coordination of movement
DESCRIPTION
Coordination of Movement. Aims. Insight in coordination of movement joints muscles motor units Redundancy (“abundancy”) joints muscles motor units. Muscle architecture. Active and passive muscle force varies as a function of muscle length. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Coordination of Movement
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Aims
• Insight in coordination of movement– joints– muscles – motor units
• Redundancy (“abundancy”)– joints– muscles– motor units
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Muscle architecture
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Active and passive muscle force varies as a function of muscle length
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The motor unit consists of the motoneuron, its axon and all the muscle
fibers it innervates
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A single motoneuron innervates many muscle fibers
• PN16040.JPG
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Quantitative relationships between motor neurons and muscle
• Each muscle fiber innervated by a single motor neuron
• Each motor neuron innervates 10 to 500 muscle fibers
• All muscle fibers in a given motor unit contract together- not independently
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Increasing activation frequency elevates force of contraction
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Three types of motor units: Type S; Type FR; Type FF
S=Slow, FR = Fatigue Resistant, FF = Fast Fatiguable
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Motor unit physiology• Twitch and tetanic contraction• Slow and fast twitch motor units: Type S and Type F• Weak and strong motor units• Fatigue resistant (Type FR, Type S) and fatigable
motor units (Type FF)• Type S are weak and slow but fatigue resistant• Type FF are strong and fast but fatigable• Type FR are of intermediate strength, fast and fatigue
resistant
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Tetanic tension is an inverse function of contraction time
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Motor unit activatie
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Types of motor units
• recruitment threshold low-high
• Twitch amplitude: small-large
• Twitch duration: long - short
• no/yes fatigable• red/white muscle
fibers
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Recruitment order occurs in order of contraction strength: the Size Principle
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Recruitment of Motor Neurons in the Cat Medial Gastocnemius Muscle Under Different
Behavioral Conditions
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Summary
• Each muscle contains different types of motor units, that differ in– recruitment threshold– fatigable– twitch duration and amplitude
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Coordination of movement
Redundancy (“abundancy”)
• joints
• muscles
• motor units
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Redundantie van spieren
•Over elk gewricht werken meerdere spieren
•spieren werken over meerdere gewrichten of dragen bij aan meerdere bewegings vrijheidsgraden.
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Motor unit activatie
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Recruitment van motor units
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Recruitment van motor units in biceps
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Recruitment in biceps
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Meerdere groepen motor unit gedrag in
Biceps
Biceps draagt bij aan flexie en supinatie en bezit aparte motor unit populaties, die bij die taken actief zijn.
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Motor units met verschillend gedrag liggen in verschillende
delen van de Biceps
FS
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Innervatie biceps
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Conclusions
• Motor units in 1 spier can reveal a different recruitment pattern due to a different activation.
• The different activation of motor units in a muscle reflect a neuronal component, not differences in mechanical effects.
• Motor units with the same recruitment behaviour are localized in the same muscle part : compartimentalisation.
• Within each group of motor units there are motor units with a low and high recruitment threshold.
• Not muscles, but groups of motor units are the basic elements of motor activation patterns.
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Motor units in m. brachialis
Minder activatie bij supinatie, omdat biceps meer doet bij supinatie !
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Motor Unit gedrag in Triceps
Hoewel triceps een pure extensor spier is, is triceps actief bij supinatie en pronatie om te compenseren voor activiteit van biceps en pronator teres.
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Conclusies
• Motor units in 1 spier can reveal a different recruitment pattern due to a different activation.
• The different activation of motor units in a muscle reflect a neuronal component, not differences in mechanical effects.
• Motor units with the same recruitment behaviour are localized in the same muscle part : compartimentalisation.
• Within each group of motor units there are motor units with a low and high recruitment threshold.
• Not muscles, but groups of motor units are the basic elements of motor activation patterns.
• The activation of a muscle cannot be understood from the anatomy of that single muscle. The anatomy of the complete motor system acting across a joint should be considered.
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Motor-unit gedrag bij reflexen
Reflexen zijn gecoordineerde responsies. Van groot belang bij
• lopen in mul zand
• lopen op ongelijk terrein
• bewegen van objecten met onbekend gewicht.
• “sherry-glass reflex”
Reflex componenten
• short-latency reflex of mono-synaptische reflex.
• Long-loop reflex
• Triggered reactions
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Reflexen Motor Cortex
Reflex latency:
•mono-synaptisch: 25 ms (armspieren), 45 ms (beenspieren)
•long-loop: 55 ms (armspieren), 90 ms (beenspieren).
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Reflex activiteit (triceps)Mono-synaptisch
Long-Loop reflex
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Motor-unit activiteit bij reflexen in triceps
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Conclusies tav reflexen:
• De monosynaptische reflex treedt alleen op bij spierverlengingen
• De “long-latency reflex” treedt ook op bij spieren, die niet in lengte veranderen, maar waarvan de activatie nodig is om een compensatiekracht in de juiste richting te kunnen genereren.
• Mono-synaptische reflex compenseert voor wegvallen van kracht tgv breken van “actine-myosine” filamenten.
• Long-loop reflex zorgt voor gecoordineerde reactie.
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Samenvatting motor-unit gedrag
• Verschillende typen motor units in een spier– lage/hoge drempel.
– verschillende groepen motor units met verschillende activatie.
• Een goed inzicht in de activatie van een spier kan alleen worden verkregen door meten van motor-unit activiteit. Oppervlakte EMG is niet voldoende.
• Inzicht in de rol van motor units bij coordinatie vergt kennis over de anatomie van alle spieren die over een gewricht werken.
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Coordinatie van bewegingen
Redundantie (“abundancy”)
• gewrichten
• spieren
• motor units
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Spieractiviteit voor kracht in verschillende richtingen
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Relatie recruitment drempel-EMG
Opp.EMGMotor unit gedrag
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Recruitment-EMG
Motor Unit gedrag Opp. EMG
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Relatie recruitment-EMG voor arm spieren
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Activatie brachialis bij bewegingen tegen een kracht
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Activatie brachialis bij bewegingen en krachten in verschillende richtingen
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Activatie biceps bij bewegingen en krachten in verschillende richtingen
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Activatie triceps bij bewegingen en krachten in verschillende richtingen
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Mono- en bi-articulaire spieren.
• Mono-articulaire spieren hebben een voorkeursrichting, die niet afhangt van de externe kracht en bewegingsrichting.
• Bi-articulaire spieren hebben geen voorkeursrichting. De activiteit hangt alleen af van externe kracht.
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Verkortingssnelheid is relevant !
Brachialis
(mono-articulair)
Biceps
(bi-articulair)
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Samenvatting
• Mono-articulaire spieren zijn vooral actief in bewegingsrichtingen waarbij de spier maximaal verkort.
• Bi-articulaire spieren hebben geen duidelijke voorkeursrichting.
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Arbeid, geleverd door de arm
r2
r1
T1
T2
F
3
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Voorbeelden van negatieve arbeid
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Voorbeelden van negatieve arbeid
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Voorbeelden van negatieve arbeid
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Man-made voertuig
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Muscle force depends on velocity of lengthening and contraction