controlpanel...seed bh eddington motivation: supermassive black holes at high z gw150914 : eddington...

25
1 , (Tohoku University)

Upload: others

Post on 09-Aug-2020

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

�� �������������������

1

���, ���� (Tohoku University)

Page 2: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

2

4

6

8

10

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

30 20 15 10 8 7 6

log 1

0 M

BH /

M⊙

cosmic age [Gyr]

redshift

Mini=30 M⊙ at z=30Mini=105 M⊙ at z=20

⋆⋆ ⋆⋆⋆⋆

⋆⋆

⋆⋆⋆

⋆⋆⋆⋆

⋆⋆

⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆ ⋆⋆

⋆⋆⋆⋆

⋆⋆⋆

⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

SMBH with 109 M8 at z ~ 7 (�����8��)

2

where tE� 50 Myr

MBH �MBH

BH

GMBHmp

R2=

�L

4�cR2

L = �Mc2

MBH = (1� �)M

���������������!3

MBH = Mini exp (t/tE)

Massive seed

BH��Eddington�������

Motivation:SuperMassive Black Holes at high z

GW150914�� : Eddington� : Eddington�60%

Page 3: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

3

Massive Seed Formation

gas cloud protostar star BH

(Volonteri, 2012)

(1) First Star

(2) Direct Collapse

(3) �������

102-103 M8

~105 M8

~103 M8

Page 4: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

4

Massive Seed Formation

(1) First Star103

(2) Direct Collapse

(3) ��

~~109

mihi-halo

��

atomic-cooling halo

��

��

high-z SMBHs

[M8

] 105

z=20-30 z=20-10

Page 5: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

5

Massive Seed Formation

(1) First Star103

(2) Direct Collapse

~~109

mihi-halo

��

atomic-cooling halo

��

��

high-z SMBHs

��

[M8

]

(3) ��

���SMBH(z�7.5)�!Eddington��������(i) ������ %(ii) �� ��"$#�%

105

z=20-30 z=20-10

Page 6: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

6

Direct Collapse��� #$������$���%(

higherdensity

TypicalPopIII� T�200K

UnderstrongUV:T�8000K

(Omukai.2001)

104

102

T[K]

noUVcase

(Omukai 01)

⇒���!��������� '"�&���#%��

M �MJ/t� � c3s/G � T

32

~ 0.1 – 1 M8 yr -1星の最終質量 ~ 105 M8

Page 7: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

7

Direct Collapse����/2#�!%���2��39

higherdensity

TypicalPopIII� T�200K

UnderstrongUV:T�8000K

(Omukai.2001)

104

102

T[K]

noUVcase

(Omukai 01)

⇒���)-��� ��*&�+7.(6��/3�

M �MJ/t� � c3s/G � T

32

~ 0.1 – 1 M8 yr -1星の最終質量 ~ 105 M8

'"���2SMBH(1-10/ Gpc3)3 � (Dijkstra+2014)45���0SMBH(0.01-0.1/Mpc3) 8 �,613�*$50(

Page 8: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

8

Direct Collapse�� �&(��� ���(���)2

/.01���(�'*+$-."(��%��

��'*,��$#�����2or

��� ���2

Omukai+2008/.0��!���'*,��

Page 9: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

9

Direct Collapse;����

Latif+2016 Sakurai+2017

9:&��1��+��,7-0����2"8N���

dust�8�7.)9:&2collapse8����

⇒��3�576+)��' 42(*9:���

105

103

101

103 104 105 106

�$ [yr]

Tagawa+2019

⇒ runaway collision�103 M82�+��

1D/)���429:%�0�<���=02���8��

⇒�105 M82!� #�+��

Page 10: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

10

Direct CollapseC����

Latif+2016 Sakurai+2017

AB)��7� .��/>15��� 8$@N�!�

dust��@�>3,AB)8collapse@��!�

⇒�9 <>=.,��*�:8+-AB���

105

103

101

103 104 105 106

�' [yr]

Tagawa+2019

⇒ runaway collision�103 M88�.��

1D4,���:8AB(�5�D��E58���@!�

⇒�105 M88#�"%�.��

&�'8$9!�03-6-

� 8��9��03-=

3��C&�'8��!�9;2�?>3-6-

Page 11: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

11

Purpose of this work56#/collapse)2�137������4�'+-,%�! ���.(*3�� �/�����

4�03&

�� �

atomic-cooling halo

��$����103

�"

[M8

]

105

8

Page 12: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

� Gadget2 (SPH + N-body)� barotropic-EOS

(Z/Z8 = 10-3, 10-4, 10-5, 5×10-6, 10-6 )

� multiple sink, merger (created at n = 2×1016 – 2×1017 cm-3)� sink radius

・ Initial Condition ⇒ Spherical Cloud (SC+16,18)

2

3

4

5 10 15

log T

[K]

log n [cm-3]

Z/Z8 = 10-6

5×10-6

10-5

10-4

10-3

Numerical Setup

12

30 pc7

8

9

10

11

12

log

< de

nsity

>

104AUz = 12.7

Spherical Cloud

10 Mpc

���nadib

Hosokawa+2013

Page 13: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

Accretion Phase

13

Z = 10-6 Z8 Z = 10-4 Z8

���M>10 M8�massive sink, ���M<10 M8�small sink

Z = 10-3 Z8

Page 14: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

Accretion Phase

14

Z = 10-6 Z8 Z = 10-4 Z8

�1M>10 M8,massive sink, ��1M<10 M8,small sink

Z = 10-3 Z8

"-/��$�%*#Massive star$ �(0(����)consistent)

Dust��+./�'&����+massive star$ �(Z/Z8 = 10-6)��)

����+.0��+./��*��$���+./��$ �(0!

