 220 V AC Efficiency : 70% Manometer : U tube, water filled, 30 cm Air Tank : Made from MS, 300 x 300 x 300 cm Orifice : Circular, 20 mm dia Thermocouple : Fe- K (J type)

OBSERVATIONS: Cylinder bore, D : 70 mm Stroke length, L : 66.7 mm Water density, w : 1000 kg/m3 Calorific value of petrol, CV : 47,500 Kj/kg Acceleration due to gravity, g : 9.81 m/sec 2 Petrol density, p : 750 Kg/m3 Specific heat of air, Cpg : 1.005KJ/KgoC

TABULAR COLUMN:

RESULT SHEET

Experiment 84-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE

FOUR STROKE, SINGLE CYLINDER, WATER COOLED, MECHANICAL LOADING, DIESEL ENGINE

AIM: To Conduct Performance Test on the given engine four stroke, single cylinder, water cooled, mechanical loading, diesel engine and to draw the Heat balance sheet and to obtain PV diagram at No load and Max load, and plot the performance plots APPARATUS REQUIRED: 4 stroke, single cylinder diesel engine test rig, Stop watch, interfacing of the engine with computer to obtain the PV diagram with pressure sensor mounted in the cylinder. THEORY: Heat engine is a device which converts heat energy into mechanical work. Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success with which it is doing its assigned job, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy in to the useful work. The degree of success is compared on the basis of 1) specific fuel consumption 2) brake mean effective pressure 3) specific power output 4) Specific weight etc. The engine performance can be obtained by running the engine at constant speed for variable load by adjusting the throttle. In this experiment engine is mechanically loaded and experiment is carried out. The test rig consists of 4S diesel engine connected to rope brake dynamometer with exhaust calorimeter. It has a provision to measure transient pressure, through a cylinder mounted pressure sensor, having a water cooling system, to avoid over of heating pressure sensor. The pressure signal is fed to a computer through an interface unit in the control panel for generating pressure volume (PV) curve to evaluate work done employing a plani meter, subsequently. PROCEDURE: 1. Check the diesel in the diesel tank and keep the lever in neutral position. 2. Ensure the water supply to the pressure sensor, engine cooling head and exhaust calorimeter. 3. Start the engine by operating the decompression lever and cranking the crank shaft. 4. Apply the load on the brake drum by rotating the wheel of the spring balance 5. Allow the fuel to flow through the burette. 6. Note down the a. Time taken for 10 cc of fuel consumption. b. The load on the engine c. Monometer reading d. Speed of the engine e. Temperature of inlet air and exhaust gas f. Water meter of the exhaust calorimeter. 7. Repeat the experiment for different loads 8. Tabulate the readings and calculate the brake power, indicated power, heat input, air-fuel ratio, specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, mechanical efficiency. 9. Plot the graph Qin V/S BP, mf V/S BP, SFC V/S BP , ith V/S BP, bth V/S BP 10. To obtain the PV diagram, a) Turn on the computer, open the interfacing software. b) Take PV diagram and P diagrams individually. c) Take the print out after taking the soft data on a pen drive, if needed.

SPECIFICATION OF THE ENGINE: Make: Kirloskar Rated power output: 5HP, 1500rpm Bore: 80mm Stroke: 110mm Compression ratio: 16.5:1 Cylinder capacity: 553 cc OBSERVATION: Radius of the brake drum: 190mm Diameter of the orifice: 15 mm Calorific value of diesel: 43000KJ/Kg Density of Diesel: 850Kg/m3 Diameter of the rope: ___________ Orifice meter constant: 0.62 Water meter reading: __________ TABULAR COLUMN:

Sl noEngineSpeedrpmSpring BalanceReading in kgf(F)Time taken for 10cc of fuel supply(t)Manometer reading(hm)Temperature readings

F1F2F1-F2h 1h2hmT1T2T3T4T5T6

1

2

3

4

5

Air inlet temperature (T1)Engine cooling head water inlet temperature (T2) Engine cooling head water outlet temperature (T3) Calorimeter water outlet temperature (T4) Exhaust gas inlet Temperature (T5) Exhaust gas outlet temperature (T6) FORMULAE USED:

RESULT SHEET:

