copeland highway project. study area > purcell mountains > 16 miles of highway 95 > 300 km...
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COPELAND HIGHWAY PROJECT
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STUDY AREA
> Purcell Mountains> 16 miles of Highway 95> 300 km2 > Pacific maritime climate> Elevations range from 540 to 1950 m> Forested with active timber management> Huckleberries and buffaloberries
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STUDY AREA
> 3 underpasscrossing structures
2004
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3 Objectives
Has highway been a genetic barrier (from B.O.)?
Is highway a movement barrier (from B.O.)?
Are animals using the underpasses?
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Has Highway been a Genetic Barrier?
• DNA from 197 different bears (hair snare and trapping)
• Fst = 0.0119 (very low level of genetic divergence)
• At least 3 migrants per generation.
There is no current evidence that the highway has acted as a genetic barrier.
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Is highway a physical movement barrier?
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RESULTS
Highway as home range boundary
BLACK BEAR SPACE USE
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RESULTS
Female black bear
Home range centeredover Highway
14 Highway crossings
Human Development
BLACK BEAR SPACE USE
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Is Highway a Movement Barrier?
• Almost half of all radio-collared black bears crossed the highway at least once.
• 2 of 3 radio-collared grizzly bears crossed the highway.
• At least 3 migrants per generation (from DNA work).
At current traffic volumes, highway is not a movement barrier.
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Are Animals Using the Underpasses?
• Short Answer: Yes
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Are Animals Using the Underpasses?
Longer Answer Underpass
Species #1 #2 #3 TotalBlack Bear 11 3 14Bobcat 1 2 3Cat 5 5 9 19Coyote 8 14 7 29Dog 1 2 3Elk 12 3 15Hare 45 9 8 62Moose 1 1 2Packrat 1 2 3Racoon 3 5 7 15Skunk 2 1 3Squirrel 3 2 5Swallow 2 5 2 9WT Deer 450 117 30 597
Grand Total 545 167 67 779
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Underpass Use: Time of Day
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Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics
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Liars, Damned Liars, and Scientists
Probability of crossing in relation to habitat variables
Model R2 Delta AIC__________________________________________________
HumDev 0.308 0HumDev CanCov 0.309 1.81HumDev Water 0.308 1.92HumDev CanCov Water 0.309 3.80CanCov 0.054 24.06Water 0.0019 28.15
y = -17.915x - 13.946
R2 = 0.3076-50
-45
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0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Proportion of Human Development
Lo
g P
rob
ab
ilit
y
y = 12.98x + 12.43
R2 = 0.231
0
100
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0 5 10 15 20 25
PDOP
Lo
catio
n E
rro
r (m
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Time of Day
Conclusion: Deer use underpasses most in the morning and evening and less during the day.
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Conclusion: WTD use underpasses less during the day, but not different than expected during other time periods (p<0.00).
Time of Day
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Time of Day
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Time of Day
Problem: Variable sunrise/sunset.
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• Obtained sunrise / sunset tables.• Used “nautical twilight” to define dusk/dawn
– General outlines may be distinguishable but detailed outdoor operations are not possible; horizon indistinct
– sun 120 below horizon; here equals 1 hr 3 min
• Dawn: + 1 hr 3 min of sunrise• Dusk: + 1 hr 3 min of sunset
Time of Day
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Time of Day
Conclusion: Deer use underpasses most at night and least during dawn.
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Time of Day
Observed Expected
Dawn 87 46
Day 127 229
Dusk 133 46
Night 203 229
Chi-square test Compares “Observed” versus “Expected” occurrence. Allocate “Expected” based on length of each time period.
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Time of Day
Conclusion: Dawn and Dusk are used more than expected, Day is used less then expected, and Night is used as expected (p<0.000).
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Beware of Liars, Damned Liars, and Scientists
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...But mostly Scientists.
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