Page 15: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

Mass Evolution

15

@ Z/Z8<10-4 48metallicity69:3+1 M8 yr-17?A>4�&⇒ dust��8��=�"+���7�$"='�25-⇒ ��$�.��

@ Z/Z8=10-3 48+�$(��

.�/0�.<(�0.01 M8 yr-1)⇒%�!�69<��4+9;��4#�� .�1<,

⇒���7�&8)��6,(M ∝ T3/2)

⇒*����.��0 5000 10000

Time [yr]

10-3 Z8

Z < 10-4 Z8

@

Page 16: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

16

Merger v.s. Accretion

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Metallicity [Z8]

10-4 10-5 10-65×10-6

frac

tion

10-3

gas accretion

Mergers with M* < 100 M8

Mergers with M* > 100 M8

�����'��$!���!%'����� ��! '�⇒ )(*��!%&���"�����'����!%&���#���'�

Time [yr]

Z/Z8 = 10-4

10-5

5�10-6

10-610-3

Page 17: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

Summary• ����D8<K�*�)��CE$�")���(�DA7B5P��E")'L&@?6

• Z/Z8 < 10-4 CF 6-84103 M8E�9��6

Ø NMO��DIJ�!F>KHEE5���F��D")�+>K6

• Z/Z8 = 10-3 CF 350 M8E�9��6

Ø *�% ��DIJ5IJ��C� 9#=K6Ø ���GE-��F�:;��/�2123.M8 yr-10

17�,

����

atomic-cooling halo

��

� ����103

[M8

]

105

Z/Z8 < 10-4

Z/Z8 > 10-3

Page 18: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

18

Page 19: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

Mass distribution (1��)

19

1

10

100

-2 0 2 4

Num

ber

log10 Mass [M⊙]

1

10

100

Num

ber

1

10

100

Num

ber

1

10

100

Num

ber

Z = 10-4 Z8

10-5 Z8

5×10-6 Z8

10-6 Z8

∝M -1

1

10

100

-2 0 2 4N

umbe

rlog10 Mass [M⊙]

1

10

100

Num

ber

1

10

100

Num

ber

1

10

100

Num

ber

1

10

100

-2 0 2 4

Num

ber

log10 Mass [M⊙]

1

10

100

Num

ber

1

10

100

Num

ber

1

10

100

Num

ber

-2 0 2 4 -2 0 2 4 -2 0 2 4log Mass [M8] log Mass [M8] log Mass [M8]

100

10

1

num

ber

Low mass star ���!Z/Z8>5�10-6���⇒ dust�� '&)(��"#�High mass star ���!'&)(� %' flow$�����#�⇒��� ��������#�

Page 20: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

Collapse phase

20

10

12

14

16

log

< d

ensi

ty >

6

8

10

12

log

< d

ensi

ty >

2 4 6 8log < density >

2 4 6 8log < density >

106 au

106 au

5×104 au 200 au

10 12 14 16log < density >

200 au

10 12 14 162 4 6 8

10-3 Z8

10-5 Z8

10 12 14log < density >

(a)

(a)

(b)

(b)

(c)

(c)

10 12 14

log n [cm-3]

5×104 au

Z/Z8 < 10-4����� ������ ⇒ dust���small scale (< 103 au) ��������

Page 21: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

21

Onset of the gravitational collapse

-1

0

1

2

3

2 4 6

log

M(<

R) /

MB

E

log M(<R) [M⊙]

Gravitationally unstable

Gravitationally stable

Z/Z8= 10-3

10-4

5

10

15

0 1 2 3 4

log

n [c

m-3

]

time [106 yr]

Z/Z8= 10-3 10-4

10-6

��������������������

⇒������� ������ �������

Page 22: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

Mass distribution (1��)

28

1

10

100

1000

-6 -4 -2 0

Num

ber

log10 Mdot [M⊙ yr-1]

1

10

100

1000

Num

ber

1

10

100

1000

Num

ber

1

10

100

1000

Num

ber

-6

-4

-2

-2 0 2 4log10 Mass [M⊙]

-6

-4

-2

-6

-4

-2

-6

-4

-2

log 10Mdot[M

8yr-1]

Mass function�������

⇒ competitive accretion(e.g. Bonnel+2001),�����-1

⇒�����sink���������� ��

Page 23: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

29

Supermassive star or dense cluster?���(Sakurai+2017)��������� ���������� ������

300 au

��

Page 24: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

30

Detection rate of GWsNmerge = NDC fbinary fmerge

(Habouzit et al, 2016)

��9����,0SMS/���.*#+�"-�%��(6+#57�8!��,0���%$-4�&#% �/GW��,#'3$��,&5$1)6-#!

�/��24

(Haehnelt, 1994)

Dijkstra+2014

Agarwal+2012

Habouzit+2016

this work

Page 25: ControlPanel...seed BH Eddington Motivation: SuperMassive Black Holes at high z GW150914 : Eddington : Eddington 60% 3 Massive Seed Formation gas cloud protostar star BH (Volonteri,

Massive binaries

31

0

1000

2000

3000

sepa

ratio

n [A

U]

0

0.5

1

0 5000 10000

mas

s rat

io

Time [yr]

(a)

(b)

���metallicity����massive binary����binary�separation��������� (SC+19)�mass ratio�1�� �Z = 10-4 Z8