Heat Balance Sheet:1.Heat input = mf *Cv KW2. Heat equivalent of BP= BP in KW3.Heat carried by the cooling water =mw Cpw (T3-T2) KWWhere mw mass flow rate in kg/s Cpw = 4.18 kJ/kg.KT3, T2 are outlet and inlet temperature of water4. Heat carried by the cooling water =mg Cg(T6-T1) KWWhere m mass flow rate in kg/s ma + mf Cg = 1.005 kJ/kg.KT6 ,T1 are exhaust gas and room temperature 5. heat lost by FP = FP in KWHeat Balance SheetHeat inputKW% Heat outputKW%

1.Fuel combustion2.Heat equivalent of BP3.Heat carried by the cooling water4. Heat carried by the cooling water5. heat lost by FP6.Heat unaccounted 1-(2+3+4+5)

Total inputTotal output

CONCLUSION: 1) Performance of 4 stroke, single cylinder diesel engine was carried out. 2) Heat balance sheet for the engine worked out with unaccounted heat loss. 3) Performance plots were drawn.

Experiment 9 and 10MULTI CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE TEST RIG(MORSE TEST)

FOUR STROKE, FOUR CYLINDER ENGINE COUPLED TO EDDY CURRENT DYNAMOMETER

AIM: To Conduct Performance Test, Morse Test & to draw heat balance on given multi cylinder engine to find the overall efficiency of the engine. INTRODUCTION: The engine is four stroke, Four cylinder, water cooled, petrol driven automobile Engine coupled to an eddy current dynamometer mounted on a strong base, and is complete with air, fuel, temperature, load, and speed measurement system. DESCRIPTION: The test rig comprises of the following: 1. Four stroke, Engine coupled to Eddy current Dynamometer, with the arrangement to cutoff the cylinder 2. Measurement and control panel 3. Temperature Sensors.

PROCEDURE: 1. Install the Engine test rig near a 230V 5A 50Hz electrical power source and an un interrupted constant head water source. 2. Check all electrical connections, water level in manometer, and oil level in engine sump. 3. Ensure water flow into the engine jacket & exhaust gas calorimeter 4. Open both the valves of 3 way Manifold, make fuel flow to engine directly 5. Start the engine with self start key, Throttle the engine to the rated speed (2000 rpm). 6. Now take readings of manometer, temperature, Fuel consumption against time. 7. Load the engine in steps of 2Kgf up to 10Kgf (full load) keeping the speed constant by operating the throttle knob (accelerator) suitably to maintain the speed at 2000 rpm. 8. Record the following readings at each step. a) Manometer difference b) Time taken in Sec for 10cc fuel consumption by closing valve on your right hand side of the burette (line coming from fuel tank to burette) so that the fuel is drawn from burette. c) Load at each step as indicated on the Dial spring balance d) Speed of the engine in rpm e) Temperatures at different location ( T1 to T6) 9. Plot the graph Qin V/S BP, mf V/S BP, SFC V/S BP , ith V/S BP, bth V/S BP SPECIFICATION: ENGINE: Type : Four stroke, vertical, in line, water cooled, Petrol Engine Cylinders : Four Starting : Self Ignition : Spark DYNAMOMETER Make : Powermag Type : Eddy current Brake Display : Spring balance (Dial type) 25 kg capacity Manometer : U tube, water filled, 30 cm Air Tank : Made from MS, 400 x 400 x 400 cm Orifice : Circular, 20 mm dia Temperature Sensor : CrAl speed Sensor : Magnetic pickup, located on the coupling shaft.

OBSERVATION: Water density, w : 1000 kg/m3 Calorific value of petrol, CV : 47,500 Kj/kg Acceleration due to gravity, g : 9.81 m/sec 2 Petrol density, p : 750 Kg/m3 Torque arm length (R) : 250mm Efficiency of dynamometer (d) : 85% Atmospheric pressure, pa : 1.01325 Bar = 1.01325x105 N/m2 Real gas constant, R : 287 J/KgoK Cylinder head cooling water flow rate = _____________liters/min Exhaust gas calorimeter cooling water flow rate = __________ liters/min

TABULAR COLUMN:

T1 - Water inlet, T2 - Water jacket outlet, T3 Calorimeter water outlet T4 - Exhaust gas inlet to calorimeter, T5 Exhaust gas outlet from calorimeter T6 Air inlet temperature

