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4 Party and Preference in Congressional Decision Making: Roll Call Voting in the House of Representatives, 1889-1999 JOSEPH COOPER AND GARRY YOUNG Recent decades have witnessed a resurgence of interest in the historical analysis of Congress among political scientists. 1 The aim has been to expand understanding of the U.S. Congress and democratic legislatures generally by using historical evidence to perfect and apply theories that enhance our knowledge and explanatory power. Our focus in this chapter is on the role of parties in Congress, and we will use history as a laboratory for improving our understanding of their role and importance. In so doing, we will restrict our analysis to policy outcomes and roll call voting. These limits are necessary to preserve theoretical tractability and to impose boundaries on the length of this chapter. For similar reasons we will focus our analysis on the House of Representatives. However, we will introduce and rely on Senate evidence as well when it is helpful to reinforce our argument or put it in broader perspective. Finally, in bringing historical evidence to bear the period we will deal with is the period from 1889-1999. Our reasons are again both substantive and practical. The adoption of the Reed Rules at the start of the 51st House (1889-91) marks the culmination of institutional development in the 19th century House and provides an appropriate point of demarcation for a historical analysis of House roll call voting. Issues and Approach Our guiding assumptions are that understanding, theory, and measurement of the role of congressional parties are interdependent------that we cannot understand what history has to tell us without theories that provide explanatory power and that theory and measurement are and must be mutually informative. Thus, the fact that we have limited the scope of our inquiry does not mean that its purview is narrow. On the contrary, the theoretical issues we wish to address are pivotal and profound, the related measurement issues are multiple and complex, and the time

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