copy of copy of sindhi and muhajir conflict in pakistan by angel colon on prezi

8/12/2019 Copy of Copy of Sindhi and Muhajir Conflict in Pakistan by Angel Colon on Prezi

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Transcript of Copy of Copy of Sindhi and Muhajir Conflict in Pakistan

To Do:

-"Takeover" of Sindhi politics by Muhajir

-Muhajir government representation

-Establishment of Urdu as national language (Muhajir language)

-Beginning of conflict-East Pakistan riots (Biharis, who are closely related to muhajirs)

-MQM and Sindhi nationalist parties

Background Sindh Province Enlarged map of Sindh Muhajir or Mohajir means immigrant in Arabic and refugee

in Urdu Muhajir Background Muhajir are Urdu-speaking Muslim immigrants from India that migrated to the new

Muslim state of Pakistan.

Came to Sindh as largely middle-class and educated group

Sindhi Background

Appeal for Peace by MQM Founder Altaf Hussain Migration into Sindh Karachi Hyderabad Mirphur Khas

Sukkar 815,000 Urdu-Speaking Muslims (7:50-10:46) Muhajir Genocide English Translation: United National

Movement

Liberal political party of Pakistan

MQM: Muttahida Qaumi Movement The Muhajir Quami Movement (MQM) was a political party created in

1984 to represent the Muhajir community

Establishment of the government's quota system enraged the Muhajir community so they called for this group to

represent their interests in education, business, and government

How MQM Came About Obtained immense political power through violence

Second largest party in Sindh and third largest in the country


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Influence on Pakistan Attempts to Mitigate Conflict Pakistan's People Party and Sindhi Nationalism The

establishment of the predominantly Sindhi-speaking socialist Pakistan's People Party in 1968 gave a platform for

the poor Sindhi to voice their grievances on a national stage

1992 to 1999: Pakistan Army's Operation Clean-up

MQM was accused of being anti-Pakistani, planning a separatist breakaway state, and being behind criminal

activity that killed thousands of Urdu-speaking civilians dead.

The government's claims it attempted to end terrorism in Karachi but the MQM perceived this operation as an

attempt to wipe out the party altogether due to its major power and political influence.

Result = Political violence. MQM organized protests and strikes against general elections and such.

Violence rises among MQM, MQM factions, and Sindhi nationalist groups resulting in the deaths of thousands in

Karachi. MQM Conflicts Reformation of Federal System Two proposed reforms

in the 1980's by President Zia aimed at creating administrative units out of the provinces

One proposal would have split Sindh into Sindhi and Muhajir areas

Policy Question How do we reconcile political discrimination that leads to ethnic conflict between the Muhajir

and Sindhi ethnies in Pakistan? Background Muhajir :%E2%80%8E Reasons for immigration Muhajir Integration and the Beginning of Ethnic Tensions Establishment of Urdu as national language

Rise of Political Representation At first, Muhajir peoples showed little interest in developing ethnic nationalist

front

Then policies of Prime Minister Ali Bhutto expanded economic and educational opportunities for the poorer

Sindhi peoples, threatening the position of urban Muhajirs

Rise of Muhajir Ethnic Nationalism The Pakistan Movement and the Independence/Partition of India in 1947

Muhajir Migration Two Nation Theory %E2%80%8E Background Politics and their leader... Atlaf Hussain The Boiling Point Warning

Graphic Video Ahead Sindhi people feel threatened by influx of immigrants into their homeland Sindhi Concerns

Sudden ascension of Muhajirs into high government positions as well as economic prosperity creating worries

they will be outclassed and pushed out of their homeland Sindh's Urban and Rural Divide Sindh Theoretical

Analysis and Policy Prescription Constructivist Even with same religion, conflict erupts: why?

Importance of Language

Territorial Considerations Instrumentalist Creation of Political Parties "representing" the interests of ethnic groups

Policy #1 Implement Ethnofederal system similar to Russia; decentralized administration but represented by

"Pakistan" in foreign affairs


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Split up Sindh into mini-provinces by ethnicity Pros Cons -Rural/urban economic divide

-Does not resolve differences between the groups

-More political power lies in cities

-Allows ethnic groups to govern according to their interests

-Destroys legitimacy of terrorists cells claiming to fight for their ethnic group Policy #2 Bring together PPP and

MQM for peace talks to create agreements for improved education and cultural exchange between the two

ethnic groups in order to build trust and understanding between the Muhajirs and Sindhis. Pros Cons -Long term

tactic

-Attatchment to political parties

-Ends instrumentalist tactics by political parties -Promotes long-term peace between groups Alyssa Pack

Fadesola Ojeikere

Andrew Pelizzaro Language Riots Sindhi intellectuals at Sindh University propose making Sindh the official

language of the province. The bill is drawn up by Sindh legislators. Ayub Khan One Unit System

Economic development in Karachi Jinnah Bhutto's Reforms Nationalization Education Bureaucracy Quotas

Although Muhajir make up only 8% of the population in Pakistan, they held 33.5% of governmental positions by1973

Higher education level + policies favorable to the Muhajir

=

the rise of Muhajir elites into Sindhi politics Language: Sindh

Original native people of Sindh province PPP and MQM use groups to seize power Sindhi & Urdu Languages

Source: Gallup Pakistan poll from April 2011 by the Pakistani affiliate of Gallup International Association What

do you primarily indentify yourself as? Sindhi's speak Sindh Muhajir's speak Urdu Primary identities in Pakistan

Indo-Aryan language A type of Hindi-Urdu