MORSE TEST

PROCEDURE: 1. Start the engine with the water flow into the engine jacket. 2. Load the engine to its full load (5 Kgf ) at rated rpm. (2000 rpm) 3. Cut off first cylinder, the engine speed drops, bring the engine speed to its rated speed by decreasing the load on the engine (Do not operate the throttle knob). 4. Record the load as indicated on the load indicator. (Dial spring balance) 5. Cut off Second cylinder, while replacing the first cylinder back into working Condition simultaneously (as the engine is a Four cylinder engine, ensure always three cylinders are in working condition) 6. Record the load on the engine, adjust the speed if deviated from the previous cut off. by adjusting the load only 7. Cut off the third cylinder while replacing the second one in to working Condition, follow step 6. 8. Similarly cut off the fourth cylinder while replacing the third cylinder into working condition, follow step 6.

TABULAR COLUMN FOR MORSE TEST

CALCULATIONS:

3)IP of ith cylinder,IPi = BPT-Bpi where i=1,2,3,44) Total IP,IP=(IP1+IP2+IP3+IP4)5)FP=IPT-BPT6) mech = BP/IP

RESULT SHEET:

HEAT BALANCE SHEET:

CONCLUSION: 1) Performance of 4 stroke, four cylinder petrol engine was carried out and evaluated IP, FP and overall efficiency. 2) Heat balance sheet for the engine worked out with unaccounted heat loss. 3) Performance plots were drawn. 4) Morse test was conducted to find overall efficiency of the engine.

EXPERIMENT 11 CALIBRATION OF VENTURIMETERAIMTo find out the co-efficient of Discharge of a VenturimeterAPPARATUS1. Venturimeter of different diameters2. Stopwatch3. Measuring tank4. Differential Mercury ManometerTHEORYVenturimeter is an instrument for measuring the quantity of fluid flowing through a pipe. The meter, in its simplest form consists of a short converging section leading to a throat and followed by a diverging section. The entrance and the exit diameter will be the same as that of the pipeline to wish it is fitted. The function of the converging portion is to increase the velocity of the liquid and lower its static pressure .A pressure difference between inlet and throat is thus developed, which pressure difference is correlated with the flow rate. An U- Tube manometer is connected to the tapping that are provided at the entrance and at the throat to measure the pressure difference. the diverging cone or diffuser serves to change the area of the stream back to the entrance area and to convert the velocity pressure back into static pressure The co efficient of discharge Cd lies between 0.96 to 0.98 .The cd will not be truly a constant for all velocities, but the variation is sight .The Venturimeter is not accurate for low velocities on account of the variation of Cd Shown in fig

PROCEDURE1. Open the inlet valve, fully. Connect the hosepipes of the differential manometer to the inlet and Throat of the Venturimeter.2. Open the discharge control valve of the pipe by one revolutionfor this discharge note down the difference in mercury levels of differential manometer in cm of mercury3. Find out the time in seconds required to increase level of water in the measuring tank by 10 cms.4. Repeat the experiment for second and third rotations of the discharge control valve5. Repeat the experiment for different size pipe diameter6. Tabulate the readings and calculate the co efficient of discharge

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONl = length of the measuring tank = 100 cm = 1 m b = Breadth of the measuring tank = 50 cm = 0.5 mh = 10 cm rise of water level in measuring tank in t secondsd1 = Diameter of the pipe (m) = 1 = 0.0254 md2 = Diameter of the throat (m) = 0.6 d1 = 0.6*0.0254 mA1 = d12 / 4 m2A2 = d22 / 4 m2Co efficient of discharge Cd = 0.92 to 0.98Specific gravity of mercury = 13.6Qtheoretical = [A1*A2* (2gH) ] / [ A12- A22 ]1/2 m3/secQ actual = [(l*b*h ) / t ] m3/sec

Sl.NoDiameter of pipeRotation for discharge control valveManometer reading in cm of mercuryManometer head,Hf =(h * Sp.Gravit of Mercury 1)]* 10-2 mTime taken for rise of 10 cms of water t sec

