copy of ethics and values4

8/8/2019 Copy of Ethics and Values4

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ETHICS AND VALUESETHICS AND VALUES


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Topics to be coveredTopics to be covered

What are ethical theories?What are ethical theories?

What are the uses of ethical theories?What are the uses of ethical theories?

What are the different ethical theories?What are the different ethical theories?


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What are Ethical theories?What are Ethical theories?

GuidelinesGuidelines

MethodologyMethodology

ProcessProcess

for solving moral problems.for solving moral problems.


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What are the uses of ethicalWhat are the uses of ethical

th

eories?th

eories? Understanding and resolving moral dilemmasUnderstanding and resolving moral dilemmas

Justifying professional obligations and idealsJustifying professional obligations and ideals

Expressing and justifying professionalExpressing and justifying professional

moralitymorality


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What are the different ethicalWhat are the different ethical

th

eories?th

eories?

Virtue ethics theoryVirtue ethics theory

Utilitarianism theoryUtilitarianism theory

Duty ethics theoryDuty ethics theory

Right ethics theoryRight ethics theory


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What are virtues?What are virtues?

Trait or characterTrait or character

Moral excellence and righteousnessMoral excellence and righteousness

The quality or state of being morally soundThe quality or state of being morally sound


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Virtue ethics theoryVirtue ethics theory

Regards actions as right or wrong based on theRegards actions as right or wrong based on the

character traitscharacter traits

Two theories of virtue ethicsTwo theories of virtue ethics

Aristotles theory of the Golden MeanAristotles theory of the Golden Mean

Maclntyres theory of virtueMaclntyres theory of virtue


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Aristotles theory of the GoldenAristotles theory of the Golden

Mea

nMea

n

Virtues are tendencies to find the GoldenVirtues are tendencies to find the Golden

Mean between of excess and deficiency.Mean between of excess and deficiency.


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Maclntyres theory of virtueMaclntyres theory of virtue

Virtues are always related to social practicesVirtues are always related to social practices

Cooperative activities that are aimed atCooperative activities that are aimed at

achieving public goods.achieving public goods.


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ResponsibilityResponsibility

enses of responsibilitySenses of responsibility

Moral valueMoral value

Moral obligationMoral obligation

Moral capacityMoral capacity

Moral accountability and liabilityMoral accountability and liability

Praiseworthiness and blameworthinessPraiseworthiness and blameworthiness


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Professional responsibilityProfessional responsibility

It is the most basic professional virtueIt is the most basic professional virtue

Means morally responsible as a professionalMeans morally responsible as a professional

Professional responsibility may require manyProfessional responsibility may require manyspecific virtuesspecific virtues

SelfSelf--directed virtuesdirected virtues

PublicPublic--directed virtuesdirected virtues

TeamTeam--work virtueswork virtues

Proficiency virtuesProficiency virtues


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SelfSelf--directed virtuesdirected virtues

These are the virtues for applying moralThese are the virtues for applying moral

autonomy and responsibilityautonomy and responsibility

Focus on Understanding and cognitionFocus on Understanding and cognition

Focus on commitment and understanding theFocus on commitment and understanding the

actionsactions

SelfSelf--understandingunderstanding

CourageCourage

SelfSelf--disciplinediscipline


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PublicPublic--directed virtuesdirected virtues

Focused for the benefit of the society.Focused for the benefit of the society.

For the need for the societyFor the need for the society

JusticeJustice

GenerosityGenerosity

Social welfareSocial welfare


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TeamTeam--work virtueswork virtues

To perform successfully in a teamTo perform successfully in a team

CooperationCooperation

LoyaltyLoyalty

RespectRespect


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Proficiency virtuesProficiency virtues

Intellectual virtueIntellectual virtue

To get mastery over the professionTo get mastery over the profession

CreativityCreativity

CompetencyCompetency


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Theories ofRight ActionTheories ofRight Action

Theory ofUtilitarianismTheory ofUtilitarianism

Utilitarianism seeks to produce the most utilityUtilitarianism seeks to produce the most utility

Utility

Utility balance between good and bad consequencesbalance between good and bad consequences

Utilitarianism holds that those actions are right thatUtilitarianism holds that those actions are right that

produce good for most of the peopleproduce good for most of the people

Two versionsTwo versions

Act UtilitarianismAct Utilitarianism

Rule UtilitarianismRule Utilitarianism


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Act UtilitarianismAct Utilitarianism

Developed by John Stuart Mill (1806Developed by John Stuart Mill (1806--1873)1873)

Focuses on individual actions rather thanFocuses on individual actions rather than

general rulesgeneral rules

Actions to be judged based on whether theActions to be judged based on whether the

greatest good was achieved.greatest good was achieved.


