convergent eevolutionvolution divergent eevolutionvolution€¦ · divergent eevolutionvolution ......

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Key concept: Key concept : Evolution occurs in patterns Evolution occurs in patterns Evolution through natural selection is not random. Natural selection can have direction Natural selection can have direction. The effects of natural selection add up over time. Convergent E Convergent Evolution volution Defined : Describes evolution toward similar traits in unrelated species. Survival advantage to a particular environment. Ex: Tuna (fish) and dolphins (mammals). They are an ltd i li i i i il i t th unrelated species living inasimilar environment, the ocean. Faced similar evolutionary pressures. Divergent Divergent Evolution volution red fox kit fox ancestor Defined : Describes evolution toward different l l l d traits in closely related species. Cause: Different environments

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Page 1: Convergent EEvolutionvolution Divergent EEvolutionvolution€¦ · Divergent EEvolutionvolution ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Patterns in Evolution PowerPoint Updated 2010-2011 Author:

Key concept :Key concept : Evolution occurs in patternsEvolution occurs in patternsy py p pp• Evolution through natural selection is not random.

• Natural selection can have directionNatural selection can have direction.• The effects of natural selection add up over time.

Convergent EConvergent Evolution volution 

Defined: Describes evolution toward similar traits in unrelated species.

• Survival advantage to a particular environment.• Ex: Tuna (fish) and dolphins (mammals).  They are an 

l t d i li i i i il i t thunrelated species living in a similar environment, the ocean.• Faced similar evolutionary pressures.

Divergent Divergent EEvolution volution 

red fox kit fox

ancestor

• Defined: Describes evolution toward different l l l dtraits in closely related species.

– Cause: Different environments

Page 2: Convergent EEvolutionvolution Divergent EEvolutionvolution€¦ · Divergent EEvolutionvolution ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Patterns in Evolution PowerPoint Updated 2010-2011 Author:

CoevolutionCoevolution

• Defined: Two or more species evolve in response to changes in each other– Evolutionary paths become connected– Both species receive benefits from the other as a result of adaptations.

• Ex: Plants and Insects– Plants: provide insects with nectar– Insect: transfers pollen from one plant to another

CoevolutionCoevolution Continued…Continued…

• Coevolution can occur in competitive relationships, sometimes called an evolutionary arms race.– Example: Crab vs. Snail & Bacteria vs. Humans

Evolutionary Arms Race Continued…  Evolutionary Arms Race Continued…  A tibi ti R i tA tibi ti R i tAntibiotic ResistanceAntibiotic Resistance

GoodBad

• Antibiotics: chemicals designed to kill bacteria– Produced by other microorganisms to fight bacteria

• Antibiotic Resistance: Bacteria are adapting to the use of antibioticsAntibiotic Resistance: Bacteria are adapting to the use of antibiotics– Overuse & misuse speeds up the process– Importance: Bacteria infections are becoming harder to treat

Page 3: Convergent EEvolutionvolution Divergent EEvolutionvolution€¦ · Divergent EEvolutionvolution ... Microsoft PowerPoint - Patterns in Evolution PowerPoint Updated 2010-2011 Author:

Species Species CCan an BBecome ecome EExtinct  xtinct  • Defined: The elimination of a species from EarthDefined: The elimination of a species from Earth.

• Background Extinctions:

– Cause: Local changes in environment

Forest fires habitat destruction

• Mass Extinctions:

– Cause: Catastrophic events

– Ice Age, Meteorites– Forest fires, habitat destruction.

– Affects a few species in a small area

– Less severe.

Ice Age, Meteorites

– Destroys many species at global level

– Very severe

R b t h i t– Occur at roughly the same rate as speciation

– Rare but much more intense

– At least 5 mass extinctions in last 600 million years

How Fast Does Evolution Occur?

• No exact time frame• Gradualism: slow & steady change of 1 species into another– Small changes continually build

• Punctuated Equilibrium: Rapid periods of evolution– Due to sudden environment change– Ex: Mammal diversity exploded after dinosaur extinction

• Examples of both models exist

G d liGradualism of the Horseof the Horse

How Fast Does Evolution Occur?d d

• Adaptive radiation: A process of evolution where i li i b f diff

To radiate = to s‐p‐r‐e‐a‐d out

one species can split into a number of different species.

A t l i di ifi i t d d t– Ancestral species diversifies into many descendent species

Descendent species– Descendent speciesusually adapted todifferent (wide range of)different (wide range of)environments