h1 cmh2 cmH=(h1-h2) cm

11inch1R

22R

33R

12inch1R

22R

33R

13 inch1R

22R

33R

RESULTThus the Co- efficient of discharge is tabulated

Sl.No. Qact m3/sec

Qtheoreticalm3/sec

Log HLog Q actCd m3/sec

EXPERIMENT 12DETERMINATION OF CO-EFFICIENT OF FRICTION OF FLOW IN A PIPE [DARCYS FRICTION FACTOR]AIMTo find the Co-efficient of friction for the Flow of water through pipes.APPARATUS1. Pipes of different diameter2. Stopwatch3. Differential manometerTHEORYA closed conduit of any cross-section used for flow of liquid is known as a pipe. In hydraulics, generally, pipes are assumed to be running full and of circular cross-section. Liquids flowing through pipes are connected with resistance resulting in loss of head of energy of liquids. This resistance is of two types depending upon the velocity of flow as viscous resistance and frictional resistance.The viscous resistance is due to the molecular attraction between the molecules of the fluid. At low velocities, the fluid appears to move in layers or lamina, and hence the nature of this flow is termed laminar flow or streamline. If the velocity of the liquid is steadily increased, at certain velocity termed the lower critical velocity the parallel bends of liquid will become wavy .On further increasing the velocity these instabilities will increase in intensity until a velocity corresponding to the upper critical velocity is termed transition zone. For all further increase in velocity of flow the streamline remains in diffused state and the nature of this type of flow is termed as turbulent. In this case the flow is restricted by the friction between the liquid and the pipe inner surface which is known as friction resistance refer figure

PROCEDURE1. Open the inlet valve fully2. Connect the two end hoses of the differential manometer to the two ends of the pipe 0.3 meter apart of the selected diameter pipe3. Open the discharge control valve of the pipe by one revolution,note down the difference in mercury level of the differential manometer4. Note the time in seconds required to raise the level of water in the measuring tank by 10 cm.5. Repeat the experiments for various openings of discharge control valve. Tabulate the readings and calculate the co efficient of friction for various discharges.

Pump mpmpOBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONl = length of the tank = 60 cm = 0.6 mB = Breadth of the tank =50 cm=0.5 mH =Increase of water level in measuring tank by 10 cm in t secondsSpecific gravity of mercury = 13.6 (Density of mercury/ density of water)f = Co efficient of frictionL = Length of the pipe in meterV = Velocity of water flowing through piped = diameter of pipe in meterA = area of cross section of pipe d2 / 4 m2 g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2TABULATION

Sl.NoDiameter of pipeRotation fo discharge control valveManometer reading in cm of mercuryManometer head,Hf =(h * Sp.Gravit of Mercury 1)]*10-2 mTime taken for rise of 10 cms of water t sec

h1 cmh2 cm H =(h1 -h2) cm

1I inch1R

22R

33R

1I inch1R

22R

33R

12 inch1R

22R

33R

Manometer Head hf = [ h*(Specific gravity of mercury 1) ] *10-2 mCo- efficient of friction from Darcey-Weisbach equation is given byFriction head hf = 4flv2 / 2gdActual Velocity of water flowing through pipe Vact = Qact / A m/sGRAPH 1. hf vs Vact2. f vs Qact

RESULTThus the Darces Weisbagh Coefficient of friction is tabulated in table of calculated values

Tabulation of calculated valuesSl.No.Qactual = (l*b*h) / tm3 / secVact = Qact/A m/secCoefficient of friction f = hf2gd /4flv2( Darcys friction factor)

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

PRECAUTIONS1. Ensure that there is no air bubbles in the manometer2. Keep [the time for discharge measurement sufficiently large capacity for low flows3. Use a sensitive manometer4. Ensure that there is no leakage from any pipe fittings

EXPERIMENT 13PERFORMANCE TESTING OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPAIM Determination of the Main & Operating Characteristics of a Single Stage Centrifugal Pump, by drawing ISO-efficiency Curves.APPARATUS1. Centrifugal pump with an Electric motor drive (constant speed)2. Pipe work system with all the necessary control values.3. Vacuum & Pressure gauge on pump at suction & discharge connections.4. Stop watch5. An energy meter to measure the input power to the motorTHEORYA pump is a device to convert mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. The centrifugal pump is a roto dynamic machine, which increases the pressure energy of a liquid with the help of centrifugal action. In this type of pump the liquid is imparted a whirling motion due to the rotation of the impeller which creates a centrifugal head or dynamic pressure. This pressure head enables the lifting of liquid from a lower level to a higher level (Refer Figure.). The main parts of a centrifugal pump are:1. Suction Pipe: It is the pipe, which connects the sump from where the liquid is to be pumped to the inlet of the pump impeller. At the lower end of the suction pipe a foot value or no return value and a strainer are provided which are always kept immersed in the liquid in the sump. The strainer prevents the floating debris from entering the pump, while the foot value prevents the liquid from flowing back into the pump.