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Rule UtilitarianismRule Utilitarianism

Proposed by Richard BrandtProposed by Richard Brandt

Focuses on moral rules than the humanFocuses on moral rules than the human

actions.actions.

Sticking to moral rules will ultimately guide toSticking to moral rules will ultimately guide to

the most good.the most good.


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LimitationsLimitations

Difficult to find the thing good for everyoneDifficult to find the thing good for everyone

Implementation requires to find the good forImplementation requires to find the good for

most of the peoplemost of the people

Individual interests and needs are ignored.Individual interests and needs are ignored.


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Theory of Duty EthicsTheory of Duty Ethics

Theory of Respect for Persons.Theory of Respect for Persons.

Contends that there are moral duties thatContends that there are moral duties that

should be performed regardless of whethershould be performed regardless of whetherthese acts lead to the most good.these acts lead to the most good.


Kants theory of duty ethicsKants theory of duty ethics

John Rawlss modern theory of duty ethicsJohn Rawlss modern theory of duty ethics


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Kants theory of duty ethicsKants theory of duty ethics

Proposed by Immanuel KantProposed by Immanuel Kant

Moral duties are important than goodMoral duties are important than good

consequences.consequences.

Those actions are right that equally respectThose actions are right that equally respect

each human person as a moral agenteach human person as a moral agent


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John Rawlss modern theory of dutyJohn Rawlss modern theory of duty

ethicsethics

Proposed by John RawlssProposed by John Rawlss

Valid principles are agreed dutiesValid principles are agreed duties

Placing person in imaginary situation helpsPlacing person in imaginary situation helps

him to easily understand the real problems.him to easily understand the real problems.


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Theory ofRight EthicsTheory ofRight Ethics

Theory of Human Rights EthicsTheory of Human Rights Ethics

Holds that those actions are good that respectHolds that those actions are good that respect

the rights of the individual.the rights of the individual. Holds that people have fundamental rights thatHolds that people have fundamental rights that

other people have a duty to respect.other people have a duty to respect.


Lockes version of rights ethicsLockes version of rights ethics

Meldons version of right ethicsMeldons version of right ethics


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Lockes version of rights ethicsLockes version of rights ethics

Proposed by John LockeProposed by John Locke

Holds that human have human rights to life,Holds that human have human rights to life,

liberty and the property generated by onesliberty and the property generated by ones

labor.labor.

The theory claims that prevent other peopleThe theory claims that prevent other people

from interfering in ones life.from interfering in ones life.


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Meldens version of right EthicsMeldens version of right Ethics

Proposed by A.I MeldenProposed by A.I Melden

Human rights are related to the communities ofHuman rights are related to the communities of

people.people.

Concern for people and accountable within aConcern for people and accountable within a

moral community.moral community.


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Similarities of Duty Ethics AndSimilarities of Duty Ethics And

Right EthicsRight Ethics

Both focus on the same resultBoth focus on the same result

Duty ethicsDuty ethics people have duties , and primarypeople have duties , and primary

one is to protect the right of othersone is to protect the right of others

Right ethicsRight ethics people have fundamental rightspeople have fundamental rightsand others have the duties to protect.and others have the duties to protect.


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LimitationsLimitations

Difficult to prioritize the rights of individualsDifficult to prioritize the rights of individuals

or groupsor groups

Both the theories concern more for individualBoth the theories concern more for individual

and sometimes the overall good of society isand sometimes the overall good of society is

not given importance.not given importance.


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ApplicationApplication

Any one depending upon the situationAny one depending upon the situation

Analyze the condition from all the perspectivesAnalyze the condition from all the perspectives

The result may be same for all theoriesThe result may be same for all theories

If contradicting a balanced solution may beIf contradicting a balanced solution may be

taken.taken.

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