2. Delivery Pipe: It is the pipe connecting the outlet of the pump casing to the point where the liquid is to be delivered. It is provided with a regulating value to control the flow of liquid to be delivered by the pump.3. Casting: It is an airtight passage provided around the impeller in order to collect liquid from the periphery of the impeller and to transmit it to the delivery pipe at a constant velocity. The casing may be of various types but in all of them the liquid is made to flow through a passage of gradually increasing cross-sectional area in order to maintain a constant velocity throughout and also to convert to high kinetic energy into pressure energy.4. Impeller: It is in the form of a wheel having a series of curved vanes arranged evenly along the periphery, in the annular space between two discs. The impeller has a central opening to which the upper end of the suction pipe is connected. The impeller is mounted on a shaft, which is rotated by an electric motor connected to it. Before starting the pump it is primed (the suction pipe, casing of the pump and the position of the delivery pipe up to the delivery value all are filled with the liquid to be pumped). As the impeller is rotated, it created a forced vortex imparting a centrifugal head to the liquid. This causes the liquid to leave the impeller at its outer circumference with high velocity and pressure, thus causing a partial vacuum at the eye of the impeller. This vacuum sucks liquid from the sump through the suction pipe to replace the liquid discharged from the impeller

SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

PROCEDUREThe performance of the pump is studied underConstant speed (main characteristic curves) andConstant head (operating characteristic curves)

Constant speed operation1. The pump is primed2. Delivery valve is kept opened3. The belt is adjusted to obtain a particular speed for the pump. Note the speed in rpm4. The pump is started by switching on the motor5. Adjust the delivery control valve to get required delivery head6. Suction pressure P1 (mm of hg) and delivery pressure p2 kg/ cm2 are noted 7. Time taken for 10 revolutions of the disc of the energy meter T sec is noted 8. Time t sec for 10 cm rise of water in the measuring tank is noted

Operating the delivery control valve varies the head. Note P1 , P2 ,T and t in each case:- The speed is then varied to a new value by new pair of pulleys, and experiment is repeated for different speeds

OBSERVATIONSpeed of the centrifugal pump N = 1400 rpm constantEnergy meter constant C = 150 Rev / KWhMotor efficiency motor = 75 %Transmission efficiency trans =60%Difference in height between the suction pressure gauge and delivery pressure gauge,z =0.75 mArea of the collecting tank A =1.44*0.94 m2Scale 2 div = 0.2 *10 mThe Specific speed, Ns, of the centrifugal pump is calculated from Specific speed Ns = [N ( Qact ) ]/ H3/4Efficiency of the pumpInput power = ( K/T)* (3600/C)* motor efficiency*transmission efficiency*1000 (Watts)

Output power = W Qact H = 1000 * 9.81 * Qact * H (watts)Efficiency = (Output / input) * 100GRAPHThe performance of the pump at constant speed may be represented by the following 3 relationships1. Total head H against Discharge Q2. Output power against discharge Q3. Efficiency against discharge QThese relationships plotted in the graph forms are known as the operating characteristic curves.The main characteristic curves are obtained by the following relationships obtained by keeping the head constant1. Total head H against speed N2. Discharge Q against speed N3. Power P against speed NThe ISO efficiency curves are obtained from the operating characteristics by using the following relationships1. Total head H versus discharge Q2. Efficiency versus discharge QPRECAUTIONS1. Prime the pump to remove the air completely before starting the pump2. After each change in the valve-opening let the flow stabilize before taking readings

EXPERIMENT 14 PERFORMANCE TESTING OF RECIPROCATING PUMP[SINGLE STAGE DOUBLE ACTING PLUNGER PUMP]AIMTo study the performance of a single stage Double acting Reciprocating pump & to draw the characteristic curveAPPARATUS1. Reciprocating pump with an electric motor drive.2. Pipe work system with all necessary control valves3. Vacuum and pressure gauge on pump suction and discharge Connection4. Measuring tank5. Stop Watch6. Voltmeter and AmmeterTHEORYThe reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump. In this type of pump the pressure is increased by the displacement of liquid from a chamber or a cylinder due to the reciprocating motion of a tight fitting piston. This to and fro motion of the piston creates alternatively a vacuum pressure of a positive pressure in the cylinder due to which, Water is first sucked in and then forced up. The reciprocating motion is imparted to the piston by means of crank and connecting rod arrangement. The cylinder has suction and delivery pipe connected to it .The suction pipe connects the cylinder, to a sump from which the liquid is to delivered. Both the pipes are provided with no return valves at their ends

The crank of the pump is rotated at a uniform speed by the driving motor, which in turn moves the piston backwards and forwards. As the piston moves backward (suction stroke), vacuum is created inside the cylinder which lifts the suction valve allowing the liquid from sump to enter the cylinder under the action of atmospheric pressure .On the return stroke as the piston moves forward, it increase the pressure of water in the cylinder which, closes the suction valve and simultaneously lifts the delivery valve allowing the water to flow out into the delivery pipe Refer

PROCEDUREThe performance of the plunger pump is studied undera) Constant speed (Operating characteristic curves)b) Constant head (Main characteristic curves)figa) Constant speed operation

1. The required speed is selected by adjusting the belt on the appropriate pulley2. Discharge control valve of the delivery pipe is opened fully3. Motor is started4. Adjust the discharge control valve to get the required delivery head indicated by the delivery pressure gauge5. The following readings are taken-Speed of the pump, N rpm-Delivery pressure head, hd kg / cm3-Suction pressure head, hs kg/cm3-Time t seconds for 10 cm rise of water in the measuring tank-Note the time T seconds required for K revolution of energy meter disc (say 10 revolutions).-The height difference in mountings of the suction and delivery pressure gauge, Z m At different constant speed, different sets of readings are taken for various delivery heads discharge and energy meter revolution by manipulating discharge control valveb) Constant head operationKeeping the delivery head constant, vary the speed by changing belt position on the pully, for each of this speed, the following readings are taken-Speed of the pump, N rpm-Delivery pressure head, hd kg / cm3-Suction pressure head, hs kg/cm3-Timet seconds for 10 cm rise of water in the measuring tank-Note the time T seconds required for K revolution of energy meter disc (say 10 revolutions).-At different constant delivery head hd, different sets of readings are taken by varying the speed of the motor

OBSERVATIONDimension of the collecting tankLength = 26.5 cm = 0.265 mBreadth = 26.5 cm = 0.265 mHeight = 10 cm =0.1 mZ = 0.065 mDimension of the cylinder &pistonDiameter of the piston D= 32 mmArea of the piston A = (/4 )D2 =8.042 * 10-4m2Stroke length, L = 32 mm = 0.032 m

Sl.no.Delivery head hdP1 *10 meterSuction headhs = p2 *10 meterTotal headH = [ hs+hd+z] meterTime t sec for 10 cm water riseQact m3 / secQtheoretical m3/ secTime for 10 revolutions of energy meter disc T sec

1

2

3

CALCULATIONInput power = (k/T) * (3600 /C) * Motor efficiency * Transmission efficiency(K = 10 in the present experiment)T = Tome taken for 10 rev of energy meter disc in secC = Energy meter constant, KW h = 800 revolutions /kwhTake motor efficiency =80% =0.8Transmission efficiency =86% =0.86Output power (p) = (w * Qact *H) WattsW= weight density (specific wt.) = *9.81 N/m3Qact = actual discharge = ( l*b*h) / t m3 /secH = total head (hs+hd+z) m = (output / input)*100% slip = ( [Qtheoritical - Qactual ] / Qtheoretical ) *100Qtheoretical = 2LAN / 60 m3 /sec

Speed of pump N(Rpm)(Constant)Input power of pump Watts (K/CT) *1000*3600Output power of pump

Watts

Efficiency

% of Slip% of volumetric efficiency(100 - % slip)

GRAPHThe performance curves are plotted as follows

Main characteristic Curves (Head constant Curves)

1. Qact versus Speed2. Total head Versus Speed3. Output power Versus Speed

Operating characteristics curves (speed control curves)

1. Total head versus discharge2. Output power versus discharge3. Efficiency versus discharge

ISO efficiency Curves

These are drawn from operating characteristic curves using the following curves1. Head versus discharge2. Efficiency versus discharge

PRECAUTIONS1. Do not run the pump with the delivery valve completely closed2. After each, change in the valve opening let the flow stabilize before taking readings

1

47